Comprehensive Flashcards
(148 cards)
1
Q
1.How would fibers conveying impulses from primary motor complex to the brainstem motor nuclei? A. Projection fibers B. Commissural fibers C. Short association fibers D. Long association fibers
A
A. Projection fibers
2
Q
2. Which of the following sulci listed below separates the frontal from the parietal lobe? A. Central Sulcus B. Lateral Sulcus C. Parieto-occipital sulcus D. Superior sulcus
A
A. Central Sulcus
3
Q
Lobe which could cause visual impairment when injured
A
- occipital lobe
4
Q
. What structures are close together in the junction between the pons and medulla? A. Trigeminal and Trochlear Nerve B. Oculomotor and Optic Nerve C. Facial and Acoustic Nerve D. Optic and Opthalmic Nerve
A
C. Facial and Acoustic Nerve
5
Q
- Which of the following gyri below is closely associated with speech?
a. precentral gyrus
b. angular gyrus
c. inferior frontal gyrus
d. superior temporal gyrus
A
c. inferior frontal gyrus - daw broca’s area
6
Q
7. Which of the following can be seen deep of the lateral sulcus A. Temporal lobe B. Insula C. Limbic lobe D. Uncus
A
B. Insula
7
Q
Where can you find the primary auditory complex.
a. temporal
b. occipital
c. parietal
A
c. parietal
8
Q
9. Structure that lies below Pineal gland? A. Tegmentun B. Tectum C. Oculomotor Nerve D. Cerebral Peduncle
A
B. Tectum
9
Q
Which of the following structures lie medial to the putamen? A. Extreme capsule B. Internal capsule C. External capsule D. Corpus callosum
A
B. Internal capsule
10
Q
11. Which of the following is the most potent for the increase of CBF? A.Hypoxia B.Hypercarbia C.Acidosis D.Emotional Stress
A
C.Acidosis
11
Q
11.In cases where a person is under emotional stress and hyperventilates, and the partial pressure of CO2 decreases, cerebral blood flow would: A. Decrease B. Increase C. Unchanged D. Increase only in the limbic areas
A
A. Decrease
12
Q
Cerebral blood flow normal
A
Not in the choices but accdg sa ppt, 50-65 mL/100g/minute
13
Q
17. Which of the following CSF-filled cavities is associated with mesencephalon? A. Lateral B. Third C. Cerebral aqueduct D. Fourth
A
C. Cerebral aqueduct
14
Q
18. Concepts of neurotransmission can be described anatomically by the following: A. Neurons and synapses B. Neurotransmitters C. Action Potential D. All of the Above
A
D. All of the Above
15
Q
19.The resting potential membrane of a myelinated nerve fiber is primarily affected by the concentration of which ion A.Calcium B.Chloride C.Potassium D.Sodium
A
D.Sodium
16
Q
- Which of the following generates IPSP?
a. Something something due K channel
b. Opening of Na channel
c. Opening Ca channel
d. Opening of Cl Channel
A
d.Opening of Cl Channel
17
Q
The faster rate of impulse transmission in myelinated nerve fibers is due to node to node transfer of action potential. This is known as:
A
Ans. Saltatory conduction
18
Q
23. What is the basis of absolute refractory period? A. Closure of Na+ activation gates B. Closure of Na+ inactivation gates C. Closure of K+ activation gates D. Closure of K+ inactivation gates
A
B. Closure of Na+ inactivation gates
19
Q
A neuron which summated postsynaptic potential is excitatory but has not reached a level high enough to obtain threshold to produce firing by a postsynaptic neuron
A
Facilitated neuron
20
Q
- Temporal summation thru:
A. Summation of succesive discharge from single presynaptic terminal of neuron
B. Summation of simultaneous potential from multiple active postsynaptic
C. Both a&b
D. Nota
A
A. Summation of succesive discharge from single presynaptic terminal of neuron
21
Q
26) Which of the following is the basis for absolute refractory period?
A) Closure of calcium activated gate
B) Closure of calcium non
A
A) Closure of calcium activated gate
22
Q
27. Sodium channels can be blocked by which of the following when it is applied to the outside of the cell membrane where sodium channel gates ang located A. EDTA B. Ouabain C. Tetraethylammoniun ion D. Tetrodoxin
A
D. Tetrodoxin
23
Q
28.Which of the following statements is true regarding the generation of Action Potential?
A. When dendrite reach threshold, generate Action Potential
B. Action Potential is initiated at axon hillock
C. Voltage Gated Na+ channels are bla bla near Nodes of Ranvier
C. Electrotonic conduction run its course into completion
A
B. Action Potential is initiated at axon hillock
24
Q
29.Cavities from the myencephalon
A
answer: fourth ventricle
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30. Which of the following cavities come from the diencephalon?
Answer: 3rd ventricle
Lateral: telencephalon
Aqueduct: mesencephalon
4th: Rhombocephalon
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31. In which structure does CSF absorption occur?
A. Lumbar cistern
B. Spinal nerve rootlets
C. Choroid plexus
D. Arachnoid granulations
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D. Arachnoid granulations
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32. Which of the following dura reflected is located within the superior longitudinal fissure?
A. Tentorium cerebelli
B. Falx cerebri
C. Falx cerebelli
D. Diaphragma sellae
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B. Falx cerebri
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33. Which dural reflection separates the pituitary gland from the hypothalamus?
