CompTIA ITF+ Flashcards
To learn the material pertaining to the CompTIA IT Fundamentals Exam
What are the four stages of the computing process?
Input, processing, storage and output
What is a LAN?
A Local Area Network (LAN) is a group of computers or other network devices in the same location that can communicate with one another
What is the device that connect devices on a LAN?
A switch
What is a WAN?
A WAN is a Wide Area Network connecting two or more LANs over a larger geographical area using a device called a router.
How do LANs connect to WANs?
Via a router which connects to the LAN’s switch
What are RACS?
Remotely accessed computer systems (RACS) are servers which give one access to online apps (e.g. Office Online). They enhance local capabilities.
What are specialized computer systems?
Specialized computer systems are computer systems that perform specific tasks.
What are I/O devices?
Input/output devices are devices capable of sending data (output) to a computer and receiving data from a computer (input).
How is a CPU’s speed measured?
A CPU’s measured based on how many things it can do in one second under perfect conditions. It is measured in Hertz, typically gigahertz, that is billions of cycles per second.
In terms of complexity, what are the two types of modern CPUs available?
64-bit vs 32-bit
How do 64-bit and 32-bit processors compare?
Sixty-four bits CPUs are vastly more powerful and complex than thirty-two bits. 32-bit CPU/OS can only handle up to 4 GB of RAM.
What is passive cooling?
Passive cooling utilizes natural conduction, convection, and radiation to cool a component. The most common type uses a heat sink which is a block of heat-conductive metal such as aluminum affixed to a chip with some heat-conductive thermal paste. The heat sink has spikes or baffles that increase its surface area. Heat wicks away from the chip into the heat sink and dissipates into the air.
What is active cooling?
Active cooling requires the use of energy specifically dedicated to cooling the component. In most PCs, a fan is strapped to the CPU’s heat sink in an attempt to circulate air through the heat sink and away from the CPU to keep it cool.
What do heat sinks do?
They help heat dissipate into air.
How does liquid cooling work?
Liquid cooling pulls heat into fluid.
What is RAM?
Random access memory holds all active processing on a computer including the OS and running applications and data. RAM only temporarily stores data. When you turn off the computer, all the data stored in RAM disappears.
What is the amount of usable RAM on a computer called?
System memory, the total capacity of which puts a hard limit on how much stuff a computing device can work on at one time. Total capacity is measured in GB.
What are common RAM capacities?
The most common RAM size you can find in everyday laptop PCs nowadays is 8GB. Some lower-end models come with 4GB and in some cases only 2GB. Higher-end mainstream laptop models oftentimes feature 12GB and 16GB. You can find high-performance gaming laptops and mobile workstations with 24 or even 32 Gigabytes
What is a motherboard?
A device that provides connectivity for the various components of a computer. Everything plugs directly into the motherboard.
What style of electricity does the US electric grid run on?
Alternating Current (AC)
What style of electricity do computing devices run on?
Direct Current (DC)
What is a PSU?
A power supply unit (PSU) is a component found in desktop computers that handles the conversion from AC to DC.
What kind of connector is used by very old mice and keyboards?
PS/2 connectors
What are the most common connectors for I/O devices these days?
Universal Serial Bus (USB)
What are the different types of video connectors?
HDMI ports, DisplayPorts (mainly with Apple), VGA ports, DVI ports
What is an eSATA port typically used for?
For connecting external hard drives (not currently used much)
What is the name of the ethernet cable used to connect networks?
RJ-45
What is the color coding typically used for audio connectors?
Pink for microphone, green for speakers, and black for other devices
What is the name of this connector?
USB Type A
What is the name of this connector?
USB Type B
What is the name of this connector?
USB Type C
What is the name of this connector?
USB 3.0
What is the name of this connector?
USB Mini A
What is the name of this connector?
USB Mini B
What is the name of this connector?
USB Micro A
What is the name of this connector?
USB Micro B
What is the name of this connector?
USB Micro B Super Speed
What is the name of this connector?
Firewire 400
What is the name of this connector?
Firewire 800
What is the difference between VGA, DVI and HDMI?
The difference is in both the quality of the signal that they carry and the type of signals. VGA was standard for a long. DVI was an improvement. However, both only carry video signals. HDMI (high-definition multimedia interface), on the other hand, carries high-definition audio and video.
How fast does a black USB port, USB 2.0 run?
