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Comprehensive Final Prep > Comprehensive Final Study Cards > Flashcards

Comprehensive Final Study Cards Flashcards

1
Q

Epistemology

A

Epistemology

Branch of philosophy that focuses on the reflection on and investigations of the nature and foundation of knowledge.

Theory of and about knowledge, and the methods by which knowledge is developed.

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2
Q

Ontology

A

Ontology

Fundamental assumptions about the nature of beings, and the relationships between the parts as they exist

Provides the basis for analyzing and understanding nature and the relationship between human beings and nature

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3
Q

Belief

A

Belief

One’s opinion, Falls short of knowledge

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4
Q

Knowledge

A

Knowledge

Justified true belief

Knowledge equals a belief, truth, and justification

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5
Q

Truth

A

Truth

Necessary condition for knowledge

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6
Q

Pragmatism

A

Pragmatism

An approach that assesses the truth of meaning of theories or beliefs in terms of the success of their practical application

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7
Q

Pragmatic

A

Pragmatic

Dealing with things sensibly and realistically in a way that is based on practical rather than theoretical considerations

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8
Q

Justification

A

Justification

A necessary condition for knowledge

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9
Q

Empiricism

A

Empiricism

Learning and memory are primarily derived from our experience of events in the world

Events of the world are considered to impinge on our senses in ways that cause us to learn

Empiricists consider the ultimate source of knowledge to be the objects of reality, as experienced through our senses.

This is probably how nurses learn the best

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10
Q

Rationalism

A

Rationalism

Source of knowledge is logical thinking or reasoning

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11
Q

Skepticism

A

Skepticism

Subjecting a topic to doubt

Doubt cannot equal a firm basis for knowledge

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12
Q

Hermeneutics

A

Hermeneutics

Interpretation of language (spoken or written)

Major philosophy and research method with a central goal of describing people’s experiences

Qualitative research methodology that focuses on interpreting the meanings of experiences in an individual’s life

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13
Q

Ethnocentrism

A

Ethnocentrism

Evaluation of cultures according to preconceptions originating in the standards and customs of one’s own culture

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14
Q

Holism

A

Holism

Holism goes beyond the actions performed or words spoken to a patient, it is a method to ensure care for all parts of a patient

Things are more than simply the sum of their constituent parts

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15
Q

Ideology

A

Ideology

Beliefs about a reality that have not been justified on scientific or philosophical grounds

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16
Q

Deductive Reasoning

A

Deductive Reasoning

Making an inference based on widely-accepted facts or premises

Reasoning that aims at testing an existing theory

I got a “D” on the test!

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17
Q

Inductive Reasoning

A

Inductive Reasoning

Making an inference based on an observation

Moves from specific observations to broad generalizations aim at developing a theory (theory development)

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18
Q

Metaparadigm

A

Metaparadign

Global concepts that identify the phenomena of central interest to a discipline

Fawcetts metaparadigm

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19
Q

Nursing Metaparadigm (Fawcett)

A

Nursing Metaparadign (Fawcett)

Human beings

Environment

Health

Nursing

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20
Q

Patterns of Knowing

(Carper)

A

Patterns of Knowing (Carper)

Empirics

Ethics

Esthetics (aesthetics)

Personal knowledge

E3P

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21
Q

Parsimony

(Parsimoniously)

A

Parsimony (parsimoniously)

Presenting ideas succinctly

Requires the elimination of redundancies

Also is known as the “principle of economy of thought”

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22
Q

Paradigm

A

Paradigm

Aspects of a discipline that are shared by its scientific community

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23
Q

Theoretical Framework

A

Theoretical Framework

The basic structure developed to organize a number of concepts that are focused on a particular set of questions

The terms theoretical frameworks, conceptual frameworks, conceptual models, and theories have been used interchangeably in the literature

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24
Q

Theory

A

Theory

Organized, coherent, and systematic articulation of a set of statements related to significant questions in a discipline and communicated as a meaningful whole.

