Comptia A+ Flashcards
Learn Acronyms for Comptia A+ Exam
1
Q
Transport Layer
A
TCP protocol uses segments
UDP protocols uses datagrams
TCP is a connectionless protocol
UDP is connectionless
UDP is thus faster, but offers no confirmation
that your data has been sent
Recognizes duplicates
1
Q
IRQ
A
Interuption Request
2-9 Cascading
Old Systems = 8 IRQ
New = 16+ IRQ
Must be modifies when PnP doesn’t work (collisions)
1
Q
HTTP
A
Port 80
1
Q
IRQ 15
A
Secondary IDE channel
2
Q
Session Layer
A
Control & Tunnelling protocols are used at this layer
to start, stop, and restart connections between
two devices. It can operate at half duplex and full duplex
SQL
2
Q
What does a mini-Molex connect to?
A
Floppy Drive
2
Q
RAID 10
A
A stripe of mirrors
3
Q
WPA2
A
Wireless Protected Access 2 uses Advanced Encryption Standards AES
3
Q
Presentation Layer
A
Data is encrytped/decrypted at this layer. Character encoding is used and the data is made presentable for the application layer.
JPEG, MPEG
3
Q
Why is PCIe better than PCI
A
- It uses point to point topology instead of shared bus topology
- it uses Serial Interface Format, not Parallel Inferface Format
- It’s more scalable
- It doesn’t share it’ bandwicth
- Lower Latency
- Wires smaller
- PCI top sepped = 132 Mb/s
- PCIe top speed = 16,000 Mb/s (32 lanes)
- PCIe supports i/o virtualization
3
Q
Advantages of Sata connectors over Pata Connectors
A
- Increased data transfer rate (point to point serial connection)
- Cable can be 1 meter vs. 18 inches
- Increased airflow
- Support for more drives - usually more sata connectors on a motherboard
- Hot swapable
- Theoretically 30 times fasterthan pata
However, Pata does allow up to two devices on one cable, whereas Sata is 1 to 1
3
Q
What is the MCC?
A
The memory controller chip facilitates communication between the cpu and other devices which require speed > RAM > AGP
The MCC is often on-die (in the North Bridge)
3
Q
Unmaskable interrupt
A
must be acted upon
4
Q
EBSS
A
Infrastructure mode = Extended Basic Service Set (Multiple WAP’s)
4
Q
SFTP
A
22 secure file transfer
4
Q
What can you do at the ‘Simplify’ stage of the ASID model?
A
- Shutdown unnecessary peripherals (Mouse Keybaord Printer)
- Close all unnecessary programs
- If problem persists, your scope is narrowed
4
Q
What are the motherboard power power connectors?
A
Modern MBs use a 20- or 24-pin P1 power connector.
Some MBs may require a special 4-, 6-, or 8-pin connectors to supply extra power
Types: 1. AT power connector
- ATX power connector
- PCIe power connector
4
Q
LDAP (Lightweight Directory Access Protocol)
A
389
4
Q
copy
A
copies computer files from one directory to another
5
Q
Advantages of Soft Power?
A
The computer doesn’t power off while the OS is shutting down.
Soft power on doesn’t stress a system
Power saving mode
Quicker start from standbye mode
5
Q
PXE
A
Preboot Execution Environment: Enables you to boot PC without any local storage by retrieving OS from over the network
6
Q
What does the frontside bus connect
A
CPU > RAM > HD > PCI
7
Q
What are advantages of FAT
A
FAT is well suited for data exchange between various kinds of computers and devices becuase it is supported by virtually all operating sysytems from the1980’s up to the present.
7
Q
Describe Parity
A
Parity is a technique of checking whether data has been written over or lost during transmission. An additional parity bit is added to every group of bits that is moved together. Before beng moved the parity bits are added and they are made into a odd number by adding an axtra bit if necessary. Now, if the parity bits add up to an even number after being moved the computer knows thatsomethng has gone wrong. A warnng is given and you can try to resend the data. Parity does not correct the problem, it just tells you what has happened.
Furthermore, it is possible for two errors to occur and offset each other.
