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Human A&P > Comprehensive Final > Flashcards

Comprehensive Final Flashcards

1
Q

Parietal membrane

A

Lines the inside of body cavity

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2
Q

Visceral membrane

A

Lines the outside of organs within a cavity

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3
Q

Inorganic substances in cells

A

Water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, salt

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4
Q

Organic substances in cells

A

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

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5
Q

Ligaments

A

Connect bone to bone

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6
Q

Tendon

A

Connect bone to muscle

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7
Q

Covalent bond

A

Chemical bond formed when two atoms share an electron

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8
Q

Ionic bond

A

Chemical bond when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another

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9
Q

Levels of organization

A

Cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

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10
Q

Lysosomes and Peroxisomes

A

break down worn out structures, bacteria, and other substances. Involved in lipid metabolism and detoxification

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11
Q

Arrangement of cell membrane

A

Phospholipid bilayer

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12
Q

Enzymes

A

Proteins that act like catalysts, speeding up chemical reactions

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13
Q

Adenosine Triphosphate

A

Energy that we use to carry out cellular work, mechanical work, and transport work

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14
Q

Monomers of proteins

A

Amino acids

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15
Q

Monomers of nucleic acids

A

Nucleotide, DNA, RNA

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16
Q

Monomers of carbohydrates

A

Monosaccharides, glucose

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17
Q

Types of bone

A

Long, short, flat, irregular

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18
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Bone-forming cell

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19
Q

Osteoclasts

A

Bone destroying cells

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20
Q

Bone Resorption

A

The natural process of breaking down old bone tissue to make room for new bone tissue

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21
Q

Deposition in bone

A

Forming new bone

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22
Q

Layers of skin

A

Epidermis and dermis

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23
Q

Vitamins and their role in the skeletal system

A

Vitamin D and calcium are crucial for a healthy skeletal system

24
Q

Atrophy in muscles

A

Degeneration of muscle fibers due to lack of use of nerve supply

25
Hypertrophy in muscles
Increase in size of muscle fibers
26
Different types of muscles
Cardiac (only found in heart), skeletal (voluntary muscle), smooth (contracts involuntary and slow)
27
Homeostasis
Living organisms maintaining a stable internal environment despite changes to the external environment
28
Parts of a neuron
A cell body (process information received from the dendrites), dendrites (receive signals from other neurons), Axon (sends electrical impulses away from the cell body)
29
Neurotransmitters
Chemical messengers that transmit signals between nerve cells
30
Synaptic vesicles
Small, electron-lucent vesicles that store and release neurotransmitters at the synapse of a neuron
31
Synaptic knobs
Bulbous structures at the end of a neurons axon that release neurotransmitters to communicate with other cells
32
Synapse
A small space between two cells that allows neurons to communicate with each other
33
Resting membrane potential
Difference in voltage between the inside and outside of a cell
34
Threshold stimulus
The smallest amount of stimulation needed to trigger a response in an organism
35
Action potential
To begin an action potential, the membrane potential must change from the resting potential of the -70mV to the threshold voltage of the-55mV
36
Hyperpolarized
When the membrane potential of a cell becomes more negative
37
Depolarized
When the membrane potential becomes less negative
38
Depolarized
A process that shifts the electrical charge distribution so that the cell is less negatively charged computing the environment.
39
Neuronal cells in Peripheral Nervous System
Schwann cells and satellite cells
40
Neuronal cells in the Central Nervous System
Astrocytes, microglial cells, ependymal cells, and oligodendrocytes
41
Myelinated Axons
Axons that are surrounded by a myelin sheath, a multilayer of proteins and lipids
42
Afferent
Nerve fibers that carry sensory information from the PNS to the CNS
43
Efferent Neurons
Nerve fibers that carry signals from the CNS to the body’s muscles, glands, and organs to initiate movement
44
Somatic nervous system
The part of the peripheral nervous system that controls voluntary movements and sensory information
45
Automatic nervous system
Part of the body’s nervous system that regulates bodily functions without conscious effort
46
Visual sensory area
The visual cortex is located in the occipital lobe of the brain
47
Reflex
An action that is performed as a response to a stimulus without concious thought
48
Parts of the brain
Frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital
49
What part of the brain is responsible for concentrating l, planning, problem solving, and judgement
The frontal lobe
50
Ascending tracts
Neural pathways in the spinal cord that carry sensory information from the body to the brain
51
Descending tracts
Bundles of nerve fibers that carry motor information from the brain to the body through the spinal cord
52
Diameter
Dense connective tissue membrane that surrounds the brain and spinal cord
53
Pia mater
Thin, delicate, membrane that surrounds the brain and spinal cord, inner most layer
54
Arachnoid mater
A thin, transparent membrane that surrounds the brain and spinal cord, middle layer
55
Corpus callosum
A thick bundle of nerve fibers that connects the right and left hemispheres of the brain, banana shape
56
Cerebral aqueduct
A narrow channel in the brain that allows cerebrospinal fluid to pass between the third and fourth ventricles
57
Cerebral cortex
Outer layer of the brain that’s responsible for higher level brain functions, such as memory, thinking, and problem-solving

Human A&P (1 decks)

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