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Hardware and Software > Comptia A+ > Flashcards

Comptia A+ Flashcards

Learn Acronyms for Comptia A+ Exam

1
Q

Transport Layer

A

TCP protocol uses segments

UDP protocols uses datagrams

TCP is a connectionless protocol

UDP is connectionless

UDP is thus faster, but offers no confirmation

that your data has been sent

Recognizes duplicates

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1
Q

IRQ

A

Interuption Request

2-9 Cascading

Old Systems = 8 IRQ

New = 16+ IRQ

Must be modifies when PnP doesn’t work (collisions)

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1
Q

HTTP

A

Port 80

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1
Q

IRQ 15

A

Secondary IDE channel

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2
Q

Session Layer

A

Control & Tunnelling protocols are used at this layer

to start, stop, and restart connections between

two devices. It can operate at half duplex and full duplex

SQL

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2
Q

What does a mini-Molex connect to?

A

Floppy Drive

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2
Q

RAID 10

A

A stripe of mirrors

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3
Q

WPA2

A

Wireless Protected Access 2 uses Advanced Encryption Standards AES

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3
Q

Presentation Layer

A

Data is encrytped/decrypted at this layer. Character encoding is used and the data is made presentable for the application layer.

JPEG, MPEG

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3
Q

Why is PCIe better than PCI

A
  1. It uses point to point topology instead of shared bus topology
  2. it uses Serial Interface Format, not Parallel Inferface Format
  3. It’s more scalable
  4. It doesn’t share it’ bandwicth
  5. Lower Latency
  6. Wires smaller
  7. PCI top sepped = 132 Mb/s
  8. PCIe top speed = 16,000 Mb/s (32 lanes)
  9. PCIe supports i/o virtualization
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3
Q

Advantages of Sata connectors over Pata Connectors

A
  1. Increased data transfer rate (point to point serial connection)
  2. Cable can be 1 meter vs. 18 inches
  3. Increased airflow
  4. Support for more drives - usually more sata connectors on a motherboard
  5. Hot swapable
  6. Theoretically 30 times fasterthan pata

However, Pata does allow up to two devices on one cable, whereas Sata is 1 to 1

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3
Q

What is the MCC?

A

The memory controller chip facilitates communication between the cpu and other devices which require speed > RAM > AGP

The MCC is often on-die (in the North Bridge)

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3
Q

Unmaskable interrupt

A

must be acted upon

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4
Q

EBSS

A

Infrastructure mode = Extended Basic Service Set (Multiple WAP’s)

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4
Q

SFTP

A

22 secure file transfer

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4
Q

What can you do at the ‘Simplify’ stage of the ASID model?

A
  1. Shutdown unnecessary peripherals (Mouse Keybaord Printer)
  2. Close all unnecessary programs
  3. If problem persists, your scope is narrowed
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4
Q

What are the motherboard power power connectors?

A

Modern MBs use a 20- or 24-pin P1 power connector.

Some MBs may require a special 4-, 6-, or 8-pin connectors to supply extra power

Types: 1. AT power connector

  1. ATX power connector
  2. PCIe power connector
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4
Q

LDAP (Lightweight Directory Access Protocol)

A

389

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4
Q

copy

A

copies computer files from one directory to another

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5
Q

Advantages of Soft Power?

A

The computer doesn’t power off while the OS is shutting down.

Soft power on doesn’t stress a system

Power saving mode

Quicker start from standbye mode

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5
Q

PXE

A

Preboot Execution Environment: Enables you to boot PC without any local storage by retrieving OS from over the network

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6
Q

What does the frontside bus connect

A

CPU > RAM > HD > PCI

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7
Q

What are advantages of FAT

A

FAT is well suited for data exchange between various kinds of computers and devices becuase it is supported by virtually all operating sysytems from the1980’s up to the present.

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7
Q

Describe Parity

A

Parity is a technique of checking whether data has been written over or lost during transmission. An additional parity bit is added to every group of bits that is moved together. Before beng moved the parity bits are added and they are made into a odd number by adding an axtra bit if necessary. Now, if the parity bits add up to an even number after being moved the computer knows thatsomethng has gone wrong. A warnng is given and you can try to resend the data. Parity does not correct the problem, it just tells you what has happened.

Furthermore, it is possible for two errors to occur and offset each other.

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8
Q

OSI Model

A

Open Systems Interconnection

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8
Q

PORT FTP

A

20/21 file transfer protocol

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8
Q

What does the back-side bus connect?

A

CPU > L2 Cache

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8
Q

What is Sector translation?