8
OSI Model
Open Systems Interconnection
8
PORT FTP
20/21 file transfer protocol
8
What does the back-side bus connect?
CPU \> L2 Cache
8
What is Sector translation?
Sector translation is the ability of a HD to translate logical geometry into physical geometry. This allows the HD to increse efficiency by lying to the CMOS and side stepping the limitations of the BIOS. Using logical geometry, you can allocate more sectors to the outside of the HD platter for example.. This makes sense.
8
RAID1
Mirroring
No Parity
No Striping
Duplexing (with two contollers) = faster
Can be used by multiple workstations unlike RAID 0
8
POST
1. BIOS tests core h/w
2. BIOS tests video subsystem
3. BIOS checks itself
4. BIOS tests main system memory
8
CPU registers
Small, very fast memory locations for holding instructions or units of data
8
Comptia A+ Troubleshooting model
1. Identify the problem
2. Establish a theory of probable cause
3. Test the theory to determine the actual cause
4. Create a plan of action
5. Verify the results
6. Documents the resolution
9
SFTP
22
10
Laser Printing Stages
1. Processing
2. Charging
3. Exposing
4. Developing
5. Transfering
6. Fusing
7. Cleaning
10
List 3 power conditioning devices.
1. Surge protectors - filters out spikes and surges
2. Battery backu devices - online UPS; standby UPS; line-interactive UPS
3. Generators - produces clean, consistent AC signals
11
What is the Kernel?
A kernel is the core component of an operating system. Using interprocess communication and system calls, it acts as bridge between applications and the data processing performed at the hardware level.
When an operating system is loaded into memory, the kernel loads first and remains in memory until the operating system is shut down again. The kernel is responsible for low-level tasks such as disk management, task management and memory management.
13
Copy the file "text.txt" from C://Users/Kevin to C://Users/Kevin/Documents from the command line
C://Users/Kevin \> copy text.text C://Users/Kevin/Documents
13
How many Pins: ATX Power Connector
20 (main) + 4 (mini)
14
WPA
WI-FI Protected Access
14
Function of PS fan?
Provides basic cooling for the PC; not only cools the voltage regulator circuits within PSU, but also provides a constant flow of outside air throughout the interior of the computer case
Software is best way to control your fans - turn on temp alarms in CMOS
14
BIOS manufacturers
AMI, AWARD, MR BIOS, PHOENIX
15
What is the 1-10-100 rule?
1ma - you can feel it
10 mA - muscles contract
100mA - heart stops
16
What is a brownout?
Brief reduction in voltage
18
What is ESD?
Passage of static electrical charge from one item to another that is damaging to computer parts. Only takes place when two objects that store different amounts of potential come in contact. Therefore, you should ensure that you and the parts of the pc you touch are at the same electric potential, i.e. grouding yourself to the PC
19
FTP
20, 21
20
VoIP
5060
22
RAID 10
Mirroring a striped set of HD's
23
What are molex connectors used for?
Motor drives: HD, Optical Drive
23
Describe Sata Power Connector
Connects to: power connectors on SATA hard drives and SATA optical drives
It uses point to point serial connection and gives better airflow than PATA ribon cables
23
SNMP
161
23
RAID 6
Independent disks with double parity
25
Disk Thrashing
Data being read and wrote to HD swap files
- Slows down computer considerably
26
RAID 6
Extends RAID 5
Block level Parity
Each block has two parity blocks
Two drives can fail!
27
ROM chip
Nonvolative; traditional ROM were read-only;
these days, we use Flash ROM so that you can update and change the contents through a very specific process knowns as 'flashing the ROM'
27
Novell's Troubleshooting Model
1. Try some quick, obvious fixes first
2. Gather some basic information
3. Develop a plan
4. Execute the plan
5. Verify user satisfaction
6. Document problem and solution
27
IMAP4
143
28
Star Topology
Every node is connected to a central hub or switch
29
BSS
Infrastructure mode = Basic Service Set (One WAP)
30
Multiprocessor
2 separate CPUs each with its own system resources
Faster than multicore
31
NIC
Network Interface Card: OSI Physical Layer. Modern NIC's are fill duplex.
