Comprehensive Exam

Question 1

According to psychoanalytic theory, the critical aspect of psychopathology is

a. an excessive amount of drive or libido.
b. conflict between wish and anxiety.
c. an inadequate amount of guilt.
d. conflict between competing sources of external stimuli.

Answer 1

b. conflict between wish and anxiety.

Question 2

Universal images or symbols are known as

a. archetypes.
b. instincts.
c. neurotic trends.
d. basic drives.

Answer 2

a. archetypes.

Question 3

Rogers’ theory of personality emphasized

a. attitudes.
b. beliefs.
c. change.
d. stability.

Answer 3

c. change.

Question 4

According to the existential view, certain problems

a. are inherent in the nature of existence.
b. are existential in being derived from neurotic conflict.
c. are due to the nature of the instinct.
d. are due to unconscious forces.

Answer 4

a. are inherent in the nature of existence.

Question 5

Overall, cross-cultural research on the Big Five suggests that

a. none of the traits are universal
b. all of the Big Five are pretty universal.
c. at least three of the Big Five are universal.
d. only one of the Big Five is universal.

Answer 5

d. only one of the Big Five is universal.

Question 6

Critics of trait theory mostly focus on the problem of

a. cross-situational consistency.
b. longitudinal consistency.
c. multivariate research.
d. hierarchical organization.

Answer 6

a. cross-situational consistency.

Question 7

According to learning theory, whatever consistency is found in behavior is most likely the result of

a. similarity of neural pathways handling the different impulses.
b. a limited or constricted response repertoire.
c. similarity of environmental conditions evoking the behavior.
d. the various behaviors being under the control of the same or similar ergs.

Answer 7

c. similarity of environmental conditions evoking the behavior.

Question 8

The major difference between social cognitive theory and other learning approaches (e.g., Skinner) is that social learning theory

a. emphasizes developmental principles.
b. emphasizes learning in the absence of reinforcement.
c. emphasizes imitative behavior.
d. minimizes the role of reinforcement in performance.

Answer 8

b. emphasizes learning in the absence of reinforcement.

Question 9

Mental structures that allow us quickly to interpret complex stimuli are called

a. standards.
b. goals.
c. schemas.
d. expectancies.

Answer 9

c. schemas.

Question 10

Having feelings towards someone that are based on experiences from someone else in your past is called

a. transference
b. rejection sensitivity
c. self-verification
d. self-enhancement

Answer 10

a. transference

Question 11

According to Descartes,

a. mind and body interact at a place in the body that is not duplicated anywhere else, namely, in the area of the heart
b. animals are pure machines; humans have bodies that are machines, but they also have rational minds
c. the sensory and motor components of the reflex occur in two different sets of nerves
d. the ideas of self and God are learned through the experiences of early childhood

Answer 11

b. animals are pure machines; humans have bodies that are machines, but they also have rational minds

Question 12

What is ecological memory?

a. it’s a term that sums up what Ebbinghaus did
b. it’s a term that sums up what G. E. Müller did
c. it refers to any laboratory memory research using good experimental control
d. it’s the study of memory for everyday events

Answer 12

d. it’s the study of memory for everyday events

Question 13

With which of the following statements would William James be most likely to agree?

a. when we see a bear, we experience the emotion of fear, and as a result we run away
b. the proper way to study consciousness is to analyze it into its fundamental units
c. the function of habit is to allow consciousness to focus on more important matters having to do with adapting to the environment
d. as a young science, psychology must gain respectability and cannot afford to be associated with the ridiculous claims made by believers in spiritualism

Answer 13

c. the function of habit is to allow consciousness to focus on more important matters having to do with adapting to the environment

Question 14

In America in the early 1920s, most applied psychologists who did mental testing would agree with all of the following except

a. immigration, especially from Southern Europe, should be restricted
b. scores on IQ tests reflect inherent biological ability
c. it might be necessary to sterilize those who are mentally unfit to bear children
d. so-called IQ measures academic success, not innate intelligence

Answer 14

d. so-called IQ measures academic success, not innate intelligence

Question 15

In order for insight to occur, according to Köhler, the individual

a. must be able to see all the elements of the problem situation
b. must have a large enough brain—at least at the level of a primate brain
c. must systematically try out all possible solutions
d. must see the solution being achieved by some other individual

Answer 15

a. must be able to see all the elements of the problem situation

Question 16

Which of the following best characterizes the reaction to Watsonian behaviorism?
a. he motivated lots of research psychologists to change their approach, but Watson had
little impact on public opinion
b. the behaviorist manifesto was truly revolutionary and within just a few years introspection and the psychology of consciousness disappeared from the scene
c. Watson was popular with the public, but had no real impact on academic psychology
d. behaviorism came to dominate American psychology, but it happened only gradually, with the school becoming a major force only in the 1930s

Answer 16

d. behaviorism came to dominate American psychology, but it happened only gradually, with the school becoming a major force only in the 1930s

Question 17

Which of the following is true about Freud’s theories?

a. he originated the idea of the unconscious influencing our behavior
b. he originally believed that all behavior was motivated by aggression; later he added sex
c. his idea about childhood sexuality, the basis for the Oedipal complex, was the only part of his theory that was truly originated by him
d. before developing the Oedipal complex, he believed that adult problems resulted from childhood sexual abuse

Answer 17

c. his idea about childhood sexuality, the basis for the Oedipal complex, was the only part of his theory that was truly originated by him

Question 18

With which of the following statements would Carl Rogers agree?

a. successful therapy requires that the clinician dig deeply into the client’s unconscious
b. scientific methods can be used to evaluate the effectiveness of therapy
c. ultimately, the only thing that matters in therapy is that people change their behavior
d. the therapist must take an active role in guiding the client

Answer 18

b. scientific methods can be used to evaluate the effectiveness of therapy

Question 19

The linguist Noam Chomsky believed that language is something unique to humans and therefore part of a human “instinct.” To support his argument, he argued that

a. all languages involve a grammar
b. there is no evidence for a critical period for language development
c. even Skinner recognized the fact of linguistic universals
d. no other species uses a communication system

Answer 19

a. all languages involve a grammar

Question 20

Napoleon’s all-consuming need for power would be used by Allport as an example of a

a. central trait
b. universal trait
c. cardinal trait
d. secondary trait

Answer 20

c. cardinal trait

Question 21

Which of the following was a purpose for establishing an Ethics Code?

a. To punish psychologists
b. To gain the public trust
c. To codify a set of regulations and laws for psychology
d. To suggest what psychologists might do in practice

Answer 21

b. To gain the public trust

Question 22

The five General Principles are ______________, intended to inspire psychologists toward the highest ethical ideals of the profession.

a. visionary
b. specific
c. aspirational
d. enforceable

Answer 22

c. aspirational

Question 23

When a psychologist believes that another psychologist has committed an ethical violation, the ethical issue may be addressed in a __________________ or _____________________ manner.

a. formal, informal
b. formal, legal
c. friendly, adversarial
d. friendly, legal

Answer 23

a. formal, informal

Question 24

When a psychologist wishes to implement new practices for which there is no generally agreed upon scientific or professional training, they should take reasonable steps:

a. to ensure competence
b. to ensure the safety of their work
c. to ensure the protection of their clients
d. to ensure competence, safety of their work and protection of their clients