A

Sector translation is the ability of a HD to translate logical geometry into physical geometry. This allows the HD to increse efficiency by lying to the CMOS and side stepping the limitations of the BIOS. Using logical geometry, you can allocate more sectors to the outside of the HD platter for example.. This makes sense.

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8
Q

RAID1

A

Mirroring

No Parity

No Striping

Duplexing (with two contollers) = faster

Can be used by multiple workstations unlike RAID 0

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8
Q

POST

A
  1. BIOS tests core h/w
  2. BIOS tests video subsystem
  3. BIOS checks itself
  4. BIOS tests main system memory
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8
Q

CPU registers

A

Small, very fast memory locations for holding instructions or units of data

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8
Q

Comptia A+ Troubleshooting model

A
  1. Identify the problem
  2. Establish a theory of probable cause
  3. Test the theory to determine the actual cause
  4. Create a plan of action
  5. Verify the results
  6. Documents the resolution
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9
Q

SFTP

A

22

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10
Q

Laser Printing Stages

A
  1. Processing
  2. Charging
  3. Exposing
  4. Developing
  5. Transfering
  6. Fusing
  7. Cleaning
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10
Q

List 3 power conditioning devices.

A
  1. Surge protectors - filters out spikes and surges
  2. Battery backu devices - online UPS; standby UPS; line-interactive UPS
  3. Generators - produces clean, consistent AC signals
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11
Q

What is the Kernel?

A

A kernel is the core component of an operating system. Using interprocess communication and system calls, it acts as bridge between applications and the data processing performed at the hardware level.

When an operating system is loaded into memory, the kernel loads first and remains in memory until the operating system is shut down again. The kernel is responsible for low-level tasks such as disk management, task management and memory management.

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13
Q

Copy the file “text.txt” from C://Users/Kevin to C://Users/Kevin/Documents from the command line

A

C://Users/Kevin > copy text.text C://Users/Kevin/Documents

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13
Q

How many Pins: ATX Power Connector

A

20 (main) + 4 (mini)

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14
Q

WPA

A

WI-FI Protected Access

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14
Q

Function of PS fan?

A

Provides basic cooling for the PC; not only cools the voltage regulator circuits within PSU, but also provides a constant flow of outside air throughout the interior of the computer case

Software is best way to control your fans - turn on temp alarms in CMOS

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14
Q

BIOS manufacturers

A

AMI, AWARD, MR BIOS, PHOENIX

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15
Q

What is the 1-10-100 rule?

A

1ma - you can feel it

10 mA - muscles contract

100mA - heart stops

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16
Q

What is a brownout?

A

Brief reduction in voltage

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18
Q

What is ESD?

A

Passage of static electrical charge from one item to another that is damaging to computer parts. Only takes place when two objects that store different amounts of potential come in contact. Therefore, you should ensure that you and the parts of the pc you touch are at the same electric potential, i.e. grouding yourself to the PC

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19
Q

FTP

A

20, 21

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20
Q

VoIP

A

5060

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22
Q

RAID 10

A

Mirroring a striped set of HD’s

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23
Q

What are molex connectors used for?

A

Motor drives: HD, Optical Drive

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23
Q

Describe Sata Power Connector

A

Connects to: power connectors on SATA hard drives and SATA optical drives

It uses point to point serial connection and gives better airflow than PATA ribon cables

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23
Q

SNMP

A

161

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23
Q

RAID 6

A

Independent disks with double parity

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25
Q

Disk Thrashing

A

Data being read and wrote to HD swap files

  • Slows down computer considerably
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26
Q

RAID 6

A

Extends RAID 5

Block level Parity

Each block has two parity blocks

Two drives can fail!

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27
Q

ROM chip

A

Nonvolative; traditional ROM were read-only;

these days, we use Flash ROM so that you can update and change the contents through a very specific process knowns as ‘flashing the ROM’

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27
Q

Novell’s Troubleshooting Model

A
  1. Try some quick, obvious fixes first
  2. Gather some basic information
  3. Develop a plan
  4. Execute the plan
  5. Verify user satisfaction
  6. Document problem and solution
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27
Q

IMAP4

A

143

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28
Q

Star Topology

A

Every node is connected to a central hub or switch

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29
Q

BSS

A

Infrastructure mode = Basic Service Set (One WAP)

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30
Q

Multiprocessor

A

2 separate CPUs each with its own system resources

Faster than multicore

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31
Q

NIC

A

Network Interface Card: OSI Physical Layer. Modern NIC’s are fill duplex.

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33
Q

Who is a smelly baby?