33
Who is a smelly baby?
KMI
34
IRQ 0
System timer
35
I/O controller hub
Southbridge in new Intel systesm
35
Shadowing
BIOS loaded into main memor (64k)
Access time of ROM - 120 - 200NS
Access time of RAM - 50 -70NS
36
IRQ 8
Real time clock
37
What is 'Noise' relating to Power
Disruption of smoothly varying AC signal
38
What voltage do these wires carry?
Yellow
Red
Black
1. Yellow = +12v
2. Red = +5v
3. Black =+ground
40
DSL
Digital Subscriber Line. Fast, but you must be within 18,000 feet of your ISP
42
Class A IP range
1 - 126
43
DHCP
UDP/67/68 Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
44
What info does HKEY\_LOCAL\_MACHINE store?
Contains info about hardware settings that apply globally
45
STP
Shielded Twisted Pair
46
Brownout
Brief decrease in voltage level
46
Secure Shell (SSH)
22
46
IRQ 13
Floating point unit/Math co-processor
47
UDP
User Datagram Protocol \> Connectionless \> Fast
47
Loopback Test Class
127
47
What can you check for at the 'Acquire' stage of the ASID model?
1. What OS?
2. Check msinfo32
3. Were their any recent changes?
4. Recreate activity leading to the problem
5. Record any error messages
6. Use eventvwr to find any recorded problems
48
Bridges
Connects signal from two different media and facilitates comminication
49
RAID 4
Block level Striping
Dedicated Parity
RAID 3 & RAID 4 have largely been replaced by RAID 5
49
What is DirectX for?
A set of APIs developed by Microsoft that enables programmers to write programs that access hardware features of a computer without knowing exactly what hardware will be installed on the machine where the program eventually runs.
51
HTTPS
443 hyper text transfer protocol
52
MAC Address
Media Access Control
53
What are memory addresses?
They are a system resource.
ome devices wantmor than an i/o address. They also want a psace in memory to store information. These devices use memory addresses
53
Functions of the OS
1. Control and monitor system activities
2. Allocate and assign resources
3. Schedule operatios
55
TCP/IP
Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol Connection -Oriented \> Slower than UDP
55
APIC
Advanced Programmable Interrupt Controller - usually in SB, expands number of IRQs up to 64
56
Physical Layer
Cable, NIC, Hub, he bitstream is translated in voltages and transmitted though different media
57
List the drive power connectors
1. Molex - most common for devices that need 5v or 12v for power
2. Mini-molex/Berg - used to connect floppies (aka floppy power connector)
3. SATA power connector - special 15-pin SATA connector; L-shaped
59
3000 volts = ?
8000 volts = ?
35,000 volts = ?
1000 volts= ?
1. You can feel
2. You see a spark
3. On a dry day,in the carpet
4. Damages electronics
5.
59
Partitioning
1) Master Boot Record (MBR)
2) Windows Proprietry Dynamic Storage
3) Globally Unique Identifer
Partition Table (GUID or GPT)
59
Power Good Signal
Signals CPU that power is stable and sufficient
+5v over specific wire
must arrive at correct time
60
What is the function of a PSU?
The PSU takes electricity from the wall socket (AC) and transforms it into electricity to run the motherboard and other internal components (DC)
61
RAM Cache
Block of cylinders on a HD set aside as what's called a page file
62
How to prevent ESD?
1. Use anti-staic wristbands
2. Use static-safe bags
3. Use anti-static mats as a point of common potential
64
Class D IP range
Multicast
224 - 239
65
MCC
Memory Controller Chip \> tends to be integrated into the North bridge
67
RAID 0
Strinping
No Redundency
No Parity
No Mirroring
68
IRQ 12
PS/2 mouse
69
A null model cable does what?
Connects two "DTE"devices (Data Terminal Equipment)
71
Maskable interrupt
interrupt that can be ignored
72
DNS
UDP/53 Domain Name Server
73
Active Hub
Acts as a repeater
75
77
IRQ 14
Primary IDE channel
78
DNS
53
79
BOOT Process
1. Turn on power
2. Timer chip sends reset signal to CPU to prevent booting
3. Power good signal to CPU
4. Timer stops sending reset signal
5. CPU loads BIOS
6. BIOS checks for cold/warm boot
7. If cold, BIOS performs POST
8. BIOS reads CMOS and configures devices
9. PnP detected and configured
10. BIOS determines which drive to boot from
11. BIOS reads MBR from drive
12. OS takes over and completes process
80
What are System Resources?