Answer 24

d. to ensure competence, safety of their work and protection of their clients

Question 25

A psychologist refrains from entering into a multiple relationship if the multiple relationship could reasonably be expected to:

a. impair psychologist’s objectivity and performance
b. increase psychologist’s objectivity and performance
c. ensure psychologist’s objectivity and performance
d. impair psychologist’s objectivity and subjectivity

Answer 25

a. impair psychologist’s objectivity and performance

Question 26

Limits may be placed on the extent to which private information acquired during psychological services can be kept confidential. Some limits include all of the following, except:

a. to report suspected child abuse
b. to protect from imminent self-harm
c. upon request from an attorney
d. lawful military investigations

Answer 26

c. upon request from an attorney

Question 27

It is ethical for psychologists to include personal information on their professional website, if:

a. it is directly relevant to professional services
b. it is directly relevant to the psychologist
c. it is not false
d. it is not misleading

Answer 27

a. it is directly relevant to professional services

Question 28

If a client does not pay for the services received from a psychologist, the psychologist may:

a. use collection agencies to collect the fees
b. use collection agencies to collect the fees if they have informed the client first
c. never use a collection agency to collect the fees
d. never use legal means to collect the fees

Answer 28

b. use collection agencies to collect the fees if they have informed the client first

Question 29

When clients, students, employees, prisoners, or other institutionalized persons are also research participants, researchers must be aware of:

a. the potential for harm
b. the power differential
c. the potential benefits
d. the potential risks

Answer 29

b. the power differential

Question 30

In group therapy, who is obligated to maintain confidentiality of statements made within the group session?

a. Psychologist only
b. Group members only
c. Psychologist and group members
d. No one

Answer 30

a. Psychologist only

Question 31

“You must understand the values and expectations of the society in which behavior occurs before you decide that abnormality exists.” This quote best reflects which view of abnormality?

a. traditional
b. cultural relativism
c. epidemiological
d. cultural universality

Answer 31

b. cultural relativism

Question 32

What widely used interview procedure is a useful diagnostic tool to help clinicians cover areas that are ordinarily not part of a clinical interview?

a. Rorschach technique
b. mental status examination
c. sentence-completion test
d. Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale

Answer 32

b. mental status examination

Question 33

Anxiety disorders often have co-occurring disorders. One of the most likely is ____.

a. depression
b. schizophrenia
c. Tourette’s disorder
d. borderline personality disorder

Answer 33

a. depression

Question 34

What is the primary difference between factitious disorder and malingering?

a. The feigning of symptoms in factitious disorder is induced deliberately with no apparent incentive, while the motivation in malingering is typically to achieve some goal.
b. The symptoms in factitious disorder are not produced intentionally, whereas they are in malingering.
c. The symptoms in malingering are not produced intentionally, whereas they are in factitious disorder.
d. The feigning of symptoms in factitious disorder is motivated by economic gain or to avoid some unpleasant task, whereas the motivation in malingering is to assume the sick role.

Answer 34

a. The feigning of symptoms in factitious disorder is induced deliberately with no apparent incentive, while the motivation in malingering is typically to achieve some goal.

Question 35

Research addressing the relationship between stress and depression suggests that ____.

a. several minor stressors are more likely than one severe stressor to cause depression.
b. acute stress is more likely than chronic stress to cause depression.
c. exposure to dangerous events is more likely than loss and humiliation to cause depression.
d. there is a bidirectional relationship between stress and depression so that stress can cause depression and depression can cause stress.

Answer 35

d. there is a bidirectional relationship between stress and depression so that stress can cause depression and depression can cause stress.

Question 36

The person with bulimia nervosa is at risk of ____.

a. loss of sleep
b. personality disorders
c. suicide
d. Obesity

Answer 36

c. suicide

Question 37

What is a psychological treatment approach that addresses ambivalence about giving up substance use and is used to prevent relapse?

a. psychodynamic therapy
b. desensitization therapy
c. motivational enhancement therapy
d. shock therapy

Answer 37

c. motivational enhancement therapy

Question 38

Which of the following is most likely to produce diagnostic errors?

a. cultural similarities
b. cultural differences
c. assessment
d. lack of clinical expertise about the effects of medication

Answer 38

b. cultural differences

Question 39

Which description best illustrates gender dysphoria (transsexualism)?

a. Pedro is sexually attracted to other men.
b. Carlos experiences sexual arousal only if he dresses in women’s clothes.
c. Miguel is constantly preoccupied with thoughts of castration.
d. Luis has had poor social relationships because he has always been distressed about being a man.

Answer 39

d. Luis has had poor social relationships because he has always been distressed about being a man.

Question 40

Which statement about the diagnosis of childhood disorders using the DSM-5 is accurate?

a. Clinicians no longer have to decide whether behaviors are inappropriate or excessive to diagnose childhood disorders.
b. In the latest edition, there are only seven diagnostic categories, so many children’s problems are lumped together in overlapping categories.
c. In the latest edition, the criteria have become very strict, so there has been a dramatic decrease in the number of children diagnosed.
d. To determine if a child has an actual psychological disorder, clinicians consider the child’s age, developmental level, environmental factors, and symptoms that cause significant impairment in daily functioning over an extended period of time.

Answer 40

d. To determine if a child has an actual psychological disorder, clinicians consider the child’s age, developmental level, environmental factors, and symptoms that cause significant impairment in daily functioning over an extended period of time.

Question 41

The primary emphasis in cross-cultural counseling should be placed on the alignment of the counseling with the client’s

a. Race
b. Worldview
c. Gender
d. Competence

Answer 41

b. Worldview

Question 42

One of the most widely circulated claims in cross-cultural psychopathology has been that people of Asian descent tend to replace psychological symptoms with which of the following?

a. Psychiatric disorders
b. Psychological disorders
c. Somatic symptoms
d. Traditional Asian medical symptoms

Answer 42

c. Somatic symptoms

Question 43

Latino/as in general remain the ________ formally educated Americans.

a. Second most
b. Second least
c. Least
d. Most

Answer 43

b. Second least

Question 44

Health care challenges faced by transgender people include all of the following except

a. Privacy concerns
b. Stigma
c. Knowledgeable providers
d. Health insurance coverage

Answer 44

c. Knowledgeable providers

Question 45

Coming out has been acknowledged as a ___________process for people of marginalized sexual identities.

a. Positive but unhealthy
b. Positive and healthy
c. Negative but healthy
d. Negative and unhealthy

Answer 45

b. Positive and healthy

Question 46

When refugees are haunted by feelings of guilt because they escaped from dangerous conditions in their home countries but left behind family, friends, and loved ones, they are experiencing

a. Migrant’s guilt
b. Refugee’s guilt
c. Survivor’s guilt
d. Victim’s guilt

Answer 46

c. Survivor’s guilt

Question 47

Research suggests that many mental health professionals ________ therapeutically with low-income clients.

a. Easily connect
b. Struggle to connect
c. Refuse to connect
d. Deeply connect

Answer 47

b. Struggle to connect

Question 48

Black women experience more stress during pregnancy than do women in other groups for the following reasons except

a. Insecure neighborhoods
b. Enmeshed social support
c. Discrimination by health professionals
d. Financial security

Answer 48

b. Enmeshed social support

Question 49

In counseling Native American and Alaska Native families, it is critical for mental health professionals to assume a position of

a. Cultural healer
b. Cultural expert
c. Cultural humility
d. Cultural teacher

Answer 49

c. Cultural humility

Question 50

Recognition of __________ is critical to the counselor’s ability to understand the person he or she is working with in the counseling relationship.

a. Linguistic differences
b. Theoretical differences
c. Educational differences
d. Practical differences

Answer 50

a. Linguistic differences

Question 51

Which of the following statements best defines motivation? Motivation is:

a. an intense desire to succeed.
b. a force that energizes and directs behavior.
c. a system of rewards and punishments to influence behavior.
d. positive beliefs about oneself, such as high self-esteem.