A

KMI

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34
Q

IRQ 0

A

System timer

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35
Q

I/O controller hub

A

Southbridge in new Intel systesm

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35
Q

Shadowing

A

BIOS loaded into main memor (64k)

Access time of ROM - 120 - 200NS

Access time of RAM - 50 -70NS

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36
Q

IRQ 8

A

Real time clock

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37
Q

What is ‘Noise’ relating to Power

A

Disruption of smoothly varying AC signal

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38
Q

What voltage do these wires carry?

Yellow

Red

Black

A
  1. Yellow = +12v
  2. Red = +5v
  3. Black =+ground
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40
Q

DSL

A

Digital Subscriber Line. Fast, but you must be within 18,000 feet of your ISP

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42
Q

Class A IP range

A

1 - 126

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43
Q

DHCP

A

UDP/67/68 Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol

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44
Q

What info does HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE store?

A

Contains info about hardware settings that apply globally

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45
Q

STP

A

Shielded Twisted Pair

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46
Q

Brownout

A

Brief decrease in voltage level

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46
Q

Secure Shell (SSH)

A

22

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46
Q

IRQ 13

A

Floating point unit/Math co-processor

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47
Q

UDP

A

User Datagram Protocol > Connectionless > Fast

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47
Q

Loopback Test Class

A

127

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47
Q

What can you check for at the ‘Acquire’ stage of the ASID model?

A
  1. What OS?
  2. Check msinfo32
  3. Were their any recent changes?
  4. Recreate activity leading to the problem
  5. Record any error messages
  6. Use eventvwr to find any recorded problems
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48
Q

Bridges

A

Connects signal from two different media and facilitates comminication

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49
Q

RAID 4

A

Block level Striping

Dedicated Parity

RAID 3 & RAID 4 have largely been replaced by RAID 5

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49
Q

What is DirectX for?

A

A set of APIs developed by Microsoft that enables programmers to write programs that access hardware features of a computer without knowing exactly what hardware will be installed on the machine where the program eventually runs.

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51
Q

HTTPS

A

443 hyper text transfer protocol

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52
Q

MAC Address

A

Media Access Control

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53
Q

What are memory addresses?

A

They are a system resource.

ome devices wantmor than an i/o address. They also want a psace in memory to store information. These devices use memory addresses

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53
Q

Functions of the OS

A
  1. Control and monitor system activities
  2. Allocate and assign resources
  3. Schedule operatios
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55
Q

TCP/IP

A

Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol Connection -Oriented > Slower than UDP

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55
Q

APIC

A

Advanced Programmable Interrupt Controller - usually in SB, expands number of IRQs up to 64

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56
Q

Physical Layer

A

Cable, NIC, Hub, he bitstream is translated in voltages and transmitted though different media

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57
Q

List the drive power connectors

A
  1. Molex - most common for devices that need 5v or 12v for power
  2. Mini-molex/Berg - used to connect floppies (aka floppy power connector)
  3. SATA power connector - special 15-pin SATA connector; L-shaped
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59
Q

3000 volts = ?

8000 volts = ?

35,000 volts = ?

1000 volts= ?

A
  1. You can feel
  2. You see a spark
  3. On a dry day,in the carpet
  4. Damages electronics
    5.
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59
Q

Partitioning

A

1) Master Boot Record (MBR)
2) Windows Proprietry Dynamic Storage
3) Globally Unique Identifer

Partition Table (GUID or GPT)

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59
Q

Power Good Signal

A

Signals CPU that power is stable and sufficient

+5v over specific wire

must arrive at correct time

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60
Q

What is the function of a PSU?

A

The PSU takes electricity from the wall socket (AC) and transforms it into electricity to run the motherboard and other internal components (DC)

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61
Q

RAM Cache

A

Block of cylinders on a HD set aside as what’s called a page file

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62
Q

How to prevent ESD?

A
  1. Use anti-staic wristbands
  2. Use static-safe bags
  3. Use anti-static mats as a point of common potential
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64
Q

Class D IP range

A

Multicast

224 - 239

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65
Q

MCC

A

Memory Controller Chip > tends to be integrated into the North bridge

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67
Q

RAID 0

A

Strinping

No Redundency

No Parity

No Mirroring

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68
Q

IRQ 12

A

PS/2 mouse

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69
Q

A null model cable does what?

