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Physiology I Comprehensive > Comprehensive Final > Flashcards

Comprehensive Final Flashcards

1
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

Refers to the condition in which the body’s internal environment remains constant within limits; contains optimum concentrations of gases, nutrients, ions, water, pressure, and temperature.

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2
Q

What is stress?

A

Any stimulus that creates an imbalance in the internal environment.

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3
Q

Describe negative feedback loops.

A

A change in some parameter causes a response that results in a return of that parameter to normal.

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4
Q

What are characteristics of negative feedback loops?

A
  1. Diminishes the original change

2. Stabilizing

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5
Q

How do you calculate gain?

A

See PowerPoint….

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6
Q

Energy that is derived directly from the breakdown of ATP is what kind of transport?

A

Primary active transport

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7
Q

What is an example of primary active transport?

A

ATPase transporters: Na+K+ ATPase pump

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8
Q

Describe secondary active transport.

A

Energy derived secondarily from concentration differences of molecular or ionic substances established by primary active transport.

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9
Q

What is an example of secondary active transport?

A

Multiporters: Na+glucose co-transport

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10
Q

What ions are abundant in extracellular fluid?

A

Sodium, calcium, and chloride

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11
Q

What ion(s) are abundant in the intracellular fluid?

A

Potassium

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12
Q

What size axons transmit action potentials slowly?

A

Small diameter axons transmit more slowly than large diameter axons

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13
Q

Do myelinated or non-myelinated axons transmit action potentials rapidly?

A

Myelinated axons

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14
Q

What is a characteristic of axons that are not present in the cell body or dendrites?

A

Saltatory conduction

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15
Q

Review skeletal muscle contraction.

A

See PowerPoint….

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16
Q

Describe the I-Band.

A

Consists of actin filaments and become narrower during contractions.

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17
Q

Describe the A-Band.

A

Consists of myosin and actin filaments and does not change in width.

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18
Q

Describe the H-Band.

A

Consists of only myosin, apart of the A-Band, and becomes narrower in width during contraction.

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19
Q

Describe characteristics of skeletal muscle fibers.

A
  1. Multinucleated, peripheral nuclei
  2. Sarcomeric arrangement
  3. T tubules are found at the ends of the thick filaments
  4. 2 cisternae per T tubule
  5. T tubules form triads w/sarcoplasmic reticulum
  6. Sarcoplasmic reticulum is more extensive
  7. One nerve synapses w/1 or more fibers
  8. Use DHP channels on T-tubules and ryanodine receptors on sarcoplasmic reticulum
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20
Q

Describe characteristics of cardiac muscle fibers.

A
  1. Central, single nucleus per cell
  2. Sarcomeric arrangement
  3. T tubules are found along the Z line
  4. 1 cisterna per T tubule
  5. T tubules form dryads w/sarcoplasmic reticulum
  6. Sarcoplasmic reticulum is less extensive
  7. Cells form a syncytium
  8. Use DHP channels on T tubules and ryanodine receptors on sarcoplasmic reticulum
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21
Q

What are the phases of fast action potentials in cardiac muscles?

A

Phase 4: resting potential
Phase 0: rapid depolarization
Phase 1: initial, incomplete repolarization
Phase 2: plateau or slow decline of membrane potential
Phase 3: repolarization

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22
Q

What are the characteristics of fast action potentials?

A
  1. Greater AP amplitude
  2. More rapid rate of rise of phase 0
  3. Large cell diameter
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23
Q

What are characteristics of slow action potentials?

A
  1. No fast sodium ion gates
  2. Upstroke is due to calcium, therefore proceeds slowly
  3. Resting phase 4 is close to -60mV than -90mV
  4. Lesser amplitude
  5. SA and AV will spontaneously depolarize to reach threshold during phase 4
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24
Q

Review force of contraction and stroke volume.

A

See PowerPoint…

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25
Q

What is the P wave?

A

P = atrial depolarization

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26
Q

What is the QRS wave?

A

QRS = ventricular depolarization

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27
Q

What is the T wave?

A

T = ventricular repolarization

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28
Q

What is the bipolar lead I?

A

Electrodes are on 2 arms; direction is 0 degrees

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29
Q

What is the bipolar lead II?

A

Electrodes on right arm and left leg; direction of lead is 60 degrees

30
Q

What is the bipolar lead III?

A

Electrodes are on the left arm and left leg; direction is 120 degrees

31
Q

How much blood is in systemic circulation and in the heart and lungs?

A

84% in systemic circulation: 64% in veins, 13% in arteries, 7% in arterioles and capillaries

16% in heart and lungs

32
Q

Define vascular compliance.

A

An increase in volume and a slight increase in pressure.

33
Q

How would a veins compliance compare to that of a corresponding artery?