Answer 51

b. a force that energizes and directs behavior.

Question 52

The structure responsible for detecting and generating motivational states to respond to environmental threats and dangers is the:

a. amygdala.
b. anterior cingulate cortex.
c. nucleus accumbens.
d. reticular formation.

Answer 52

a. amygdala.

Question 53

If a person engages in an intrinsically motivating activity and begins to receive extrinsic rewards for doing so, what happens to his or her intrinsic and extrinsic motivations?

a. Intrinsic decreases, while extrinsic increases.
b. Intrinsic increases, while extrinsic decreases.
c. Both decrease.
d. Both increase.

Answer 53

a. Intrinsic decreases, while extrinsic increases.

Question 54

If a person engages in an intrinsically motivating activity and begins to receive extrinsic rewards for doing so, what happens to his or her intrinsic and extrinsic motivations?

a. Intrinsic decreases, while extrinsic increases.
b. Intrinsic increases, while extrinsic decreases.
c. Both decrease.
d. Both increase.

Answer 54

c. Both decrease.

Question 55

The motivation to exercise personal control in one’s life is predicated on the person’s:

a. belief that positive outcomes can be achieved even in uncontrollable situations.
b. belief that the person has the personal capacity to produce favorable results.
c. high self-esteem.
d. passivity in low-control situations but activity in high-control situations.

Answer 55

b. belief that the person has the personal capacity to produce favorable results.

Question 56

When a person receives potent social feedback that disconfirms his or her preexisting self-conception, what variable determines whether the person will or will not experience a change in self-concept?

a. self-concept certainty
b. whether self-esteem is positive or negative
c. whether the self-concept is positive or negative
d. whether the social feedback is positive or negative

Answer 56

a. self-concept certainty

Question 57

According to those who study the functions of emotions, which of the following
statements is most true?
a. Emotions disrupt and disorganize behavior.
b. Emotions make it difficult for the person to cope optimally with the situation at hand.
c. The functions of some emotions are more important, behaviorally speaking, than are the functions of other emotions.
d. There is no such thing as a “bad” emotion.

Answer 57

d. There is no such thing as a “bad” emotion.

Question 58

The purpose of the cross-cultural investigations that tested whether human beings display similar facial expressions of emotion regardless of cultural/national differences was to demonstrate that:

a. facial behavior has an innate, unlearned component.
b. facial behavior has a learned, voluntary component.
c. some cultures express positive emotions clearly but negative emotions only vaguely.
d. some cultures are more emotionally expressive than are other cultures.

Answer 58

a. facial behavior has an innate, unlearned component.

Question 59

The most frequent source of a person’s day-to-day emotion is:

a. external sources of information that conflict with one’s prior beliefs.
b. other people.
c. success–failure outcomes.
d. unconscious memories.

Answer 59

b. other people.

Question 60

_____ individuals accept external definitions that pressure them to identify with stereotypical identities and ways of behaving that are appropriate for their social group.

a. Fully functioning
b. Self-actualizing
c. Self-defined
d. Socially defined

Answer 60

d. Socially defined

Question 61

Assume you had a 74-year-old client who was suffering from early stage Alzheimer’s symptoms. Very likely the first choice medication for this person will be

b. An Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitor
c. A Psychostimulant
d. A low dose of L-Dopa

Answer 61

b. An Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitor

Question 62

Which of the following shows the least efficacy in treating cortical dementias?

a. Nicotine
b. Anti-inflammatory agents
c. Vitamin e
d. Aricept

Answer 62

c. Vitamin e

Question 63

MDMA is most accurately classed as a (n)

a. hallucinogen
b. stimulant
c. empathogen
d. entheogen

Answer 63

c. empathogen

Question 64

The most common medicine used to treat ADHD with the most efficacy is

a. L-amphetamine compounds
b. D-amphetamine compounds
c. Noradrenergic compounds
d. Cholinergic compounds

Answer 64

a. L-amphetamine compounds

Question 65

The site of anti-psychotic action in neuroleptics seems to be

a. the mesolimbic pathway
b. the nigra-striatal pathway
c. the locus coeruleus
d. the tuberoinfundibular pathway

Answer 65

a. the mesolimbic pathway

Question 66

6. In medicating ADHD Focalin and Concerta both
   a. are extended release formulations
   b. are classed as amphetamines
   c. act on DA
   d. all of the above

Answer 66

d. all of the above

Question 67

7. Probably the least effective medication for ADHD is
   a. Focalin
   b. Ritalin
   c. Strattera
   d. Concerta

Answer 67

c. Strattera

Question 68

There are several good reasons for using Complementary and Alternative Medicines (CAMs), however, what would be considered a con or negative aspect of CAMs?

a. The lack of consistency between brands and or treatment protocols.
b. The lack of consistency regarding ingredients and potency levels of medicines.
c. The lack of consistency in research.
d. All the above

Answer 68

d. All the above

Question 69

9. Depressed patients often present with agitation and anxiety. A common mistake among general practice physicians is to prescribe a benzodiazepine, observing the agitation and anxiety but missing the underlying depression. As a result of this practice, one is likely to see:
   a. Initial calming followed by worsening depression.
   b. At least partial long-term remission from depression.
   c. Improved concentration and mental functioning.
   d. Medication non-compliance

Answer 69

a. Initial calming followed by worsening depression.

Question 70

When under treatment with an MAO inhibitor, one should avoid:

a. Red meat
b. Pea Soup
c. Aged cheese
d. Jello

Answer 70

c. Aged cheese

Question 71

The two basic kinds of cells in the nervous system are _____.

a. neurons and glia
b. dendrites and axons
c. ribosomes and lysosomes
d. neurons and axons

Answer 71

a. neurons and glia

Question 72

The central nervous system is composed of the ____.

a. brain and spinal cord
b. nerves outside the brain and spinal cord exclusively
c. sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems
d. somatic and autonomic nervous systems

Answer 72

a. brain and spinal cord

Question 73

The ability of the brain to change its anatomy over time, within limits, is known as ____.

a. plasticity
b. regression
c. connectivity
d. long term potentiation

Answer 73

a. plasticity

Question 74

In comparison to the rods, cones are more ____.

a. common toward the periphery of the retina
b. sensitive to detail
c. sensitive to dim light
d. common in rodents and other nocturnal animals

Answer 74

b. sensitive to detail

Question 75

Activity in the left hemisphere is associated with ____.

a. decreased emotional experiences
b. fear, but not other emotions
c. behavioral activation
d. behavioral inhibition

Answer 75

c. behavioral activation

Question 76

Studies on ____ help clarify the distinctions among different kinds of memory and enable us to explore the mechanisms of memory.

