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Bio 220 > Comprehensive Finals > Flashcards

Comprehensive Finals Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

DNA is double helix held together by _______

A

base pairs

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2
Q

base pairs are held together by ____________

A

hydrogen bonds

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3
Q

cytosine -

A

guanine

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4
Q

adenine -

A

thymine

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5
Q
  • process used by the cell to make identical copies of DNA
A

Replication

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6
Q
  • contain the genetic code
A

nucleic acids

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7
Q
  • nucleotides which are building blocks
A

monomers

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8
Q

RNA bases:

A

Adenine
Uracil
Cytosine
Guanine

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9
Q

The order of the ______ determine the genetic code

A

base pairs

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10
Q

_____ are a group of 3 nucleotides which code for amino acids

A

codons

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11
Q
  • appearance
A

phenotype

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12
Q
  • genetic constitution or composition
A

genotype

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13
Q
  • a genetic structure in a cell that can replicate independently of the chromosomes, often in bacterium or protozoans
A

plasmid

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14
Q
  • any agent that causes a disease
A

Pathogen

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15
Q

Types of pathogens:

A
  • virus
  • bacterium
  • protozoan
  • fungus
  • helminth
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16
Q
  • scientific study of disease
A

pathology

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17
Q
  • scientific study of the cause of disease
A

Etiology

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18
Q
  • the microbial cause of disease (pathogen)
A

Etiological agent

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19
Q
  • colonization of the body by pathogens
A

infection

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20
Q
  • disruption of bodily functions
A

disease

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21
Q

microorganisms that permanently colonize the body are called _________

A

normal flora

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22
Q

the _____ has the most bacteria

A

mouth

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23
Q

_____ is used to determine the age of a disease

A

Koch’s postulate

24
Q

Koch’s postulate

A
  1. the microorganism or other pathogen must be present in all cases of the disease
  2. the pathogen can be isolated from the diseased host and grown in pure culture
  3. the pathogen from the pure culture must cause the disease when inoculated into a healthy, susceptible laboratory animal
  4. the pathogen must be reisolated from the new host and shown to be the same as the originally inoculated pathogen
25
Q
  • objective and measured by a physician
A

Sign

26
Q
  • subjective and apparent to a patient
A

symptom

27
Q
  • local outbreak
A

Epidemic

28
Q
  • carriers a pathogen (human, animal or fomites)
A

Reservoirs

29
Q
  • worldwide outbreak
A

Pandemic

30
Q
  • the science that deals with when and where a disease occurs
A

Epidemiology

31
Q
  • ability to cause disease
A

Pathogenicity

32
Q
  • severity of a disease
A

Virulence

33
Q

A _____ helps to penetrate a hosts’ defense

A

capsule

34
Q

_____ of the cell wall resists phagocytosis, heat, and acids

A

M-Protein

35
Q

____ speed up chemical reactions and end with (ase)

A

Enzymes

36
Q
  • death of a tissue
A

Necrosis

37
Q

____ are poisons produced by microbes

A

Toxins

38
Q

____ are secreted outside of a microbe

A

Exotoxins

39
Q

Lysis can release exotoxins and induce a _____

A

fever

40
Q

_______ symptoms include thrush and yeast infections

A

Candida albicans

41
Q

Conjunctiva (eye) species:

A

Corynebacterium species

Haemophilus species

42
Q

_____ - factors inherent in the body. Provides a defense against infection

A

natural resistance

43
Q

___________ - provides a mechanical and chemical barrier

A

skin and mucous membranes

44
Q

_______ - antiviral substance

A

Interferon

45
Q

Phagocytosis - leukocytes that destroy _____ substances

A

foreign

46
Q

_______ - responce to injury

A

inflammation

47
Q

Hallmark of inflammation ______, ________, _______-, and _______-

A

Dilation, Erythema (reddening), Edema(swelling)/pyogenesis(pus formation), and Fever

48
Q

__ - circulating antibody, only immunoglobulin to cross the placenta

A

IgG

49
Q

__- First antibody produced during antibody reaction

A

IgM

50
Q

__ - anti body to invade microorganisms (breast milk)

A

IgA

51
Q

__ - involved in hypersensitivity reactions

A

IgE

52
Q

__ - On the surface of lymphocytes, important in B-cell activation

A

IgD

53
Q

________ - term used to describe serum proteins that help antibodies destroy forgiven particles

A

complement

54
Q

________ antimicrobial drugs - act upon a large number of G+ and G-

A

broad spectrum

55
Q

______ - drugs made by bacterium or fungi

A

antibiotics

56
Q

antimicrobial drugs act ______ a host

A

within

57
Q

_________ vaccine - uses harmless antibodies to stimulate antigen

A

anti-idiotypic

Bio 220 (1 decks)

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