1. I/O addresses
2. IRQ's
3. Direct Memory Access
4. Memory Addresses
81
What is ECC?
Error Correction Code
## Footnote
Unlike parity checking, ECC can actually fix the problem. It can also 2,3, and 4 bit parity checking to ensure that errors aren't being offset against one another. This is important for some system becuase 10% of errors involve more than 1 bit.
83
85
IMAP4
143
Internet Message Access Protocol
Incoming e-mail :better than POP3
86
The 1- 10 - 100 rule
1 milliamp = You can feel
10 milliamps = Your muscles contract
100 milliamps = Yourheart will stop
87
Routers
OSI Network Layer: Connect networks together
88
SMTP
25
89
Class C IP range
192 - 223
89
What are the stages of the Comptia troubleshooting model
1. IDENTIFY the problem
2. Establish a THEORY of probable cuase
3. TEST the theory todetermine cause
4. Establish a PLAN OF ACTION to resolve the problem & implementthe solution
5. VERIFY full system functionality and if applicable implement preventative measures
6. DOCUMENT
90
List discharge voltages
3000+ to feel
8000+ to see spark
35000+ on a dry day on carpet
1000+ to damage components
91
ISP
Internet Service Provider
92
Southbridge
Works with lower-speed devices such as USB controller and HD controllers
94
95
CMOS battery
Small, lithium battery - low power consumptions means it should last the lifetime of a PC (approx 10 years)
96
What are the five parts of the REGISTRY and what are they called?
The five parts are called hives.
1. HKEY\_CLASSES\_ROOT
2. HKEY\_CURRENT\_USER
3. HKEY\_USERS
4. HKEY\_LOCAL\_MACHINE
5. HKEY\_CURRENT\_CONFIG
98
What is an IRQ?
It's a system resource.
The cpu needs to know the i/o address to talk to the devices, but the decives need IRQ's to talk to the cpu. IRQ's are a more efficient way of getting the cpu's attention than polling.
The IRQs goes through the Programmable Interrupt Controller. (PIC)
PIC \> Originally 8 IRQ
Cascading then allowed 16 IRQ's
Advanced PIC \> Usually 64 irq
99
Hubs
Incoming signals broadcast to every device connected to the Hub. Poor bandwidth. Used on LAN's
100
What is MSCONFIG for?
MSConfig is a troubleshooting tool. The main function of MSConfig is to temporarily disable or re-enable software, device drivers or Windows services that run during startup process to help user decide the cause of problem.
You can accessother tools form msconfig
1. eventvwr
2. regedit
3. msinfo32
102
NAS
Networked Attached Storage: Headless device that shares its hard drives
102
ISDN
Integrated Services Digital Network: The process of sending telephone transmissions over fully digital lines.
104
What is AGP
Accelerated Graphics port: Slowly being replaced by PCIe
105
What does EMI stand for and what is it?
EMI = Electromagnetic Interference
means a magnetic field is interfering with electronics
Prevent by keeping magnets away from computer equipment
107
Noise
Disruption of smoothly varying AC level
108
RAID 3
BYTE interleaved parity
110
What is APIC?
Advanced Programmable Interrupt Controller brings support of up to 64 IRQs on x86 systems
111
RAID 5
Block Level Striping
Dispersed Parity
Can function if any 1 drive is down
112
Application Layer
This is what you see, such as your browser or e-mail client.
A range of protocols are available at this layer, many of them based on tcp/ip
FTP, TFT, DNS, HTTP(S), POP3, WAP, Telnet, SMTP
114
Describe the boot process?