A

Connects two “DTE”devices (Data Terminal Equipment)

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71
Q

Maskable interrupt

A

interrupt that can be ignored

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72
Q

DNS

A

UDP/53 Domain Name Server

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73
Q

Active Hub

A

Acts as a repeater

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75
Q
A
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77
Q

IRQ 14

A

Primary IDE channel

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78
Q

DNS

A

53

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79
Q

BOOT Process

A
  1. Turn on power
  2. Timer chip sends reset signal to CPU to prevent booting
  3. Power good signal to CPU
  4. Timer stops sending reset signal
  5. CPU loads BIOS
  6. BIOS checks for cold/warm boot
  7. If cold, BIOS performs POST
  8. BIOS reads CMOS and configures devices
  9. PnP detected and configured
  10. BIOS determines which drive to boot from
  11. BIOS reads MBR from drive
  12. OS takes over and completes process
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80
Q

What are System Resources?

A
  1. I/O addresses
  2. IRQ’s
  3. Direct Memory Access
  4. Memory Addresses
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2
3
4
5
Perfectly
81
Q

What is ECC?

A

Error Correction Code

Unlike parity checking, ECC can actually fix the problem. It can also 2,3, and 4 bit parity checking to ensure that errors aren’t being offset against one another. This is important for some system becuase 10% of errors involve more than 1 bit.

83
Q
A
85
Q

IMAP4

A

143

Internet Message Access Protocol

Incoming e-mail :better than POP3

86
Q

The 1- 10 - 100 rule

A

1 milliamp = You can feel

10 milliamps = Your muscles contract

100 milliamps = Yourheart will stop

87
Q

Routers

A

OSI Network Layer: Connect networks together

88
Q

SMTP

A

25

89
Q

Class C IP range

A

192 - 223

89
Q

What are the stages of the Comptia troubleshooting model

A
  1. IDENTIFY the problem
  2. Establish a THEORY of probable cuase
  3. TEST the theory todetermine cause
  4. Establish a PLAN OF ACTION to resolve the problem & implementthe solution
  5. VERIFY full system functionality and if applicable implement preventative measures
  6. DOCUMENT
90
Q

List discharge voltages

A

3000+ to feel

8000+ to see spark

35000+ on a dry day on carpet

1000+ to damage components

91
Q

ISP

A

Internet Service Provider

92
Q

Southbridge

A

Works with lower-speed devices such as USB controller and HD controllers

94
Q
A
95
Q

CMOS battery

A

Small, lithium battery - low power consumptions means it should last the lifetime of a PC (approx 10 years)

96
Q

What are the five parts of the REGISTRY and what are they called?

A

The five parts are called hives.

  1. HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT
  2. HKEY_CURRENT_USER
  3. HKEY_USERS
  4. HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE
  5. HKEY_CURRENT_CONFIG
98
Q

What is an IRQ?

A

It’s a system resource.

The cpu needs to know the i/o address to talk to the devices, but the decives need IRQ’s to talk to the cpu. IRQ’s are a more efficient way of getting the cpu’s attention than polling.

The IRQs goes through the Programmable Interrupt Controller. (PIC)

PIC > Originally 8 IRQ

    Cascading then allowed 16 IRQ's

Advanced PIC > Usually 64 irq

99
Q

Hubs

A

Incoming signals broadcast to every device connected to the Hub. Poor bandwidth. Used on LAN’s

100
Q

What is MSCONFIG for?

A

MSConfig is a troubleshooting tool. The main function of MSConfig is to temporarily disable or re-enable software, device drivers or Windows services that run during startup process to help user decide the cause of problem.

You can accessother tools form msconfig

  1. eventvwr
  2. regedit
  3. msinfo32
102
Q

NAS

A

Networked Attached Storage: Headless device that shares its hard drives

102
Q

ISDN

A

Integrated Services Digital Network: The process of sending telephone transmissions over fully digital lines.

104
Q

What is AGP

A

Accelerated Graphics port: Slowly being replaced by PCIe

105
Q

What does EMI stand for and what is it?

A

EMI = Electromagnetic Interference

means a magnetic field is interfering with electronics

Prevent by keeping magnets away from computer equipment

107
Q

Noise

A

Disruption of smoothly varying AC level

108
Q

RAID 3

A

BYTE interleaved parity

110
Q

What is APIC?

A

Advanced Programmable Interrupt Controller brings support of up to 64 IRQs on x86 systems

111
Q

RAID 5

A

Block Level Striping

Dispersed Parity

Can function if any 1 drive is down

112
Q

Application Layer

A

This is what you see, such as your browser or e-mail client.

A range of protocols are available at this layer, many of them based on tcp/ip

FTP, TFT, DNS, HTTP(S), POP3, WAP, Telnet, SMTP

114
Q

Describe the boot process?