a. dementia
b. amnesia
c. epilepsy
d. stroke

Answer 76

b. amnesia

Question 77

To say that a drug has an affinity for a particular type of receptor is to imply that the drug ____.

a. breaks down neurotransmitter chemicals at that receptor site
b. will always excite the postsynaptic receptor
c. will always inhibit the postsynaptic receptor
d. binds to that receptor

Answer 77

d. binds to that receptor

Question 78

During REM sleep, the EEG shows ____.

a. regular, high-voltage slow waves
b. irregular, high-voltage slow waves
c. regular, low-voltage slow waves
d. irregular, low-voltage fast waves

Answer 78

d. irregular, low-voltage fast waves

Question 79

Which hormone controls the rate at which glucose leaves the blood and enters the cells?

a. CCK
b. aldosterone
c. glucagon
d. insulin

Answer 79

d. insulin

Question 80

Birth control pills prevent pregnancy by ____.

a. increasing the release of estrogen
b. increasing the release of FSH
c. interfering with the feedback cycle between the ovaries and the pituitary
d. inactivating both ovaries

Answer 80

c. interfering with the feedback cycle between the ovaries and the pituitary

Question 81

According to the laws on special education testing, when evaluating a student for a learning disability to qualify for special education,

a. the Binet test must be used.
b. the Wechsler test must be used.
c. both the Binet and Wechsler tests must be used.
d. neither the Binet nor the Wechsler test must be used.

Answer 81

d. neither the Binet nor the Wechsler test must be used.

Question 82

With the new MMPI-2 norms, T scores are considered significant if they are

a. 65 or higher.
b. 70 or higher.
c. 75 or higher.
d. 100 or higher

Answer 82

a. 65 or higher.

Question 83

Joey’s parents went to a therapist to help them overcome Joey’s fear of going to school. Before she helped them create a reward system for each time their son went to school without crying, the therapist first determined the severity and frequency of the behavior. The therapist was

a. establishing a baseline.
b. developing a diagnosis.
c. establishing rapport.
d. assessing the cause of behavior.

Answer 83

a. establishing a baseline.

Question 84

The scientific discipline that examines psychological impairments of the central nervous system, and the therapeutic or educational techniques designed to bring about improvement, is known as ____.

a. behavioral psychology.
b. cognitive psychology.
c. clinical neuropsychology.
d. health psychology.

Answer 84

c. clinical neuropsychology.

Question 85

____ attempts to identify items that are specifically biased against specific groups.

a. Differential item functioning analysis.
b. Multivariate analysis.
c. Ethnicity sensitive analysis.
d. Measurement equivalence.

Answer 85

a. Differential item functioning analysis.

Question 86

A test format that is typically used for attitude measurement is the

a. checklist format.
b. dichotomous format.
c. category format.
d. Likert format.

Answer 86

d. Likert format.

Question 87

Which of the following attempts to comfort or support the interviewee?

a. evaluative statements.
b. probing statements.
c. hostile statements.
d. reassuring statements.

Answer 87

d. reassuring statements.

Question 88

Which of the following is not one of the WAIS-IV verbal scales?

a. digit symbol-coding.
b. information.
c. similarities.
d. digit-span.

Answer 88

a. digit symbol-coding.

Question 89

Which type of scale has magnitude and equal intervals, but does not have an absolute zero?

a. Ordinal
b. Nominal
c. Ratio
d. Interval

Answer 89

d. Interval

Question 90

When talking about errors in terms of psychological testing, we are referring to the fact that:

a. someone got an answer incorrect.
b. there is always some inaccuracy in the measurement.
c. the test was inappropriate for that particular group.
d. the score is too subjective to be accurate.

Answer 90

b. there is always some inaccuracy in the measurement.

Question 91

In a chemistry class, a group of students try mixing two chemicals together to see what will happen. These students are using the ____ method to gather information.

a. empirical
b. rational
c. intuitive
d. scientific

Answer 91

a. empirical

Question 92

Which method is least likely to be used to assess the validity of a measurement?

a. split-half
b. concurrent
c. predictive
d. convergent

Answer 92

a. split-half

Question 93

A process that produces one outcome from a set of possible outcomes, produces an unpredictable outcome, and guarantees that each of the possible outcomes equally likely is said to be ____.

a. random
b. stratified
c. non-probabilistic
d. biased

Answer 93

a. random

Question 94

A research ____ is a general plan for implementing the research strategy.

a. procedure
b. design
c. study
d. protocol

Answer 94

b. design

Question 95

The tendency for individuals who have extreme scores (high or low) on one measurement and to have less extreme scores on a second measurement is called ____.

a. history
b. instrumentation
c. maturation
d. regression toward the mean

Answer 95

d. regression toward the mean

Question 96

A graph of a two-factor study indicates an interaction when the lines on the graph ____.

a. are parallel
b. cross or converge
c. are steep in slope
d. have the same slope

Answer 96

b. cross or converge

Question 97

How does the descriptive research strategy differ from the experimental or nonexperimental research strategies?

a. It involves comparing groups of scores.
b. It does not concern relationships between variables.
c. It attempts to describe and explain relationships between variables.
d. It does not involve the measurement of variables.

Answer 97

b. It does not concern relationships between variables.

Question 98

What name is given to a single-subject design consisting of the following four phases in the order given: baseline, treatment, baseline, treatment?

a. BABA design
b. ABA design
c. ABAB design
d. multiple-baseline design

Answer 98

c. ABAB design

Question 99

If a frequency distribution is shown in a bar graph, what scale was used to measure the scores?

a. nominal only
b. nominal or ordinal
c. ratio only
d. interval or ratio

Answer 99

b. nominal or ordinal

Question 100

The brief summary found at the beginning of most research reports is the ____.

a. synopsis
b. preface
c. abstract
d. introduction

Answer 100

c. abstract

Question 101

When we hear that a recent survey found 36% of adults had used an on-line dating service, the is the

a. estimated standard error.
b. degrees of freedom.
c. margin of error.
d. confidence interval of the mean.

Answer 101

c. margin of error.

Question 102

Differences in scores produced by the independent variable corresponds with which of the following ANOVA terms?

a. Treatment effect.
b. Factor.
c. Mean square.
d. Level.

Answer 102

a. Treatment effect.

Question 103

If you are interested in how well students perform on a standardized math achievement test after they have completed a six-week math unit in either a computer-assisted class, a videotaped course, or a regular classroom, and you also want to include a factor for sex (boys vs. girls), what is the dependent variable?

a. The type of math instruction.
b. The subjects’ sex.
c. The six-week unit.
d. The scores on the math achievement test.

Answer 103

d. The scores on the math achievement test.

Question 104

The null hypothesis in the chi-square test for goodness of fit is

a. the data fit the expected frequencies.
b. the data do not fit the expected frequencies.
c. the variables are independent.
d. the variables are dependent.

Answer 104

a. the data fit the expected frequencies.

Question 105

One reason we transform data is to

a. create data that are positive numbers.
b. create data that are whole numbers.
c. make the data easier to work with.
d. eliminate inappropriate data.

Answer 105

c. make the data easier to work with.