1. Turn on
2. Timer chip bombards cpu with reset signal to prevent bootup
3. The power supply checks it's okayand sends a POWER\_GOOD signaltothe cpu
4. Now the timer chip stopssending reset signals
5. CPU loads BIOS & BIOS extensions
6. BIOS checks: coldor warm boot up?
7. If cold,then perform a POST
8. BIOS reads CMOS & configures devices
9. Pnp devices are detected & configured
10. BIOS finds bootable drive
11. BIOS reads the Master Boot Record
12. OS takes over and completes the boot process
115
What does the 'attrib' command do?
Allows the user to change the properties of a specified file
+ sets an attribute
- clears an attribute
r read-only file attribute
a archive (allows MS Backup and other backup programs to know what files to backup)
s making the file an important system file
h making file hidden
c compressed file attribute
116
Benefits of Soft Power
1. Prevents user from turning off a system before the OS has been shut down
2. Enables use of power-saving modes
117
What is a spike
A transient increase in voltage
117
Why are null-modem or cross-over cables useful?
To connect DATA-COMMUNICATION-EQUIPMENT (DCE) to
DATA TERMINAL EQUIPMENT (DTE) you us a normal "straight through" cable. However, when connecting two DTE's you must use a null modem cable which connectsthe pins to wires in a different sequence.
119
IRQ 6
Floppy disk controller
121
What is the common power supply for servers?
EPS12V - power supply for servers
122
What are the four levels of teh TCP/IP model
1. Application
2. Transport
3. Internet
4. Network Access
122
What is power conditioning?
Filters out EMIs and RFIs
124
What is DC?
Flows in one direction, at constant voltage, through a circuit
125
IBSS
Ad Hoc Mode = Independent Basic Service Set
126
RDP
3389
127
ATAPI
Advanced Technology Attachment Packet Interface
Enables non HD devices such as opticial drives to connect tothePC via ata controllers.
128
What does the HKEY\_ClASSES\_ROOT store?
It contains information about file types, filename extensions, and other file related details such as what files should be opened by what programs.It also controls basic interface options like double clicking context menus.
- OLE information
128
CMOS
Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor
Area of memory that stores information that describes specific device parameters
Does not store programs; only stores data that is read by BIOS to complete the programs needed to talk to changeable hardware
Also acts as a clock to store the current date and time
Almost always built into SB
129
RAID 5
Block interleaved distributed parity
130
How to check BIOS version
msinfo32
132
Telnet
23
133
Fusion controller hib
Southbridge in new AMD systems
134
What is a blackout out?
Total loss of power
135
What aresome advantages of NTFS?
New Technology File System
NTFS has file encryption, file compression, adn file level security
The max file size is 2TB vs. FAT32's 4GB, and FAT 16's 2GB
137
MBR
The Master Boot Record
The MBR contains the partition table which allows the computer to read the number of partitions & their size
The MBR also contains the boot loader which is required to boot to up the O.S.
The MBR allows for Primary Partitions and Extended Partitions.
For example, you could have 4 primary, or 2 primary and two exended.
Partitioning is done in Winddows Dik management (diskmgmt.msc)
It can be done with this command also (fdisk)
138
WEP
Wireless Equivalent Privacy
140
Class B IP range
128 - 191
140
Blackout?
Total loss of power
142
LAN
Local Area Network
A group of computers that are confined to a small geographical area
143
Data Link Layer
Utilizes Frames
Defines rules for sending and receiving information accross the network
Utilzes MAC addresses,
Switches use MAC address table to route data atthis level.
143
What is Direct Memory Access
DMA is a system resource.
## Footnote
Some devices prefer to go straight to RAM rather than going throughthe cpu. For example, cound cards don't want to stutter their way through IRQ's & the cpu \> they use DMA instead.
The DMA controller coordinates all the DMA connections of the of devices. Alternatively, DMA's are coordinated through bus mastering.
144
What's a CNR
A legacy device called a
Communication Network Riser
Supports audio, USB, LAN
145
Function of a Multimeter
Measures:
* Continuity
* Resistance
* Current
* Voltage
146
RTS/CTS Protocol
Request to Send. Clear to Send Protocol. Optional for wireless nodes \> alternative = try resending after random time period (repeat)
148
Why is ATX form factor better than AT
The position of the power supply creates better air movement
Easier to access the cpu & RAM
Long expnsion slots don't hit the North bridge
ATX has key connections (prevents frying)
ATX has soft power
148
RAID 1
Mirroring and duplexing
150
What is an I/O Address
It's a stsytem resource.