A

Systemic veins are 8 times more distensible and has a volume about 3 times as great. 8x3=24.

34
Q

How do you calculate venous return?

A

Mean systemic filling pressure - right atrial pressure/ resistance to venous return.

7mmHg-0mmHg/1.4mmHg per L/min of blood flow = 5 L/min

35
Q

When does venous return becomes 0?

A

When right atrial pressure = mean systemic filling pressure

36
Q

What causes the venous return curve to plateau?

A

It is caused by collapse of large veins entering chest when right atrial pressure < atmospheric pressure

37
Q

How much of the total cardiac output does the kidney receive?

A

22%; 1100ml/min

38
Q

What is the numerical value for high hydrostatic pressure in glomerular capillaries?

A

60mmHg

39
Q

What is the numerical value for low hydrostatic pressure in peritubular capillaries?

A

13mmHg

40
Q

What is the glomerular filtration rate?

A

125ml/min; 180L/day

41
Q

What has the greatest effect on increasing GFR?

A

The glomerular hydrostatic pressure (60mmHg)

42
Q

Where is 65% of filtered sodium, chloride, bicarbonate and potassium reabsorbed?

A

In the proximal tubule

43
Q

Where is all filtered glucose and amino acids reabsorbed using secondary active transport via a sodium/glucose cotransporter?

A

In the proximal tubule

44
Q

Where is aldosterone secreted?

A

The adrenal cortex

45
Q

What is the function of aldosterone and its site of action?

A

Increases sodium reabsorption and stimulates potassium secretion. Major site of action is on the principal cells of cortical collecting ducts.

46
Q

What is the function of intercalated cells in the late distal tubule/cortical collecting tubule?

A

Reabsorbs potassium from tubular lumen and secretes hydrogen into tubular lumen.

47
Q

What is the purpose of the Phosphate Buffer System?

A

Plays a major role in buffering renal tubular fluid and intracellular fluids.

48
Q

How is respiratory acidosis regulated?

A

An increase in plasma bicarbonate ion due to addition of new bicarbonate by the KIDNEY

49
Q

How is metabolic acidosis regulated?

A

Increase in ventilation rate by the LUNGS.

50
Q

How is respiratory alkalosis compensated?

A

Reduction in plasma bicarbonate ion concentration caused by RENAL excretion of bicarbonate ion.

51
Q

How is metabolic alkalosis compensated?

A

Decreased ventilation by the LUNGS.

52
Q

Define total lung capacity.

A

The maximum volume of gas the lungs can hold.

53
Q

Define tidal volume.

A

500ml; volume of air that is inspired or expired with each breath at rest.

54
Q

Define inspiratory reserve volume.

A

3000ml; volume of air that can be inspired in addition to tidal volume with forceful inspiration.

55
Q

Define expiratory reserve volume.

A

1100ml; additional volume of air that can be expired at end of tidal volume by forceful expiration.

56
Q

Define residual volume.

A

1200ml; volume of air remaining in lungs after forceful expiration

57
Q

Define vital capacity.

A

4600ml; the sum of all the volumes that can be inspired or exhaled

58
Q

Define total lung capacity.

A

5800ml; the vital capacity + residual volume

59
Q

Define inspiratory capacity.

A

3500ml; tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume

60
Q

Define functional residual capacity.

A

2300ml; expiratory reserve volume + residual volume

61
Q

Define transpulmonary pressure.

A

Difference between the alveolar pressure and the pleural pressure.

62
Q 
Va = alveolar ventilation
Q = pulmonary capillary blood flow
A

This was all we need to know….

63
Q

What are the partial pressures at atmospheric pressure?

A
  1. 09% N
  2. 95% O2
  3. 93% Ar
  4. 03% CO2
64
Q

What are the partial pressures at alveoli saturated with 6.18% water vapor?

A
  1. 26% N
  2. 65% O2
  3. 87% Ar
  4. 03% CO2
65
Q

What is the ventilation-perfusion ratio?

A 
Va/Q = alveolar ventilation/blood flow
Normal = 0.8
66
Q

What causes the Va/Q = 0?

A

Due to airway obstruction; blood gas composition remains unchanged; there is still perfusion!

67
Q

What causes Va/Q = infinity?

A

Due to vascular obstruction; alveolar gas composition remains unchanged because there is no blood contact; there is still ventilation! (No gas exchange)

68
Q

During carbon dioxide transport, how much is transported as bicarbonate?

A

70%

69
Q

What is the dorsal respiratory group associated with and what does it establish?

A

It is associated with inspiration and establishes the ramp signal.

70
Q

What is the pontine respiratory group?

A

It is the pneumotaxic center and mainly controls rate and depth of breathing.

Physiology I Comprehensive (1 decks)

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