Question 106

A distribution that is symmetrical, has as its middle score the score with the highest frequency, and has decreasing frequencies as scores are further from the middle score is called a(n) _____ distribution.

a. bimodal
b. overlapping
c. skewed
d. normal

Answer 106

d. normal

Question 107

The mean is used most often in behavioral research because researchers tend to

a. measure variables that have interval or ratio scores, and the scores form approximately normal distributions.
b. conduct research in which the mathematical center of a distribution is required.
c. conduct research in which only the most frequently occurring score is needed.
d. measure variables that have interval or ratio scores, and the scores usually do not form a normal distribution.

Answer 107

a. measure variables that have interval or ratio scores, and the scores form approximately normal distributions.

Question 108

Pat’s last statistics test score was 72. If the instructor tells Pat that the grade distribution was approximately normal, the class mean was 67, and the standard deviation was 3, which of the following is correct?

a. A score of 72 is never good.
b. Pat should be worried about this score, because many other students did better.
c. Pat should be fairly happy about this score, because many students did not do as well.
d. Pat should be ecstatic, because this is obviously one of the highest grades in the class.

Answer 108

c. Pat should be fairly happy about this score, because many students did not do as well.

Question 109

Using a correlational design, a researcher found a relationship between the healthiness of one’s heart and the amount of fish oil in one’s diet. The researcher should conclude that

a. a healthier heart causes one to consume more fish oil.
b. the amount of fish oil in one’s diet causes a healthier heart.
c. although a relationship exists, one cannot infer that changes in one variable are causing changes in the other variable.
d. the availability of fish causes changes in both the healthiness of one’s heart and the amount of fish oil consumed.

Answer 109

c. although a relationship exists, one cannot infer that changes in one variable are causing changes in the other variable.

Question 110

The purpose of probability and inferential statistics is to

a. infer exact values for the population.
b. make statements with certainty about characteristics of the population.
c. perform studies on an entire population.
d. make decisions about whether the relationship seen in a sample would be found in the population.

Answer 110

d. make decisions about whether the relationship seen in a sample would be found in the population.

Question 111

Universal images or symbols are known as

a. archetypes.
b. instincts.
c. neurotic trends.
d. basic drives.

Answer 111

a. archetypes.

Question 112

The analyst who emphasized the early relationships between the infant and the mother - the development of anxiety and the sense of self was

a. Sullivan.
b. Murray.
c. Rorschach.
d. Adler.

Answer 112

a. Sullivan.

Question 113

Standard 1.06 requires psychologists to cooperate with ethics committees. This cooperation may be limited by:

a. advice of counsel
b. confidentiality responsibilities
c. lack of knowledge
d. lack of commitment

Answer 113

b. confidentiality responsibilities

Question 114

Broca is to Wernicke as _____ is to _____.

a. clinical method; electrical stimulation
b. electrical stimulation; clinical method
c. sensory aphasia; motor aphasia
d. motor aphasia; sensory aphasia

Answer 114

d. motor aphasia; sensory aphasia

Question 115

One of the most widely circulated claims in cross-cultural psychopathology has been that people of Asian descent tend to replace psychological symptoms with which of the following?

a. Psychiatric disorders
b. Psychological disorders
c. Somatic symptoms
d. Traditional Asian medical symptoms

Answer 115

c. Somatic symptoms

Question 116

The following parts of the APA Ethics Code may be used by other bodies regulating the ethical science and practice of psychology:

a. the General Principles
b. the Ethical Standards
c. the Ethical Standards and the General Principles
d. none

Answer 116

b. the Ethical Standards

Question 117

Broca is to Wernicke as _____ is to _____.

a. clinical method; electrical stimulation
b. electrical stimulation; clinical method
c. sensory aphasia; motor aphasia
d. motor aphasia; sensory aphasia

Answer 117

d. motor aphasia; sensory aphasia

Question 118

What is the primary distinction between psychological needs such as autonomy and social needs such as achievement?
a. Psychological needs are felt more intensely than are social needs.
b. Social needs predict important outcomes in a more reliable way than do
psychological needs.
c. Social needs are acquired through experience and socialization.
d. Social needs are proactive in that they motivate people’s initiative more than do psychological needs.

Answer 118

c. Social needs are acquired through experience and socialization.

Question 119

The motivation to exercise personal control in one’s life is predicated on the person’s:

a. belief that positive outcomes can be achieved even in uncontrollable situations.
b. belief that the person has the personal capacity to produce favorable results.
c. high self-esteem.
d. passivity in low-control situations but activity in high-control situations.

Answer 119

b. belief that the person has the personal capacity to produce favorable results.

Question 120

Two samples are said to be independent when

a. we randomly select participants for a sample, without regard to who has been selected for either sample.
b. we randomly select participants for a sample, being sure to pair each person in one sample with a particular person in the other sample.
c. we randomly select participants for a sample, being sure that each participant serves in every condition of our experiment.
d. the null hypothesis of the two-sample t-test is rejected.

Answer 120

a. we randomly select participants for a sample, without regard to who has been selected for either sample.

Question 121

The second most common form of dementia comes from

a. Alcohol
b. Cortical sclerosis
c. Parkinson’s Disease
d. HIV induced dementia

Answer 121

c. Parkinson’s Disease

Question 122

The most common medicine used to treat ADHD with the most efficacy is

a. L-amphetamine compounds
b. D-amphetamine compounds
c. Noradrenergic compounds
d. Cholinergic compounds

Answer 122

a. L-amphetamine compounds

Question 123

The mistrust that members of indigenous communities have for non-Natives based on the sociopolitical historical and contemporary relations between Natives and Whites, is often described as

a. Intergenerational trauma
b. Assimilation trauma
c. Indigenous trauma
d. Marginalization trauma

Answer 123

a. Intergenerational trauma

Question 124

As we learn more about human behavior and mental disorders, research suggests that ____.

a. behavioral explanations are superior to the others
b. cultural factors are more important than biological or psychological factors
c. biological, psychological, and cultural factors are all important
d. most of the models are so different that there is little room for their integration

Answer 124

c. biological, psychological, and cultural factors are all important

Question 125

When conflicts between ethics and law arise, the psychologist should:

a. always obey the law
b. always obey the ethics code
c. consider the consequences of the decision to the psychologist
d. consider the consequences of the decision to the stakeholders

Answer 125

d. consider the consequences of the decision to the stakeholders

Question 126

According to the existential view, certain problems

a. are inherent in the nature of existence.
b. are existential in being derived from neurotic conflict.
c. are due to the nature of the instinct.
d. are due to unconscious forces.

Answer 126

a. are inherent in the nature of existence.

Question 127

The Freudian and Rogerian views

a. both emphasize the development of symptoms.
b. both emphasize conflict, anxiety, and defense.
c. both emphasize the struggle with drives.
d. both emphasize structural conflicts.

Answer 127

b. both emphasize conflict, anxiety, and defense.

Question 128

An educational psychologist is interested in determining whether attitudes toward school change with age. She randomly selects 30 seventh-graders, 30 ninth-graders, and 30 eleventh-graders and administers a “Do you like school?” test. How many factors does this experiment have?

a. 3
b. 90
c. 30
d. 1

Answer 128

d. 1

Question 129

After conditioning, a CS produces a CR. But if the CS is then presented repeatedly without the UCS, the CR diminishes. Pavlov called this process

a. extinction
b. differentiation
c. generalization
d. forgetting

Answer 129

a. extinction

Question 130

The goal of the behavior therapist, in working with a patient, is

a. gaining insight into the reasons behind the development of pathological behavior.
b. overcoming the psychological “blocks” which prevent a person from developing normally.
c. the modification of the target behavior.
d. the restructuring of the patient’s view of his world in such a way that he can deal with it effectively.

