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Custom A+ > Comptia A Ch.7 > Flashcards

Comptia A Ch.7 Flashcards

1
Q

AHCI (Advance Host Controller Interface)

A

One mode of operation for SATA drives, which allows SATA devices to be inserted or removed when power is applied and communication between the host controller and attached SATA devices.

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2
Q

basic disk

A

A Windows term for a drive that has been partitioned and formatted.

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3
Q

basic storage

A

A Windows term for a partition. Contrast with dynamic storage.

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4
Q

BitLocker

A

A Microsoft utility that encrypts an entire disk volume, including operating system files, user files, and swap files. The utility requires two disk partitions at a minimum.

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5
Q

boot partition

A

A type of partition found in Windows that contains the operating system. The boot partition can be in the same partition as the system partition, which is the part of the hard drive that holds hardware-specific files.

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6
Q

boot sector

A

Previously called DBR or DOS boot record, this section of a disk contains information about the system files (the files used to boot the operating system).

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7
Q

boot volume

A

A storage unit that contains the majority of the operating system files. Can be the same volume as the system volume, which contains the boot files.

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8
Q

cable select

A

A setting used on PATA IDE devices when a special cable determines which device is the master and which one is the slave.

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9
Q

CDFS (Compact Disc File System)

A

A file system for optical media.

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10
Q

CHKDSK

A

A program that locates clusters that are disassociated from the appropriate data file.

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11
Q

cluster

A

The minimum amount of space that one saved file occupies.

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12
Q

CONVERT

A

A command issued from a command prompt that changes an older file system into NTFS.

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13
Q

DBR (DOS boot record)

A

An area of a disk that contains system files.

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14
Q

defragmentation

A

A process of reordering and placing files in contiguous sectors.

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15
Q

differential backup

A

Backs up files that have changed since the last full backup (files that have the archive bit set to on), but the backup software does not reset the archive bit like the incremental backup does.

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16
Q

disk

A

Media used to store data.

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17
Q

disk cache

A

A portion of RAM set aside for hard drive data that speeds up hard drive operations. A cache on a hard drive controller is also known as a data buffer.

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18
Q

Disk Cleanup

A

A Windows utility that helps free up hard drive space by emptying the Recycle Bin, removing temporary files, removing temporary Internet files, removing offline files, and so on.

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19
Q

Disk Management

A

A Windows tool used to partition and manage hard drives.

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20
Q

disk mirroring

A

A process that protects against hard drive failure by using two or more hard drives and one disk controller. The same data is written to both drives. If one hard drive fails, the other hard drive continues to function. Disk mirroring is considered to be RAID level 1.

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21
Q

DISKPART

A

A command-based utility used in preparing hard disk partitions and volumes for use.

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22
Q

dynamic disk

A

A Windows term for volumes that can be resized and managed without rebooting.

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23
Q

dynamic storage

A

A disk that has been configured for the Windows operating system. The unit can be resized and managed without rebooting and contains primary partitions, extended partitions, logical drives, and dynamic volumes.

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24
Q

EIDE (Enhanced Integrated Drive Electronics)

A

A term that signifies two IDE connectors (four devices) and support of the ATAPI standard.

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25
Q

eSATA (external serial ATA)

A

A port used to connect external SATA devices to a computer.

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26
Q

exFAT

A

A file system type that improves upon FAT32 by having a theoretical maximum file size of 16EB, maximum volume size of 64ZB (but 512TB is current limit), smaller cluster sizes than FAT32, and an increased number of files allowed in a directory. Created for external storage media such as Flash drives and hard drives for saving images/video.

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27
Q

extended partition

A

A hard drive division.

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28
Q

FAT (file system type)

A

A file system type also known as FAT16.

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29
Q

FAT (file allocation table)

A

A method of organizing a computer’s file system.

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30
Q

FAT32

A

A file system that supports hard drives up to 2TB in size.

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31
Q

file system

A

Defines how data is stored on a drive. Examples of file systems include FAT16, FAT32, exFAT, and NTFS.

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32
Q

full backup

A

A method of backing up a hard drive where the archive attribute is used. The backup software backs up all selected files and sets the archive bit to off.

33
Q

full format

A

During an installation process to partition a hard drive, this command identifies and marks bad sectors on the drive so they will not be used for data storage.

34
Q

GPT (GUID, or globally unique identifier, partition table)

A

A type of partition table available in 64-bit Windows editions. GPTs can have up to 128 partitions and volumes up to 18EB.

35
Q

head crash

A

Occurs when a read/write head touches a platter, causing damage to the heads or the platter.

36
Q

high-level format

A

A process that sets up the file system for use by the computer. It is the third and last step in preparing a hard drive for use.

37
Q

HPA (Host Protected Area)

A

A hidden part of the hard drive that is used to reinstall the operating system. It sometimes contains applications that are installed when the computer was sold. Using an HPA reduces the amount of hard drive space available to the operating system.

38
Q

IDE (Integrated Drive Electronics)

A

An interface that evolved into the ATA (now PATA) standard that supports internal storage devices.

39
Q

incremental backup

A

A method used in conjunction with a full backup. The incremental backup goes faster because it only backs up files that have changed since the last backup.