480 Mbps
How fast does a blue USB port, USB 3.0 run?
5 Gbps
How fast does a USB 3.1, USB Type C, port run?
10 Gbps
What is a hard drive?
A hard drive is a device for long term storage. When you power off the PC, the data on the hard drive stays put. It’s available when you turn the PC back on. It’ll be there until you delete it, or if you’re unlucky, until the drive dies.
What are the two important measurements for hard drives?
Capacity and speed. Capacity is generally more important.
How many bits are there in one byte?
8 bits
How many bytes in a kilobyte? Kilobytes in a megabyte? Megabytes in a gigabyte? Gigabytes in a terabyte?
1024 (2 to the power of 10)
What are the four features common to all operating systems?
1) It provides a user interface.
2) It provides coordination among hardware components.
3) It monitors health and functionality.
4) It provides a way to store and retrieve data.
What is HWMonitor?
HWMonitor is a hardware monitoring program that reads PC systems main health sensors : voltages, temperatures, powers, currents, fans speed, utilizations, clock speeds
What is the equivalent of the taskbar for macOS?
The Dock
What is the equivalent of File Explorer for macOS?
Finder
What is the ideal temperature and humidity for a work area where PCs are in use?
72 degrees Fahrenheit or about 22 degrees Celsius with 50%
Where should a monitor be placed?
At eye level, about 16 to 24 inches away
What are the basic steps of setting up a Desktop PC?
1) Start with hardware connectivity – connect power, monitor, keyboard and mouse
2) connect to the network
3) localization and user account setup connect to the network
4) update OS and security
5) uninstall programs and features to personalize
What does a surge protector do?
Protects the computer against a power surge like when lightening hits and there’s extra juice in the wires
What is a UPS?
Uninterruptible power supply provides surge protection but also protects the computer from brownouts and blackouts.
What are the basics of setting up a mobile device like a tablet?
1) accept the EULA
2) connect to the internet
3) update the device’s firmware and OS
4) customize the device by adding email and apps.
What kind of file needs to run to install an application?
An executable file
How can applications be updated?
Via properties or an update feature
How can application be uninstalled on Windows?
Via Control Panel or through uninstall routines
What are the basic image file extensions?
.tif, .png, .jpg
What are the basic compressed file/folder extensions?
.zip, .rar, .tar
How is Wi-Fi setup?
1) Connect a to Small Office/Home Office router (SOHO router) with an ethernet cable
2) Use a browser to access the router homepage
3) Change admin password and network name
4) Add security
What are the three internet access options for computing devices?
1) wired
2) plug the device into a wall jack
3) wireless (WiFi)
What are the criteria for determining the best connection?
Mobility, availability, reliability, throughput, connection delay (latency), number of concurrent connections, and level of security
What is throughput?
The data transfer rate
How do wired and wireless connections compare?
Wired always wins for availability, reliability, throughput latency, number of connections and level of security. Thus, wired always beats wireless and cellular, except for in the first category mobility. There cellular is king.
How is a printer set up?
1) Install printer drivers and assure good connectivity.
2) Devices and Printers | Printer Properties | Print a test page
3) Printer properties | Sharing | Share this printer
What are some basic physical security measures which can be taken to protect data?
Lock computers and use screen filters to avoid unwanted eyes. Shred all documents that contain any sensitive information.
What is spyware?
Spyware gathers information about system usage, as the name would suggest. Spyware generally installs as part of some otherwise benign program or media. Some spyware collects information about websites you visit or things you purchase. The more vicious kind like cloggers literally report the keystrokes you make.
What is ransomeware?
Ransomware installs on a computer and at a predetermined time locks up the data. Some will encrypt the entire contents of a hard drive. The ransomware will have some kind of payment mechanism demanding money in exchange for access to your data.
How can a system be protected from malware/ransomeware?
Protecting against malware starts with keeping the operating system up to date. Both Windows and Mac OS do this automatically as long as the machine is connected to the Internet. The exam might ask about antivirus programs, treat these older applications like modern anti malware software, keep both the applications and definition files updated.
What are the steps for dealing with malware?
Recognize, quarantine, search and destroy, remediate, educate
What makes a good password?
Long mix of cases, numbers and symbols
How can one remain protected when using public internet?
Use secure protocols (HTTPS rather than HTTP, IMAP instead of POP3 for email); Assume every public internet station is compromised
What strategies can be used to reduce energy usage on Windows?