Answer 130

c. the modification of the target behavior.

Question 131

A culturally competent psychologist should do all of the following, except:

a. to understand how culture is relevant to ethical decision making
b. to treat all clients the same no matter the culture
c. to understand how cultural competence influences psychologist activities
d. to integrate cultural sensitivity into ethical decision making

Answer 131

b. to treat all clients the same no matter the culture

Question 132

When a person receives potent social feedback that disconfirms his or her preexisting self-conception, what variable determines whether the person will or will not experience a change in self-concept?

a. self-concept certainty
b. whether self-esteem is positive or negative
c. whether the self-concept is positive or negative
d. whether the social feedback is positive or negative

Answer 132

a. self-concept certainty

Question 133

As we learn more about human behavior and mental disorders, research suggests that ____.

a. behavioral explanations are superior to the others
b. cultural factors are more important than biological or psychological factors
c. biological, psychological, and cultural factors are all important
d. most of the models are so different that there is little room for their integration

Answer 133

c. biological, psychological, and cultural factors are all important

Question 134

Depressed patients often present with agitation and anxiety. A common mistake among general practice physicians is to prescribe a benzodiazepine, observing the agitation and anxiety but missing the underlying depression. As a result of this practice, one is likely to see:

a. Initial calming followed by worsening depression.
b. At least partial long-term remission from depression.
c. Improved concentration and mental functioning.
d. Medication non-compliance

Answer 134

a. Initial calming followed by worsening depression.

Question 135

The integration of self-efficacy and perceived control beliefs that one can attain desired goals leads to the psychological experience of:

a. intrinsic motivation.
b. explanatory style.
c. hope.
d. reactance.

Answer 135

c. hope.

Question 136

Standard 1.06 requires psychologists to cooperate with ethics committees. This cooperation may be limited by:

a. advice of counsel
b. confidentiality responsibilities
c. lack of knowledge
d. lack of commitment

Answer 136

b. confidentiality responsibilities

Question 137

A promising new approach for treating PTSD is

a. using hallucinogens like psilocybin
b. EMDR combined with sertraline
c. methylenedioxymethamphetamine
d. Marijuana

Answer 137

c. methylenedioxymethamphetamine

Question 138

Before any therapy with Arabs/Muslims takes place, the client's levels of which of the following should assessed?
a, Ego strength
b. Self-actualization
c. Spirituality
d. Intelligence

Answer 138

a, Ego strength

Question 139

The main advantage of a neuron releasing more than one neurotransmitter is that:

a. if it runs out of one, it has others
b. it can release different transmitters on different occasions
c. it can send more complex messages
d. it can release one from the axon’s terminal and one from another location along the axon

Answer 139

c. it can send more complex messages

Question 140

According to those who study the functions of emotions, which of the following
statements is most true?
a. Emotions disrupt and disorganize behavior.
b. Emotions make it difficult for the person to cope optimally with the situation at hand.
c. The functions of some emotions are more important, behaviorally speaking, than are the functions of other emotions.
d. There is no such thing as a “bad” emotion.

Answer 140

d. There is no such thing as a “bad” emotion.

Question 141

Sample variance is defined as the

a. average of the deviations around the sample mean.
b. average of the squared deviations of scores around the sample mean.
c. sum of the deviations around the sample mean, squared.
d. sum of the squared deviations around the sample mean.

Answer 141

b. average of the squared deviations of scores around the sample mean.

Question 142

Which term is correctly paired with its definition?

a. Hypomania is when a person is beginning to feel depressed.
b. Mania is when a person is “high” but totally coherent.
c. Hypomania may involve poor judgment but not delusions.
d. Mania is a less severe form of the disorder than hypomania.

Answer 142

c. Hypomania may involve poor judgment but not delusions.

Question 143

Research on circadian rhythms has shown that one of the best ways to increase the alertness and efficiency of workers on night shifts is to ____.

a. expose them to bright lights while they work
b. keep the environmental temperature constant from night to day
c. have them eat a big meal before going to sleep
d. allow them to catnap

Answer 143

a. expose them to bright lights while they work

Question 144

According to Darwin,

a. in the struggle for existence, only the physically strong survive
b. generally speaking, the food supply grows faster than the population for a given species
c. variations within a species that are “adaptive” are “naturally” selected for survival
d. there is a lot of variation from one species to another, but variation within a species is virtually nonexistent

Answer 144

c. variations within a species that are “adaptive” are “naturally” selected for survival

Question 145

___________ provides the overall framework from which we learn how to think, feel, and behave in relation to our environment and to others around us.

a. Worldview
b. Culture
c. Ethics
d. Religion

Answer 145

b. Culture

Question 146

The central nervous system is composed of the ____.

a. brain and spinal cord
b. nerves outside the brain and spinal cord exclusively
c. sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems
d. somatic and autonomic nervous systems

Answer 146

a. brain and spinal cord

Question 147

Which of the following best summarizes Skinner’s ideas about operant conditioning?

a. a stimulus paired with a response will, on recurrence, tend to elicit that response again
a. learning results from the gradual construction of cognitive maps
b. behaviors producing positive consequences tend to recur
c. learning occurs

Answer 147

b. behaviors producing positive consequences tend to recur

Question 148

According to the laws on special education testing, when evaluating a student for a learning disability to qualify for special education,

a. the Binet test must be used.
b. the Wechsler test must be used.
c. both the Binet and Wechsler tests must be used.
d. neither the Binet nor the Wechsler test must be used.

Answer 148

d. neither the Binet nor the Wechsler test must be used.

Question 149

The goal of the behavior therapist, in working with a patient, is

a. gaining insight into the reasons behind the development of pathological behavior.
b. overcoming the psychological “blocks” which prevent a person from developing normally.
c. the modification of the target behavior.
d. the restructuring of the patient’s view of his world in such a way that he can deal with it effectively.

Answer 149

c. the modification of the target behavior.

Question 150

The most frequent source of a person’s day-to-day emotion is:

a. external sources of information that conflict with one’s prior beliefs.
b. other people.
c. success-failure outcomes.
d. unconscious memories.

Answer 150

b. other people.

Question 151

In the military, there is ____ psychologist-client confidentiality in the traditional sense.

a. some
b. little
c. no
d. absolute

Answer 151

c. no

Question 152

The mean is used most often in behavioral research because researchers tend to

a. measure variables that have interval or ratio scores, and the scores form approximately normal distributions.
b. conduct research in which the mathematical center of a distribution is required.
c. conduct research in which only the most frequently occurring score is needed.
d. measure variables that have interval or ratio scores, and the scores usually do not form a normal distribution.

Answer 152

a. measure variables that have interval or ratio scores, and the scores form approximately normal distributions.