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25
Q

Nursing Theory

A

Nursing Theory

Nursing theory is defined as a conceptualization of some aspect of reality (invented or discovered) that pertains to nursing. The conceptualization is articulated and communicated for the purpose of describing, explaining, predicting, or prescribing nursing care, as well as for defining the outcomes of nursing care

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26
Q

Science

A

Science

A unified body of knowledge about phenomena that is supported by agreed-on evidence.

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27
Q

Empirical Indicator

A

Empirical Indicator

An actual instrument, experimental condition, or procedure used to observe or measure a middle-range theory concept

Collects data

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28
Q

Descriptive Theories

A

Descriptive Theories

Describe relationships between phenomena, describe nurses’ and patients’ relationships, and describe guidelines for interventions

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29
Q

Prescriptive Theories

A

Prescriptive Theories

Address nursing therapeutics and the outcomes of interventions

Includes propositions that call for change and predict the consequences of a certain strategy for a nursing intervention.

30
Q

Concept

A

Concept

Word or phrase that summarizes a phenomenon, such as an idea, an observation, or an experience.

Each concept is a tool that provides a mental image that facilitates communication about and understanding of the phenomenon.

31
Q

Proposition

A

Proposition

Statement about a concept or a statement of the relation between two or more concepts.

32
Q

Concept Model

A

Concept Model

Set of relatively abstract and general concepts that address the phenomena of central interest to a discipline, and the propositions that broadly describe those concepts.

33
Q

Phenomenology

A

Phenomenology

Describes the common meaning for several individuals of their lived experiences of a concept or a phenomenon.

34
Q

Ethnography

A

Ethnography

Describes and interprets the shared and learned patterns of values, behaviors, beliefs, and language of a culture-sharing group.

35
Q

Case Study

A

Case Study

Involves the study of a case (or cases) within a real-life, contemporary context or setting.

36
Q

Narrative Study

A

Case Study

Spoken or written text giving an account of an event/action or series of events/actions, chronologically connected.

37
Q

Grounded Theory

A

Grounded Theory

Approach for generating theory that is grounded in and systematically derived from data

Derived inductively and directly from data yields a rich theoretical understanding that is of practical application

38
Q

Implicit

A

Implicit

Implied, not plainly expressed, something that is suggested and not clearly said

39
Q

Explicit

A

Stated clearly, leaves no room for confusion or doubt

40
Q

Nursing

(Nightingales Definition)

A

“Taking charge of the personal health” of individuals and to “put” the individual in the best possible state and “allow nature to act upon him

41
Q

Metacognition

A

The learner’s awareness and knowledge of their own learning processes as well as their abilities and tendencies to control those processes during learning

Thinking about one’s learning

42
Q

Key areas to strengthening nursing

A

Workforce

Leadership

Education

Well-being

Emergency Preparedness & Response

43
Q

Social determinates of health

(examples)

A

Education

Employment

Health systems and services

Housing

Income & wealth

Physical environment

Public safety

Social environment

Transportation

44
Q

Self-Efficacy

A

Refers to an individual’s belief in his or her capacity to execute behaviors necessary to produce specific performance attainments.

Reflects confidence in the ability to exert control over one’s own motivation, behavior, and social environment.

45
Q

Dependent Variable

A

The variable that will be measured

Responding variable (response to what is being manipulated)

46
Q

Independent Variable

A

The variable that will be tested (this variable will be altered or changed)

Manipulated variable

47
Q

Mean

A

Most commonly used descriptor of middle scores in a distribution

Commonly thought of as the average

48
Q

Median

A

The value in a set of data in which 50% of the data fall below and 50% fall above

The middle score in a range of data

49
Q

Mode

A

The most commonly occurring score in a set of data

No formula

No have multiple modes (bimodal, trimodal, etc.)

50
Q

Standard Deviation

A

Measurement that indicates the average deviation of variation of all the values in a set of values from the mean value of those data

51
Q

Reliability

A

The degree of consistency with which an instrument measures the attributes it is supposed to be measuring

Refers to the consistency of the scores

52
Q

Stability

A

Refers to the extent to which the same results are obtained on repeated administrations of the instrument

53
Q

Internal Consistency

A

An instrument in which all its parts measure the same characteristic.