40
Q

logical drive

A

A division of an extended partition into separate units, which appear as separate drive letters.

41
Q

lost cluster

A

A sector on a disk that the file allocation table cannot associate with any file or directory.

42
Q

master

A

A jumper setting used to configure a PATA IDE device; the controlling device on the interface.

43
Q

MBR (master boot record)

A

A program that reads the partition table to find the primary partition used to boot the system.

44
Q

MLC (multi-level cell)

A

A cell that stores more than 1 bit in a memory cell that is used in a SSD (solid state drive). Contrast with SLC.

45
Q

MTBF (mean time between failures)

A

The average number of hours before a device fails.

46
Q

NTFS (New Technology File System)

A

File system used with operating systems today (starting with Windows NT).

47
Q

drive wiping

A

A technique used to eradicate personal or corporate data from a hard drive before donating or re-using a computer. Sometimes called overwriting.

48
Q

partition

A

A process used to divide a hard drive so that the computer sees more than one drive.

49
Q

PATA (Parallel ATA)

A

A technology used with IDE devices that allows two devices per channel.

50
Q

primary partition

A

The first detected drive on a hard drive.

51
Q

quick format

A

During an installation process, a function used to prepare a hard drive partition, but does not identify and mark bad sectors so that they will not be used for data storage. A full format, in contrast, does evaluate the drive for bad sectors, but takes quite a bit longer to prepare the partition for use.

52
Q

RAID (redundant array of independent disks)

A

Allows writing to multiple hard drives for larger storage areas, better performance, and fault tolerance.

53
Q

RAID 0

A

Also called disk striping without parity, enables data to be alternatively written on two or more hard drives but be seen by the system as one logical drive. RAID level 0 does not protect data if a hard drive fails; it only increases system performance.

54
Q

RAID 1

A

Also called disk mirroring or disk duplexing, it protects against hard drive failure. See also disk mirroring and disk duplexing. Requires two drives at a minimum.

55
Q

RAID 5

A

A term that describes putting data on three or more hard drives, with one of the three drives used for parity. See also RAID.

56
Q

RAW volume

A

A part of a hard drive that has been set aside as a volume but has never been high-level formatted and does not contain a specific type of file system.

57
Q

read/write head

A

The part of a floppy or hard drive that electronically writes binary data on disks.

58
Q

SAS (serial-attached SCSI)

A

SAS devices connect in a point-to-point bus. Used in the enterprise environment where high reliability and high mean time between failures is important.

59
Q

SATA (Serial ATA)

A

A point-to-point architecture for IDE devices that provides faster access for attached devices.

60
Q

SATA 1 (Serial ATA 1)

A

A SATA device that has a maximum transfer rate of 1.5Gbps.

61
Q

SATA 2 (serial ATA 2)

A

A SATA device that has a maximum transfer rate of 3Gbps.

62
Q

SATA 3 (serial ATA 3)

A

A SATA device that has a maximum transfer rate of 6Gbps.

63
Q

SCSI (Small Computer System Interface)

A

An interface standard that connects multiple small devices to the same adapter via a SCSI bus.

64
Q

SCSI ID

A

The priority number assigned to each device connected by a SCSI chain.

65
Q

sector

A

The smallest amount of storage space on a disk or platter, holding 512 bytes of data.

66
Q

SFC /scannow

A

The most common SFC option used that checks and replaces any Windows files and .dll files that might have issues. This is especially important after removing some viruses.

67
Q

simple volume

A

A Windows term for the storage 0-pin or 72-pin unit that contains the files needed to load the operating system. The system volume and the boot volume can be the same unit.

68
Q

single (IDE setting)

A

An IDE setting used when only one device connects to the interface and cable.

69
Q

slave

A

An IDE setting for the second device added to the cable. The device should be a slower device than the master.

70
Q

SLC (single-level memory cell)

A

A cell that stores 1 bit in a memory cell and is more expensive and longer lasting than an MLC.

71
Q

spanned volume

A

A Windows term used to describe hard drive space created from multiple hard drives.

72
Q

SSD (solid state drive)

A

A drive that uses nonvolatile Flash memory and no moving parts to store data. It is faster but more expensive than a hard drive.

73
Q

striped volume

A

A Windows term describing how data is written across two to 32 hard drives. It is different from a spanned volume in that each drive is used alternately instead of filling the first hard drive before going to the second hard drive. Other names include striping or RAID 0.

74
Q

system partition

A

A type of active hard drive partition that contains the hardware-specific files needed to load the operating system.

75
Q

system volume

A

A Windows term describing the storage space that holds Windows operating system files used to boot the computer.

76
Q

volume

A

A hard drive term used to describe all of a hard drive or hard drive portions that have been combined into one unit. In Windows Vista and 7, all hard drive divisions are called volumes.

77
Q

wear leveling

A

The process of writing and erasing data in different memory blocks of SSDs (solid state drives) to prolong the life of the drive.

78
Q

write amplification

A

The minimum amount of storage space affected by a request to write data on a solid state drive. For example, if the SSD has 128KB erase block with a 4KB file to be saved, 128KB of memory is erased before the 4KB file is written.

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