A
  1. Turn on
  2. Timer chip bombards cpu with reset signal to prevent bootup
  3. The power supply checks it’s okayand sends a POWER_GOOD signaltothe cpu
  4. Now the timer chip stopssending reset signals
  5. CPU loads BIOS & BIOS extensions
  6. BIOS checks: coldor warm boot up?
  7. If cold,then perform a POST
  8. BIOS reads CMOS & configures devices
  9. Pnp devices are detected & configured
  10. BIOS finds bootable drive
  11. BIOS reads the Master Boot Record
  12. OS takes over and completes the boot process
115
Q

What does the ‘attrib’ command do?

A

Allows the user to change the properties of a specified file

+ sets an attribute

  • clears an attribute

r read-only file attribute

a archive (allows MS Backup and other backup programs to know what files to backup)

s making the file an important system file

h making file hidden

c compressed file attribute

116
Q

Benefits of Soft Power

A
  1. Prevents user from turning off a system before the OS has been shut down
  2. Enables use of power-saving modes
117
Q

What is a spike

A

A transient increase in voltage

117
Q

Why are null-modem or cross-over cables useful?

A

To connect DATA-COMMUNICATION-EQUIPMENT (DCE) to

DATA TERMINAL EQUIPMENT (DTE) you us a normal “straight through” cable. However, when connecting two DTE’s you must use a null modem cable which connectsthe pins to wires in a different sequence.

119
Q

IRQ 6

A

Floppy disk controller

121
Q

What is the common power supply for servers?

A

EPS12V - power supply for servers

122
Q

What are the four levels of teh TCP/IP model

A
  1. Application
  2. Transport
  3. Internet
  4. Network Access
122
Q

What is power conditioning?

A

Filters out EMIs and RFIs

124
Q

What is DC?

A

Flows in one direction, at constant voltage, through a circuit

125
Q

IBSS

A

Ad Hoc Mode = Independent Basic Service Set

126
Q

RDP

A

3389

127
Q

ATAPI

A

Advanced Technology Attachment Packet Interface

Enables non HD devices such as opticial drives to connect tothePC via ata controllers.

128
Q

What does the HKEY_ClASSES_ROOT store?

A

It contains information about file types, filename extensions, and other file related details such as what files should be opened by what programs.It also controls basic interface options like double clicking context menus.

  • OLE information
128
Q

CMOS

A

Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor

Area of memory that stores information that describes specific device parameters

Does not store programs; only stores data that is read by BIOS to complete the programs needed to talk to changeable hardware

Also acts as a clock to store the current date and time

Almost always built into SB

129
Q

RAID 5

A

Block interleaved distributed parity

130
Q

How to check BIOS version

A

msinfo32

132
Q

Telnet

A

23

133
Q

Fusion controller hib

A

Southbridge in new AMD systems

134
Q

What is a blackout out?

A

Total loss of power

135
Q

What aresome advantages of NTFS?

A

New Technology File System

NTFS has file encryption, file compression, adn file level security

The max file size is 2TB vs. FAT32’s 4GB, and FAT 16’s 2GB

137
Q

MBR

A

The Master Boot Record

The MBR contains the partition table which allows the computer to read the number of partitions & their size

The MBR also contains the boot loader which is required to boot to up the O.S.

The MBR allows for Primary Partitions and Extended Partitions.

For example, you could have 4 primary, or 2 primary and two exended.

Partitioning is done in Winddows Dik management (diskmgmt.msc)

It can be done with this command also (fdisk)

138
Q

WEP

A

Wireless Equivalent Privacy

140
Q

Class B IP range

A

128 - 191

140
Q

Blackout?

A

Total loss of power

142
Q

LAN

A

Local Area Network

A group of computers that are confined to a small geographical area

143
Q

Data Link Layer

A

Utilizes Frames

Defines rules for sending and receiving information accross the network

Utilzes MAC addresses,

Switches use MAC address table to route data atthis level.

143
Q

What is Direct Memory Access

A

DMA is a system resource.

Some devices prefer to go straight to RAM rather than going throughthe cpu. For example, cound cards don’t want to stutter their way through IRQ’s & the cpu > they use DMA instead.

The DMA controller coordinates all the DMA connections of the of devices. Alternatively, DMA’s are coordinated through bus mastering.

144
Q

What’s a CNR

A

A legacy device called a

Communication Network Riser

Supports audio, USB, LAN

145
Q

Function of a Multimeter

A

Measures:

  • Continuity
  • Resistance
  • Current
  • Voltage
146
Q

RTS/CTS Protocol

A

Request to Send. Clear to Send Protocol. Optional for wireless nodes > alternative = try resending after random time period (repeat)

148
Q

Why is ATX form factor better than AT

A

The position of the power supply creates better air movement

Easier to access the cpu & RAM

Long expnsion slots don’t hit the North bridge

ATX has key connections (prevents frying)

ATX has soft power

148
Q

RAID 1

A

Mirroring and duplexing

150
Q

What is an I/O Address

A

It’s a stsytem resource.