Adjust the energy usage with the power option applet in the Control Panel, adjust the screen brightness, set aggressive sleep options for moving parts like hard drives
What should be used to clean the exterior of a computer?
A microfiber towel and mild electronic cleaner
What should be used to clean the interior of a computer?
Compressed air
Where should the interior of a computer be cleaned with compressed air?
Outside
What should not be used on a monitor?
Glass cleaner
Where should lithium ion batteries be disposed of?
Specifically designated recycling centers
What should be checked first for a “dead” computer?
Power and connectivity
What should be done first for a “stuck” system?
Reboot
What should be the first step for specific application problems?
Web search
What are the benefits of databases?
Beyond flat-file storage and spreadsheets, databases enable multiple simultaneous user access and queries on multiple fields and records.
What is a relational database?
A relational database interlinks multiple tables
What is the overall layout and structure of a database called?
The schema
What is used for unique identification of records?
A primary key
What are primary keys called when used in another table?
Foreign keys
What kind of file is often used to import data into a table?
A CSV file
What language do computers “understand”?
‘Machine language’
What programming language is closest to machine language?
‘Assembly language’
What do programmers often start with?
‘A flow chart of expected steps and outcomes (pseudocode)’
What is data?
‘Raw facts that are systems and processes generate and collect on a regular basis’
What is information?
‘Data that has been processed and analyzed’
What are the three different ways that businesses can legally protect their intellectual property against theft and misuse?
‘Copyrights
What is copyright used to protect?
‘Creative works against theft’
How is copyright granted?
‘Copyright protection is automatically granted to the creator of a work once they create it’
What are trademarks used to protect?
‘Trademarks are used to protect the words and symbols used to identify products and services. The information protected by trademark includes brand names
How are trademarks granted?
‘The owners of trademarks must register their marks with the government to achieve full protection in the US.’
What are patents for?
‘Patents protect inventions providing the inventor with the exclusive use of their invention for some period of time.’
What are the criteria for granting a patent?
‘An inventor must demonstrate that their idea meets three criteria. First
What are the basic units of storage in any computer system?
‘A bit
How is data stored on magnetic and solid-state drives?
‘When we store data on a magnetic hard drive
What is a petabyte?
‘1000 terabytes’
How is network capacity measured?
‘Throughput which is the speed by which a network can transfer data in bits per second’
What do wired networks use?
‘Copper wires to transmit pulses of electricity’
What do wireless networks use?
‘Radio waves to transmit radio signal pulses’
What do fiber optic networks use?
‘Strands of glass to transmit pulses of light’
What are the terms used to discuss network speed, aside from throughput?
‘Capacity and bandwidth’
What is the unit of measurement for the speed of a CPU?
‘Multiples of Hertz’
What is a hertz in relation to a CPU?
‘CPUs have internal clocks that time
What is the typical Hertz multiple used for modern computer processors?
‘Gigahertz
What is hexadecimal notation?
‘Each digit can store 16 possible values
What is ASCII?
‘The American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII) is the most common character encoding format for text data. In standard ASCII-encoded data
What is Unicode?
‘an international encoding standard for use with different languages and scripts
What is the most basic data type?
‘A Boolean object
What are the two basic form of numeric values stored in memory?
‘1) Integers are values that do not have decimal or fractional parts. 2) Floating point numbers or floats are numbers that do have decimal places associated with them. The precision of a floating-point number indicates how many decimal places may be used with that number.’
What is the data type of a single character of text and how much memory does it consume?
‘Char
What are character strings?
‘Character strings consist of one or more characters strung together
What are the eight steps for troubleshooting technology?
‘1) Identify the problem 2) Conduct some research’
What are servers?
‘Servers are powerful computers that carry out a dedicated function. Companies might use servers to share files internally
What is IoT?
‘We use the term Internet of Things or the acronym IoT to describe the way that we connect many everyday devices to the internet.’
What are ICS systems?
‘Industrial control systems
What are the two brands of processors used in Windows and Macs respectively?
‘Windows: Intel and AMD Mac: Intel and Apple’
What processor did Apple release in 2020?
‘The M1 processor’
Aside from the clock speed, what are two other measurements for CPUs?
‘CPUs are also measured in terms of their number of processing cores. Basically
Why can we expect that 64-bit processors will be around for quite some time?
‘A 64-bit processor can manage 17 billion gigabytes of memory