Comprehensive Exam Flashcards
Degrees of Freedom
Subtraction to get a good number.
Action Research
Is used to solve an immediate problem in your classroom.
Ex: fix bad behavior of students.
*not generalized to the larger population
Nominal
Basic classification by assigning something a number.
Ex: men: 1; women: 2
Independent Variables
Is manipulated by the research to see how it effects the dependent variable.
Symbols for a Sample
n= population s= standard deviation s^2= variance x(bar)= mean Data= statistic
Quasi-Experimental
Uses INTACT GROUPS (i.e., a whole class not a random sample.) Uses variables Similar to Experimental except the sample methods are different.
Hawthorne Effect
People who are being watched are more likely to change their behavior.
Subjects knew they were being watched and performed better.
Case Study
Looking at a particular group or person.
Done through observations of the subject(s).
Ratio
Provides an absolute 0 (zero).
Ex: a person who is 60 is twice as old as a person who is 30.
Incidental Sample
Similar to a cluster sample in that you use whoever is present in that moment.
Systematic Sample
Use a system to get a sample, also known as the Kth.
Used to select the number of people to participate.
*problem: it does not provide much variety among the sample.
Ex: list out the people and select every 4th person.
Directional Hypothesis
A hypothesis that states that there is a difference/relationship and identifies what that difference will be.
Ex: spelling book”A” is better than spelling book “B”
-hypothesizes a difference in the results.
Continuous Variables
Variables that go in (i.e., 3.1, 3.2, 3.3,…)
Discrete Variables
Variables that are full numbers (i.e., 3, 4, 5,…)
Quantitative Research
Involves numbers Experimental Uses variables Deductive reasoning Random sample
Dependent Variable
Effected by the independent variable. (It is dependent upon it)
-it changes based on how the independent variable is manipulated throughout the research.
Validity
Internal Validity: The research was done well/right.
External Validity: results can be generalized to the larger population.
*i did good research therefore it can be generalized to the larger population.
Reliability
Internal Reliability: use the same group and get SIMILAR results
External Reliability: use a different group and get SIMILAR results
Interval
Measurement scale that has no absolute zero
Ex: a thermometer