Describes the extent to which all the items in a test measure the same concept or construct, hence it is connected to the inter-relatedness of the items within the test

54
Q

Cronbach’s ⍺

A

Provides a measure of internal consistency of a test or scale (Likert scale)

Measures the homogeneity of the tool

Only good if one construct is being measured

Sensitive to the number of items on the test and the number of people taking the test

Clinical applications values of 0.90 – 0.95 are needed

55
Q

KR-20

A

Used for dichotomous scoring with different ranges of difficulty

MCQ, short answer, and fill in the blank type questions

Higher the score = more reliable (0.7 and higher is acceptable)

56
Q

Validity

A

Refers to the degree to which an instrument measures what it is supposed to be measuring

Are we really measuring the attribute we think we are measuring?

57
Q

Face Validity

A

Refers to whether the instrument looks as though it is measuring the appropriate construct

Should not be primary evidence for the quality of an instrument

58
Q

Content Validity

A

Concerned with the sampling adequacy of items for the construct that is being measured

Does the test provide an accurate estimate of the test takers mastery of the specified content domain

Based on judgement (panel of experts)

59
Q

Construct Validity

A

Does the test accurately reflect the dimensions underlying the construct measured by the test

Based on an integration of evidence collected using a variety of research strategies

60
Q

Criterion-Related Validity

A

Emphasis is on establishing a relationship between the instrument and some other criterion

Is the instrument a useful predictor of subsequent behaviors, experiences, or conditions

Example: A measure of birth control use among sexually active teenage girls correlates highly with subsequent premarital pregnancies, then the birth control method could be valid

61
Q

Internal Validity

A

Refers to the extent to which it is possible to make an inference that the independent variable is truly influencing the dependent variable and that the relationship is not by chance

Researchers must contend with competing explanations, referred to as threats to internal validity

**Most important (compared to external validity) - because if you don’t have confidence that the study you conducted is accurate and measures what you are saying it does there is then no need to even think about generalizing it to the population.

62
Q

External Validity

A

Refers to the generalizability of the research findings to other settings or samples

Researchers should ask themselves, to what populations, environments, and conditions can the results of the study of applied?

63
Q

Threats to Internal Validity

A

History

Selection

Maturation

Testing

Instrumentation

Mortality

Think: M. SMITH

64
Q

Correlational Research

A

Investigates the extent to which differences in one characteristic or variable are related to differences in one or more other characteristics or variables

The level of measurement of variables must be ordinal, interval, or ratio

65
Q

Nursing Process

A

Assessment

Diagnosis

Outcomes & Planning

Intervention

Evaluation

66
Q

Philosophical Assumptions

A

Ontology (the nature of reality)

Epistemology (knowledge of reality)

Axiology (role of values)

Methodology (research strategies)

67
Q

Nonexperimental Research

A

Research design in which you do not manipulate the independent variable

Examples include: correlational and descriptive research

*Most nursing research is nonexperimental

68
Q

Hawthorne Effect

A

The knowledge of being included in a study may be sufficient to cause people to change their behavior, thereby obscuring the effect of the variable of interest

Alteration of behavior by the subjects of a study due to their awareness of being observed

This is a reason for double-blind experiments, in which neither the subjects nor those who administer the treatment know who is in the experimental or control group

69
Q

Experimental Research

A

A true experiment in a scientific study that has the following properties:

Manipulation (of variables – independent)

Control

Randomization

Example: Pretest vs. posttest design

70
Q

Control

A

The experimenter introduces one or more controls over the experimental situation, including the use of a control group.

A Control group refers to a group of subjects whose performance on the dependent variable is used as a basis for evaluating the performance of the experimental group (independent variable)

71
Q

Quasi-Experimental Research

A

Similar to experimental research with manipulation of the independent variable, but lack randomization and are assigned to groups

Comprehensive Final Prep (1 decks)

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