Question 153

Evidence-based therapies should be based on ____.

a. client culture, values, and beliefs
b. managed care provisions
c. meta-analysis
d. epidemiological studies

Answer 153

a. client culture, values, and beliefs

Question 154

Joey’s parents went to a therapist to help them overcome Joey’s fear of going to school. Before she helped them create a reward system for each time their son went to school without crying, the therapist first determined the severity and frequency of the behavior. The therapist was

a. establishing a baseline.
b. developing a diagnosis.
c. establishing rapport.
d. assessing the cause of behavior.

Answer 154

a. establishing a baseline.

Question 155

In considering how motivation and emotion relate to one another, which of the following statements is most accurate?

a. Emotions function as one type of motive.
b. Emotions and motivation are so similar that it makes sense to treat them as synonyms.
c. Motivation is more sensitive to changes in the environment, while emotion is more sensitive to changes in the person.
d. Motivational states act as an ongoing readout about the person’s emotional experience.

Answer 155

a. Emotions function as one type of motive.

Question 156

In a chemistry class, a group of students try mixing two chemicals together to see what will happen. These students are using the ____ method to gather information.

a. empirical
b. rational
c. intuitive
d. scientific

Answer 156

a. empirical

Question 157

When a false negative rate is high, test makers may

a. re-norm the test.
b. add items to the test.
c. lower the cutoff.
d. increase reliability.

Answer 157

c. lower the cutoff.

Question 158

What is the most relevant question you should ask when reading an introduction?

a. Is the literature review up to date?
b. Does the statistical analysis seem adequate?
c. Is the participant selection reasonable?
d. Are the conclusions supported by the results?

Answer 158

a. Is the literature review up to date?

Question 159

Rogers’ theory of personality emphasized

a. attitudes.
b. beliefs.
c. change.
d. stability.

Answer 159

c. change.

Question 160

The ability of the brain to change its anatomy over time, within limits, is known as ____.

a. plasticity
b. regression
c. connectivity
d. long term potentiation

Answer 160

a. plasticity

Question 161

Individuals who retain their ethnic culture as well as interact with and adopt elements of the majority culture are seen to be engaged in

a. Separation
b. Integration
c. Marginalization
d. Assimilation

Answer 161

b. Integration

Question 162

The distribution of z-scores is always

a. positively skewed.
b. negatively skewed.
c. the same as the distribution of raw scores.
d. more spread out than the distribution of raw scores.

Answer 162

c. the same as the distribution of raw scores.

Question 163

The abilities that allow us to reason, think, and acquire new knowledge are referred to as what type of intelligence?

a. general.
b. fluid.
c. crystallized.
d. principle.

Answer 163

b. fluid.

Question 164

After conditioning, a CS produces a CR. But if the CS is then presented repeatedly without the UCS, the CR diminishes. Pavlov called this process

a. extinction
b. differentiation
c. generalization
d. forgetting

Answer 164

a. extinction

Question 165

MDMA is most accurately classed as a (n)

a. hallucinogen
b. stimulant
c. empathogen
d. entheogen

Answer 165

c. empathogen

Question 166

The tendency for individuals who have extreme scores (high or low) on one measurement and to have less extreme scores on a second measurement is called ____.

a. history
b. instrumentation
c. maturation
d. regression toward the mean

Answer 166

d. regression toward the mean

Question 167

If a researcher explains what will happen in a research study using language that potential participants are unlikely to understand, then the researcher has violated the intent of ____.

a. confidentiality
b. preventing harm
c. informed consent
d. anonymity

Answer 167

c. informed consent

Question 168

What is ecological memory?

a. it’s a term that sums up what Ebbinghaus did
b. it’s a term that sums up what G. E. Müller did
c. it refers to any laboratory memory research using good experimental control
d. it’s the study of memory for everyday events

Answer 168

d. it’s the study of memory for everyday events

Question 169

The spinal cord communicates with ____.

a. sense organs and muscles below the level of the head
b. all sense organs and muscles in the human body
c. the dorsal root ganglia only
d. the ventral root ganglia only

Answer 169

a. sense organs and muscles below the level of the head

Question 170

To say that a drug has an affinity for a particular type of receptor is to imply that the drug ____.

a. breaks down neurotransmitter chemicals at that receptor site
b. will always excite the postsynaptic receptor
c. will always inhibit the postsynaptic receptor
d. binds to that receptor

Answer 170

d. binds to that receptor

Question 171

Experiments allow researchers to ____.

a. eliminate experimenter bias
b. answer questions about the existence of a relationship between two variables
c. observe naturally occurring behavior
d. answer cause-and-effect questions about the relationship between two variables

Answer 171

d. answer cause-and-effect questions about the relationship between two variables

Question 172

When a false negative rate is high, test makers may

a. re-norm the test.
b. add items to the test.
c. lower the cutoff.
d. increase reliability.

Answer 172

c. lower the cutoff.

Question 173

Lifetime prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is highest among ____.

a. African Americans
b. Hispanic Americans
c. White Americans
d. Asian Americans

Answer 173

a. African Americans

Question 174

What is the most common statistical analysis for a single-factor multiple-group design?

a. ANOVA
b. independent-measures t test
c. repeated-measures t test
d. regression

Answer 174

a. ANOVA

Question 175

Which of the following is accurate about people who attempt suicide?

a. Most of them leave suicide notes.
b. Most of them want to cause pain for the people they leave behind.
c. Alcohol increases suicidality by decreasing inhibitory control.
d. Virtually all of them suffer from a diagnosable mental disorder.

Answer 175

c. Alcohol increases suicidality by decreasing inhibitory control.

Question 176

The most commonly used descriptive statistics for a set of numerical scores are the mean and the ____.

a. range
b. standard deviation
c. mode
d. median

Answer 176

b. standard deviation

Question 177

he person with bulimia nervosa is at risk of ____.

a. loss of sleep
b. personality disorders
c. suicide
d. Obesity

Answer 177

c. suicide

Question 178

The herbaceutical with the most efficacy would likely be

a. St John’s Wort
b. Ginkgo Biloba
c. Valerian Root
d. Hops

Answer 178

a. St John’s Wort

Question 179

Which of the following is not described as a trend in modern psychology?

a. increased interest in brain and behavior
b. a return of evolutionary thinking
c. increased professionalization of practitioners
d. an increased rejection of the importance of genetic influence

Answer 179

d. an increased rejection of the importance of genetic influence

Question 180

A psychologist refrains from entering into a multiple relationship if the multiple relationship could reasonably be expected to:

a. impair psychologist’s objectivity and performance
b. increase psychologist’s objectivity and performance
c. ensure psychologist’s objectivity and performance
d. impair psychologist’s objectivity and subjectivity

Answer 180

a. impair psychologist’s objectivity and performance

Question 181

___________ is an overwhelmingly powerful emotion associated with feelings of inferiority, a sense of worthlessness, and a damaged self-image.

a. Depression
b. Sadness
c. Shame
d. Guilt

Answer 181

c. Shame

Question 182

Which of the following is most likely to produce diagnostic errors?

a. cultural similarities
b. cultural differences
c. assessment
d. lack of clinical expertise about the effects of medication

Answer 182

b. cultural differences

Question 183

Overall the efficacy of all antidepressants is approximately

a. 65%
b. 50%
c. 60%
d. 45%

Answer 183

b. 50%

Question 184

How does the descriptive research strategy differ from the experimental or nonexperimental research strategies?

a. It involves comparing groups of scores.
b. It does not concern relationships between variables.
c. It attempts to describe and explain relationships between variables.
d. It does not involve the measurement of variables.