Every Device has an I/O address. The cpu requires this address to find the device who want to talk to it. Addresses are in HEX. You can look them at

Device Manager > View > Resources by connection

151
Q

Switches

A

Automatically creates point to point connections between two devices. Happens in the Networking layer of the OSI model. Used on LAN’s

153
Q

CSMA/CA

A

carrier sense multiple access/ collision avoidance: Used on wireless networks and different from CSMA/CD used for wired connections. 1) Request to Send RTS 2) Clear to Send CTS 3) Acknowledgement ACK

154
Q

Telnet

A

23

155
Q
A
156
Q

Whatis pipelining?

A

In early cpu’s only one of the four phases was active during each clock cycle.

  1. Fetch
  2. Decode
  3. Execute
  4. Write

Nowadays, the data is pipelined through so that no phase is left idle at any time.

157
Q

SMB

A

445, 137 - 139

158
Q

Spike

A

Very brief increase in voltage level

160
Q

RDP

A

3389 Remote Desktop Protocol

162
Q

APIPA

A

Automatic IP Addressing: 169.254.0.1 - 169.254.255.254 If your computer cannot contact your DHCP server, your com randomly chooses an address from the APIPA range. An ARP is sent out asking other computers if they share this address. If not the computer takes this as it’s new private IP.

163
Q
A
165
Q

Surge

A

Increase in voltage level; longer than a spike

167
Q

SSID

A

Service Set Identifier

168
Q

Comptia’s Networking Troubleshooting model

A
  1. Gather information
  2. Identify affected area
  3. Determine if anything has changed
  4. Establish a theory of probable cause
  5. Determine if escalation is necessary
  6. Create a plan of action
  7. Implement solution and test
  8. Identify results of solution and its effects
  9. Document the problem and solution
169
Q

Name a Troubleshooting model starting with ‘A’

What are the stages of this model

A
  1. ACID
  2. Acquire
  3. Simplify
  4. Implement
  5. Document
170
Q

‘Flashing the ROM’

A

Updating contents

171
Q

RAID 2

A

Error correcting code

172
Q

HTTPS

A

443

173
Q

RAID O

A

Striped disk array without fault tolerance

174
Q

CMOS setup program/CMOS system setup utility

A

Enables you to access and modify CMOS data

175
Q

SOFT POWER

A

ATX systems have 5v running to MB

  • always ‘on’ even when powered down
  • power switch on ATX system simply tells the computer whether its been pressed
  • BIOS or OS takes over from there and handles the chore of turning the PC on or off (soft power)
177
Q

IRQ 1

A

Keyboard

179
Q

How big is BIOS (bytes)?

A

65,536 bytes

180
Q

Ring Topology

A

Every node is a CRITICAL LINK;

Each node acts as a repeater

181
Q

OSI Model

A

Open Systems Interconnection

182
Q

What is a surge suppressor?

A

Device that absorbs the extra voltage caused by a surge

184
Q

VPN

A

Virtual Private Network:

186
Q

What is an OS?

A

Software that exists to control the operation of h/w

187
Q

IRQ 2

A

Cascade interrupt for IRQs 8 -15

188
Q

ASID model

A
  1. Acquire
  2. Simplify
  3. Implement
  4. Document
189
Q

POP3

A

110 Incoming e-mail

190
Q

IRQ 3

A

Interrupt for second serial port (COM2)

191
Q
A
192
Q

SFC

A

System File Checker

The sfc scannow option is one of several specific switches available in the sfc command, the Command Prompt commandused to run System File Checker. Sfc /scannow is the most common way that the sfc command is used.

Sfc /scannow will inspect all of the important Windows files on your computer, including Windows DLL files. If System File Checker finds an issue with any of these protected files, it will replace it.

193
Q

Standby UPS

A

Device connected to the UPS receives battery power only when AC sags below ~80/90v

194
Q

What is more dangerous, surge/spike or sag?

A

Surge/Spike. Sag can only shutdown or reboot PC; any surge can harm your PC and a strong surge can destroy components

195
Q

UPS

A

Uninterruptible Power Supply. Protects PC in event of power outage or sag.

197
Q

What does a berg connector go to?

A

Floppy Drive

199
Q

Online UPS

A

Device is constantly powered by UPS battery

200
Q

RAID 3

A

Byte level striping

Each sequential byte on next drive.