Every Device has an I/O address. The cpu requires this address to find the device who want to talk to it. Addresses are in HEX. You can look them at
Device Manager \> View \> Resources by connection
151
Switches
Automatically creates point to point connections between two devices. Happens in the Networking layer of the OSI model. Used on LAN's
153
CSMA/CA
carrier sense multiple access/ collision avoidance: Used on wireless networks and different from CSMA/CD used for wired connections. 1) Request to Send RTS 2) Clear to Send CTS 3) Acknowledgement ACK
154
Telnet
23
155
156
Whatis pipelining?
In early cpu's only one of the four phases was active during each clock cycle.
1. Fetch
2. Decode
3. Execute
4. Write
Nowadays, the data is pipelined through so that no phase is left idle at any time.
157
SMB
445, 137 - 139
158
Spike
Very brief increase in voltage level
160
RDP
3389 Remote Desktop Protocol
162
APIPA
Automatic IP Addressing: 169.254.0.1 - 169.254.255.254 If your computer cannot contact your DHCP server, your com randomly chooses an address from the APIPA range. An ARP is sent out asking other computers if they share this address. If not the computer takes this as it's new private IP.
163
165
Surge
Increase in voltage level; longer than a spike
167
SSID
Service Set Identifier
168
Comptia's Networking Troubleshooting model
1. Gather information
2. Identify affected area
3. Determine if anything has changed
4. Establish a theory of probable cause
5. Determine if escalation is necessary
6. Create a plan of action
7. Implement solution and test
8. Identify results of solution and its effects
9. Document the problem and solution
169
Name a Troubleshooting model starting with 'A'
What are the stages of this model
1. ACID
2. Acquire
3. Simplify
4. Implement
5. Document
170
'Flashing the ROM'
Updating contents
171
RAID 2
Error correcting code
172
HTTPS
443
173
RAID O
Striped disk array without fault tolerance
174
CMOS setup program/CMOS system setup utility
Enables you to access and modify CMOS data
175
SOFT POWER
ATX systems have 5v running to MB
- always 'on' even when powered down
- power switch on ATX system simply tells the computer whether its been pressed
- BIOS or OS takes over from there and handles the chore of turning the PC on or off (soft power)
177
IRQ 1
Keyboard
179
How big is BIOS (bytes)?
65,536 bytes
180
Ring Topology
Every node is a CRITICAL LINK;
Each node acts as a repeater
181
OSI Model
Open Systems Interconnection
182
What is a surge suppressor?
Device that absorbs the extra voltage caused by a surge
184
VPN
Virtual Private Network:
186
What is an OS?
Software that exists to control the operation of h/w
187
IRQ 2
Cascade interrupt for IRQs 8 -15
188
ASID model
1. Acquire
2. Simplify
3. Implement
4. Document
189
POP3
110 Incoming e-mail
190
IRQ 3
Interrupt for second serial port (COM2)
191
192
SFC
System File Checker
## Footnote
The sfc scannow option is one of several specific switches available in the sfc command, the Command Prompt commandused to run System File Checker. Sfc /scannow is the most common way that the sfc command is used.
Sfc /scannow will inspect all of the important Windows files on your computer, including Windows DLL files. If System File Checker finds an issue with any of these protected files, it will replace it.
193
Standby UPS
Device connected to the UPS receives battery power only when AC sags below ~80/90v
194
What is more dangerous, surge/spike or sag?
Surge/Spike. Sag can only shutdown or reboot PC; any surge can harm your PC and a strong surge can destroy components
195
UPS
Uninterruptible Power Supply. Protects PC in event of power outage or sag.
197
What does a berg connector go to?
Floppy Drive
199
Online UPS
Device is constantly powered by UPS battery
200
RAID 3
Byte level striping
Each sequential byte on next drive.