Answer 184

b. It does not concern relationships between variables.

Question 185

The limbic system consists of structures that are believed to be important for which kind of responses?

a. reflexes
b. fine motor control
c. spatial orientation
d. emotional

Answer 185

d. emotional

Question 186

In counseling Native American and Alaska Native families, it is critical for mental health professionals to assume a position of

a. Cultural healer
b. Cultural expert
c. Cultural humility
d. Cultural teacher

Answer 186

c. Cultural humility

Question 187

Blending culturally relevant traditional healing practices with more conventional treatment approaches may be beneficial for

a. Alaska Natives only
b. American Indians only
c. Cherokee Indians only
d. All ethnocultural clients

Answer 187

d. All ethnocultural clients

Question 188

A test format that is typically used for attitude measurement is the

a. checklist format.
b. dichotomous format.
c. category format.
d. Likert format.

Answer 188

d. Likert format.

Question 189

Research on gender differences and self-schemas suggests that

a. self-schemas are inherited.
b. self-schemas are the product of evolutionary forces.
c. self-schemas are determined by early life experiences.
d. self-schemas are influenced by social norms about gender.

Answer 189

d. self-schemas are influenced by social norms about gender.

Question 190

The main purpose of psychological testing is to evaluate

a. covert behavior.
b. individual differences.
c. personality traits.
d. overt behavior.

Answer 190

b. individual differences.

Question 191

Sexual relationships between students and professor/supervisors are a specific example of ___________, ___________, and _______________.

a. unethical, multiple, relationship
b. ethical, multiple, relationship
c. ethical, allowable, behavior
d. unethical, prohibited, behavior

Answer 191

a. unethical, multiple, relationship

Question 192

When people experience ________, it heightens the perceptions of closeness toward the other and creates an approach-based prosocial motivational orientation toward the other.

a. compassion
b. sympathy
c. empathy
d. gratitude

Answer 192

c. empathy

Question 193

The key difference between parametric and nonparametric procedures is that parametric procedures

a. do not require that stringent assumptions be met.
b. require that certain assumptions be met.
c. are used for population distributions that are skewed.
d. are used for population distributions that have nominal scores.

Answer 193

b. require that certain assumptions be met.

Question 194

Having feelings towards someone that are based on experiences from someone else in your past is called

a. transference
b. rejection sensitivity
c. self-verification
d. self-enhancement

Answer 194

a. transference

Question 195

Which of the following shows the least efficacy in treating cortical dementias?

a. Nicotine
b. Anti-inflammatory agents
c. Vitamin e
d. Aricept

Answer 195

c. Vitamin e

Question 196

Which of the following is true about Freud’s theories?

a. he originated the idea of the unconscious influencing our behavior
b. he originally believed that all behavior was motivated by aggression; later he added sex
c. his idea about childhood sexuality, the basis for the Oedipal complex, was the only part of his theory that was truly originated by him
d. before developing the Oedipal complex, he believed that adult problems resulted from childhood sexual abuse

Answer 196

c. his idea about childhood sexuality, the basis for the Oedipal complex, was the only part of his theory that was truly originated by him

Question 197

The general function of working memory is to ____.

a. hold information until it has time to get to long-term storage
b. store memories of life events permanently
c. attend to and operate on current information
d. store information related to repetitious motor movements

Answer 197

c. attend to and operate on current information

Question 198

If a frequency distribution is shown in a bar graph, what scale was used to measure the scores?

a. nominal only
b. nominal or ordinal
c. ratio only
d. interval or ratio

Answer 198

b. nominal or ordinal

Question 199

Research on circadian rhythms has shown that one of the best ways to increase the alertness and efficiency of workers on night shifts is to ____.

a. expose them to bright lights while they work
b. keep the environmental temperature constant from night to day
c. have them eat a big meal before going to sleep
d. allow them to catnap

Answer 199

a. expose them to bright lights while they work

Question 200

Which statement about the diagnosis of childhood disorders using the DSM-5 is accurate?

a. Clinicians no longer have to decide whether behaviors are inappropriate or excessive to diagnose childhood disorders.
b. In the latest edition, there are only seven diagnostic categories, so many children’s problems are lumped together in overlapping categories.
c. In the latest edition, the criteria have become very strict, so there has been a dramatic decrease in the number of children diagnosed.
d. To determine if a child has an actual psychological disorder, clinicians consider the child’s age, developmental level, environmental factors, and symptoms that cause significant impairment in daily functioning over an extended period of time.

Answer 200

d. To determine if a child has an actual psychological disorder, clinicians consider the child’s age, developmental level, environmental factors, and symptoms that cause significant impairment in daily functioning over an extended period of time.

Question 201

Which person would be at the most immediate risk in stopping medication abruptly, without titrating the dose.

a. Someone taking Prozac for depression at 80mg per day.
b. A woman taking Wellbutrin for depression at 300mg per day.
c. A man taking 2mg of Xanax for anxiety, five times a day.
d. An 8-year-old boy taking 10gm of Vyvanse for ADHD.

Answer 201

c. A man taking 2mg of Xanax for anxiety, five times a day.

Question 202

Coming out has been acknowledged as a ___________process for people of marginalized sexual identities.

a. Positive but unhealthy
b. Positive and healthy
c. Negative but healthy
d. Negative and unhealthy

Answer 202

b. Positive and healthy

Question 203

The APA Record Keeping Guidelines recommend that absent specific legal requirements, complete records are maintained at minimum:

a. 5 years
b. 7 years
c. 10 years
d. 15 years

Answer 203

b. 7 years

Question 204

Pat’s last statistics test score was 72. If the instructor tells Pat that the grade distribution was approximately normal, the class mean was 67, and the standard deviation was 3, which of the following is correct?

a. A score of 72 is never good.
b. Pat should be worried about this score, because many other students did better.
c. Pat should be fairly happy about this score, because many students did not do as well.
d. Pat should be ecstatic, because this is obviously one of the highest grades in the class.

Answer 204

c. Pat should be fairly happy about this score, because many students did not do as well.

Question 205

Why might having AIDS produce dementia?

a. Most people with AIDS have a history of Alzheimer’s disease.
b. Most people with AIDS are over age 65.
c. The AIDS virus narrows the capillary walls and produces infarctions.
d. The AIDS virus invades the brain and affects mental processes.

Answer 205

d. The AIDS virus invades the brain and affects mental processes.

Question 206

In group therapy, who is obligated to maintain confidentiality of statements made within the group session?

a. Psychologist only
b. Group members only
c. Psychologist and group members
d. No one

Answer 206

a. Psychologist only

Question 207

Therapists working with international students should take a ________ approach.

a. Strengths-based
b. Deficit model
c. Multinational
d. Multicultural

Answer 207

a. Strengths-based

Question 208

Which of the following is not one of the WAIS-IV verbal scales?

a. digit symbol-coding.
b. information.
c. similarities.
d. digit-span.

Answer 208

a. digit symbol-coding.

Question 209

A research study that evaluates changes in behavior related to age by examining different groups of individuals, with each group representing a different age, is called a(n) ____.

a. time-series design
b. interrupted time-series design
c. cross-sectional developmental design
d. longitudinal developmental design

Answer 209

c. cross-sectional developmental design