Dedicated Parity (HD just for parity)

Throughput unaffected by disk failure

Number of HD must be x^2

RAID 3 & 4 replaced by RAID 5

202
Q

Types of Wireless Netowrk

A

Ad Hoc Mode & Infrastructure Mode

203
Q

What is a daily backup?

A

Makes a copy of all the files that have changed that day

Does not change the archive bit

205
Q

Network Layer

A

Uses Packets

Utilizes IP addresses

IP, PING, ARP, Tracert

206
Q

FAT

A

File Allocation Table = file system architecture. FAT records what sectors on the HD

store what part of what file. It’s works like a long spread sheet of two columns.

Left = Hex Sector Right = Status of Sector

207
Q

Define power

A

Power = VA, measured in watts

208
Q

DTE

A

Data Terminal Equipment

210
Q

Default recommended size for page file?

A
  • 1.5 or 2x amount of RAM
211
Q

IRQ 5

A

Sound card

212
Q

POP3

A

110

213
Q

UTP

A

Unshielded Twisted Pair

214
Q

RAID 2

A

BIT level striping

Each bit stored sequentially on disks

Dedicated Parity

Uses Hammng Code Pairty

Obselete

215
Q

IRQ 4

A

First serial port (COM 1)

217
Q

Describe hyperthreading?

A

Hyper-Threading is a technology that allows a single microprocessor to act like twoseparate processors to the operating system and programs that use it.

A microprocessor’s “core” processor can execute two (rather than one) concurrent streams (or thread s) of instructions sent by the operating system. Having two streams of execution units to work on allows more work to be done by the processor during each clock cycle .

Gives a 30% performance increae,so not as good as havng two cores.

218
Q

Bus Topology

A

Single cable to which all nodes are connected

220
Q

What is AC?

A

Flows repeatedly back and forth through the circuit at constantly varying voltage levels

222
Q

What precautions can you take with ESD

A
  1. Don’t shuffle your feet
  2. Increase the humidity
  3. Keep yourself grounded (Use wrist strap)
  4. Wear cotton,not synthetics
  5. Remove carpeting
  6. Use air ionization system
223
Q

What does the HKEY_CURRENT_USER store?

A

This contains the users specific information of the currently logged in user, such as their usernames, passwords, and appearance settings.

i.e settings specific to yhe currently logged-in user

224
Q

What can you do at the ‘Implement’ stage of the ASID model

A
  1. Read user manuals
  2. Google the problem
  3. Run a ystem diagnostic perfmon /report
  4. Run sfc /scannow to inspect Windows and replace problematicfiles
225
Q

TKIP

A

Wireless Protected Access uses Temporal Key Integrity Protocol (Short term solution to WEP.

226
Q

SSH

A

22 Secure Shell Filte Transfer Protocol

228
Q

xcopy

A

Powerful version of the copy command with additional features; capability of moving files and directories and even while drives from one location to another

229
Q

PORT HTTP

A

80 hyper text tranfer protocol

230
Q

Class E ip range

A

Experimental

240 - 255

231
Q

What is Virtual Memory?

A

Combination of RAM and swap files

A swap file allows an OS to use HD space to simulate extra memory

Allows computer to run more programs than it could run in RAM alone

232
Q

List 5 types of network topologies

A
  1. Bus
  2. Tree
  3. Star
  4. Ring
  5. Mesh
233
Q
A
234
Q

What connects to the North bridge?

A

Faster components > RAM > AGP

235
Q

Give a back-up strategy?

A

RAID is not a backup because folders can still be easily deleted.

WHAT will you store your data on? UBS Optical, tape, NAS.

WHERE will you store it? Offsite to avoid natural disasters or fire. Never in the basement (flooding)!.

Is the backup physically secure or cannot be taken? Is it vulnerable to EMI which can erase data on magnetic

storage devices?

Rehearse your restore procedure. Time is money and you must be efficient.

Document your strategy so anyone canperform the restore.

The 2x2x2 rule says two people with two backups in two locations.

236
Q

Device driver

A

file stored on HD that contains all the commands necessary to talk to whatever device it was written to support

237
Q

BIOS

A

Used to control device electronics

65,536 bytes are used to store the system BIOS

238
Q
A
239
Q

AES

A

Advanced Encryption Standards > WPA 2

240
Q

What does the HKEY_USERS store?

A

HKEY_USERS contains the configuration settings for each user of the workstation. Each user will have different settings for usernames and passwOrds, and theappearance of their desktop.

241
Q

Five Power Supply Problems

A
  1. Blackout
  2. Brownout
  3. Noise
  4. Spike
  5. Surge
242
Q

DHCP

A

67, 68

243
Q

What does the MCC do?