Dedicated Parity (HD just for parity)
Throughput unaffected by disk failure
Number of HD must be x^2
RAID 3 & 4 replaced by RAID 5
202
Types of Wireless Netowrk
Ad Hoc Mode & Infrastructure Mode
203
What is a daily backup?
Makes a copy of all the files that have changed that day
Does not change the archive bit
205
Network Layer
Uses Packets
Utilizes IP addresses
IP, PING, ARP, Tracert
206
FAT
File Allocation Table = file system architecture. FAT records what sectors on the HD
store what part of what file. It's works like a long spread sheet of two columns.
Left = Hex Sector Right = Status of Sector
207
Define power
Power = VA, measured in watts
208
DTE
Data Terminal Equipment
210
Default recommended size for page file?
- 1.5 or 2x amount of RAM
211
IRQ 5
Sound card
212
POP3
110
213
UTP
Unshielded Twisted Pair
214
RAID 2
BIT level striping
Each bit stored sequentially on disks
Dedicated Parity
Uses Hammng Code Pairty
Obselete
215
IRQ 4
First serial port (COM 1)
217
Describe hyperthreading?
Hyper-Threading is a technology that allows a single microprocessor to act like twoseparate processors to the operating system and programs that use it.
A microprocessor's "core" processor can execute two (rather than one) concurrent streams (or thread s) of instructions sent by the operating system. Having two streams of execution units to work on allows more work to be done by the processor during each clock cycle .
Gives a 30% performance increae,so not as good as havng two cores.
218
Bus Topology
Single cable to which all nodes are connected
220
What is AC?
Flows repeatedly back and forth through the circuit at constantly varying voltage levels
222
What precautions can you take with ESD
1. Don't shuffle your feet
2. Increase the humidity
3. Keep yourself grounded (Use wrist strap)
4. Wear cotton,not synthetics
5. Remove carpeting
6. Use air ionization system
223
What does the HKEY\_CURRENT\_USER store?
This contains the users specific information of the currently logged in user, such as their usernames, passwords, and appearance settings.
i.e settings specific to yhe currently logged-in user
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What can you do at the 'Implement' stage of the ASID model
1. Read user manuals
2. Google the problem
3. Run a ystem diagnostic perfmon /report
4. Run sfc /scannow to inspect Windows and replace problematicfiles
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TKIP
Wireless Protected Access uses Temporal Key Integrity Protocol (Short term solution to WEP.
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SSH
22 Secure Shell Filte Transfer Protocol
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xcopy
Powerful version of the copy command with additional features; capability of moving files and directories and even while drives from one location to another
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PORT HTTP
80 hyper text tranfer protocol
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Class E ip range
Experimental
240 - 255
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What is Virtual Memory?
Combination of RAM and swap files
A swap file allows an OS to use HD space to simulate extra memory
Allows computer to run more programs than it could run in RAM alone
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List 5 types of network topologies
1. Bus
2. Tree
3. Star
4. Ring
5. Mesh
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What connects to the North bridge?
Faster components \> RAM \> AGP
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Give a back-up strategy?
RAID is not a backup because folders can still be easily deleted.
WHAT will you store your data on? UBS Optical, tape, NAS.
WHERE will you store it? Offsite to avoid natural disasters or fire. Never in the basement (flooding)!.
Is the backup physically secure or cannot be taken? Is it vulnerable to EMI which can erase data on magnetic
storage devices?
Rehearse your restore procedure. Time is money and you must be efficient.
Document your strategy so anyone canperform the restore.
The 2x2x2 rule says two people with two backups in two locations.
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Device driver
file stored on HD that contains all the commands necessary to talk to whatever device it was written to support
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BIOS
Used to control device electronics
65,536 bytes are used to store the system BIOS
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AES
Advanced Encryption Standards \> WPA 2
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What does the HKEY\_USERS store?
HKEY\_USERS contains the configuration settings for each user of the workstation. Each user will have different settings for usernames and passwOrds, and theappearance of their desktop.
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Five Power Supply Problems
1. Blackout
2. Brownout
3. Noise
4. Spike
5. Surge
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DHCP
67, 68
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What does the MCC do?
The CPU tells the MCC what it want from memory via the Address Bus. The MCC then takes it from RAM and sends it back along the External Address Bus
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What connects to the power supply?