A

The CPU tells the MCC what it want from memory via the Address Bus. The MCC then takes it from RAM and sends it back along the External Address Bus

244
Q

What connects to the power supply?

A

Molexe, Mini Molex, Berg, SATA (HD) AT (Motherboard) ATX (Motherboard) PATA (HD)

245
Q

What is dxdiag useful for?

A

is a diagnostics tool used to test DirectX functionality and troubleshoot video- or sound-related hardware problems

You can enable/disable fetures form audio/video here.

246
Q

SMTP

A

25 Outgoing e-mail

247
Q

What are the basic operations of a computer/

A
  • INPUT keybpard, scanner, cd-rom, diskette
  • OUTPUT Speaker,monitor, printer, cd-rom
  • STORAGE Permenant disk/cd
  • PROCESSSING CPU Arithmetic Logic Unit, Contril Unit, RAM
248
Q

Northbridge

A

High-speed interfaces - connection to your videocard and RAM

249
Q

What is a surge?

A

A brief increase in voltage (longer than a spike)

250
Q

Name some TCP/IP services?

A

Hyper Text Transfer Protocol HTTP, HTTP Secure, PING, POP, SMTP, IMAP4, ipconfig, nslookup, tracert

251
Q

Whtat is stored in HKEY_CURRENT_CONFIG

A

This stores the information about the hardware profile currently being used. If a workstation has two monitors and two users this hive will store which user uses which monitor.

i.e. settings specific to current hardware configuration

252
Q

BIOS

A

Basic input/Output Services

Firmware

Nonvolatile memory and software that provides instructions on how a device should operate.

OR

Support programming loaded into memory that teachers the CPU about a particular device

253
Q

RAID 4

A

Byte interleaved parity

254
Q

List some CMOS configurable settings

A

Date and time

CPU options

Optical drive options

Boot password

Virus detection

HD options

Serial and parallel ports

PnP

Power management options

PC health (CPU temperature, system temperature, voltage of CPU and RAM, change fan speed)

255
Q
A
256
Q

Line-interactive UPS

A

Similar to standby UPS but has special circuitry to handle moderate AC sags and surges without the need to switch to battery power

257
Q

Mesh Topology

A

Each computer and network device is interconnected with one another, allowing multiple paths and redundancy

258
Q

Tree Topology

A

Connects multiple star networks to other star networks

259
Q

Printing step 1. Processing

A

CPU sends data to print spooler

260
Q

Printing step 2. Charging/Conditioning

A

Uniform negative charge is applied to entire surface of photosensitive drum

261
Q

Printing step 3. Exposing/Writing

A

Laser is used to create a positive image on the negatively charged surface of drum

262
Q

Printing step 4. Developing

A

Those particles with a lesser negative charge are positively charged relative to toner, and attracts them, creating a developing image

263
Q

Printing step 5. Transferring

A

Printer must transfer image from drum to paper

264
Q

Printing step 6. Fusing

A

Two rollers (heated, pressure) melt toner to paper, permanently affixing it

265
Q

Printing step 7. Cleaning

A

Physical and electrical cleaning of drum

266
Q

ASR

A

Automated System Recovery

Windows XP

Last resort

2 parts: 1. Automated backup , 2. Automated Restore

Does not back up user files or other data, only data necessary for restarting the system configuration state

267
Q

ERD

A

Emergency Repair Disk

Simpler version of ASR

Phased out with Windows 2000

Not bootable

Basic system repairs - systems files, boot sector, startup environment

268
Q
A
269
Q

Main Differences between USB & Firewire

A

Firewire (800Mb/s w/ 3.2 Gb/s version alos) is faster than USB 2 (480Mb/s) but USB 3 is fastest (5Gb/s)

USB connects 127 devices > firewire (63)

Firewire is ISOCHRONOUS > real time data streaming between devises with NO error corrction)

Firewire works peer to peer (USB is Host - Based > connects to a compute)

Firewire better for devices using a lot of data

USB is cheaper than Firewire

USB . Shorter cable lengths

270
Q

List some practical limitations with USB’s 5G/b speed

A

1.) It shares it’s bandwidthwith allother devices on the USB host controller. Thus firewire 800 could be

fsterif your usb host controller is very busy

2.) Most devices cannot reach USB’s 5G/b/s limit. For example, many hard-drives cannot match a 5gb/s throughput.

271
Q
A
272
Q

Types of printer

A
  1. Dot Matrix (uses 9- 24 pins) (uses pins to strike ink ribbon)(Type: Impact Printer)
  2. Inkjet (ink forcedout through tiny nozzles via 1. Thermalbubble technology or Piezoelectric technology
  3. Laser

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