Molexe, Mini Molex, Berg, SATA (HD) AT (Motherboard) ATX (Motherboard) PATA (HD)
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What is dxdiag useful for?
is a diagnostics tool used to test DirectX functionality and troubleshoot video- or sound-related hardware problems
You can enable/disable fetures form audio/video here.
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SMTP
25 Outgoing e-mail
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What are the basic operations of a computer/
* INPUT keybpard, scanner, cd-rom, diskette
* OUTPUT Speaker,monitor, printer, cd-rom
* STORAGE Permenant disk/cd
* PROCESSSING CPU Arithmetic Logic Unit, Contril Unit, RAM
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Northbridge
High-speed interfaces - connection to your videocard and RAM
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What is a surge?
A brief increase in voltage (longer than a spike)
250
Name some TCP/IP services?
Hyper Text Transfer Protocol HTTP, HTTP Secure, PING, POP, SMTP, IMAP4, ipconfig, nslookup, tracert
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Whtat is stored in HKEY\_CURRENT\_CONFIG
This stores the information about the hardware profile currently being used. If a workstation has two monitors and two users this hive will store which user uses which monitor.
i.e. settings specific to current hardware configuration
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BIOS
Basic input/Output Services
Firmware
Nonvolatile memory and software that provides instructions on how a device should operate.
OR
Support programming loaded into memory that teachers the CPU about a particular device
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RAID 4
Byte interleaved parity
254
List some CMOS configurable settings
Date and time
CPU options
Optical drive options
Boot password
Virus detection
HD options
Serial and parallel ports
PnP
Power management options
PC health (CPU temperature, system temperature, voltage of CPU and RAM, change fan speed)
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Line-interactive UPS
Similar to standby UPS but has special circuitry to handle moderate AC sags and surges without the need to switch to battery power
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Mesh Topology
Each computer and network device is interconnected with one another, allowing multiple paths and redundancy
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Tree Topology
Connects multiple star networks to other star networks
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Printing step 1. Processing
CPU sends data to print spooler
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Printing step 2. Charging/Conditioning
Uniform negative charge is applied to entire surface of photosensitive drum
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Printing step 3. Exposing/Writing
Laser is used to create a positive image on the negatively charged surface of drum
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Printing step 4. Developing
Those particles with a lesser negative charge are positively charged relative to toner, and attracts them, creating a developing image
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Printing step 5. Transferring
Printer must transfer image from drum to paper
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Printing step 6. Fusing
Two rollers (heated, pressure) melt toner to paper, permanently affixing it
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Printing step 7. Cleaning
Physical and electrical cleaning of drum
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ASR
Automated System Recovery
Windows XP
Last resort
2 parts: 1. Automated backup , 2. Automated Restore
Does not back up user files or other data, only data necessary for restarting the system configuration state
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ERD
Emergency Repair Disk
Simpler version of ASR
Phased out with Windows 2000
Not bootable
Basic system repairs - systems files, boot sector, startup environment
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Main Differences between USB & Firewire
Firewire (800Mb/s w/ 3.2 Gb/s version alos) is faster than USB 2 (480Mb/s) but USB 3 is fastest (5Gb/s)
USB connects 127 devices \> firewire (63)
Firewire is ISOCHRONOUS \> real time data streaming between devises with NO error corrction)
Firewire works peer to peer (USB is Host - Based \> connects to a compute)
Firewire better for devices using a lot of data
USB is cheaper than Firewire
USB . Shorter cable lengths
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List some practical limitations with USB's 5G/b speed
1.) It shares it's bandwidthwith allother devices on the USB host controller. Thus firewire 800 could be
fsterif your usb host controller is very busy
2.) Most devices cannot reach USB's 5G/b/s limit. For example, many hard-drives cannot match a 5gb/s throughput.
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Types of printer
1. Dot Matrix (uses 9- 24 pins) (uses pins to strike ink ribbon)(Type: Impact Printer)
2. Inkjet (ink forcedout through tiny nozzles via 1. Thermalbubble technology or Piezoelectric technology
3. Laser