A. tentorium cerebelli
B. falx cerebri
C. falx cerebelli
D. diaphragm sella
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D. diaphragm sella
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34. Which of the following structure is derived from ectoderm
Notochord
Somites
D
A
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ambot
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35. The closing of the neural groove and the formation of neural tube happen at what embryological development stage?
a. 20 day stage
b. morula
c. 33 somite stage
d. Blastula
a. 20 day stage
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36. Synapses can regulate signal transmission because:
A. It can direct the spread of signals
B. Has molecular machinery that controls transmission
C. It can refine and process transmission
D. All of the above
D. All of the above
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37. Neurotransmitter released in the synaptic cleft is triggered by
A. Na+
B. K+
C. Cl-
D. Ca2+
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D. Ca2+
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38. Which is false.
A. Electrical synapses are dedicated in transferring of information
B. Synaptic transmission is fast efficient dynamic
C. Synapses share properties with intercellular junctions they only vary because they transmit info and are plastic
D. Synapses exhibit various properties by pre and post synaptic neuron
c sguro
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41. Depolarization of the post synaptic neuron is brought about by the: (Deleted #)
A. Influx of Na+
B. Efflux of Na+
C. Influx of K+
D. Efflux of K+
```
A. Influx of Na+
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41. What produces Myelin Sheaths in the CNS-
Answer: Oligodendrocytes
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42.What cell supports the CNS?
Answer:Astrocytes
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43. cells that lines the ventricles.
Answer:Ependymal
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Gaps between myelin sheath with high sodium concentration
Nodes of ranvier-
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46. Nucleus
Answer:genetic center of neuron
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47. Pseudo Unipolar
unipolar neuron. one branch then branch to two. one to cns and other to pns
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48. Bipolar
ambot
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49.Pyramidal
ambot
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50. Which of the following is the second messenger in neuronal sensory transmission
A. calcium
B. Potassium
C. Sodium
D. Chloride
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A. calcium
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52. A neuron is facilitated if the action potential (not sure) becomes
A. Above threshold
B. More positive, subthreshold
C. More negative, subthreshold
D. None of the above
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C. More negative, subthreshold
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53. Why is conduction faster in myelinated fibers?
A. Myelin is rich in sodium and potassium channels
B. Myelin is rich in potassium and calcium channels
C. Myelin is rich in sodium and calcium channels
D. Myelin prevents current leakage
D. Myelin prevents current leakage
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54. What would be the effect of hypokalemia on the resting membrane potential of the neuron?
A.RMP would be less negative, neuronal activity is more excitable
B.RMP less negative, neuronal activity is less excitable
C.RMP more negative, neuronal activity is more excitable
D.RMP more negative, neuronal activity is less excitable
D.RMP more negative, neuronal activity is less excitable
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55. Conformation of Na ion channel with least energy state during resting membrane potential
A.Closed
B.Open
C.Activated
D.Inactivated?
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A.Closed
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56. Which is true for neurotransmitters?
A. Small molecule neurotransmitters are synthesized in rough endoplasmic reticulum
B. Peptide neurotransmitters are synthesized in cytosol
C. Peptides that act as neurotransmitters can also act as hormones
D. Metabotropic neurotransmitters act on voltage gated ion channels
C. Peptides that act as neurotransmitters can also act as hormones
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57. True of Grand Post Synaptic Potential except:
a. It is a combination of signals received from multiple synapses
b. It is positively influenced by inhibition
c. It results from a combination Excitatory and inhibitory synapses
d. It determines rate of firing
c.It results from a combination Excitatory and inhibitory synapse
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58. Regulation of signal transduction can be done through receptor regulation through the ff
A. Desensitization (numb to stimulus)
B. Degradation or recycling receptors (sequestration of receptors that are constantly stimulated)
C. Down regulation of receptors (enhanced degradation of receptor or receptor mRNA & decreased transcription of mRNA)
D. All of the above
D. All of the above
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58. Neurotransmitters from Hypothalamus stored at
A.Small vesicles
B.Neural vesicles
C.Large dense vesicles
D.No storage
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B.Neural vesicles
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60. The process of memory requires changes in the neurons that would persist for a period of time. These changes can be brought about by G protein activation which are as follows, except:
a. hydrolysis of ATP and GTP to form cAMP and cGMP.
b. Activation of one or more neuronal enzymes
c. Activation of gene transcription
d. Inactivation of inhibitory ion channels.
d. Inactivation of inhibitory ion channels.
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1. The difference between the length of the spinal cord?
A. Difference of rate of growth of canal and cord.
B. Shortening of the spinal cord
C. Cell death on the lower portion of the spinal cord
D. Unknown explanation
A. Difference of rate of growth of canal and cord.
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2. The transition fibers from the medulla to the spinal cord is marked by:
A. The appearance of decussating fibers from the corticospinal tract
B. The disappearance of butterfly shape gray matter
C. Transverse fibers in front of the brain stem
D. Substancia gellatinosa is replaced by the hypoglossal nerve
A. The appearance of decussating fibers from the corticospinal tract
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4. One of the manifestations can be seen in both lower and upper motor nucleus lesion
A. Spasticity B. Hyperflexia
C. Paralysis D. Hypotonia
C. Paralysis
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5. Lesions of the corticospinal tract:
A. Toe response is flexor
B. Superficial abdominal reflex is preserved
C. Cremasteric reflex is preserved
D. Loss of voluntary movement
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C. Cremasteric reflex is preserved
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6. Based on the course of the spinothalamic tract as it ascends ln the spinal cord, a lesion in the central canal of the spinal cord at the mid thoracic region would cause?
A. Paralysis involving both lower extremeties
B. Loss of proprioception on both lower extremeties
C. Loss of pain sensation on both lower extremeties
D. Loss of deep tendon reflex on both lower extremeties
C. Loss of pain sensation on both lower extremeties
SPINOTHALAMIC TRACTS (from Carpenter’s p 373)
- ascending pathway;
- arise from cells within spinal gray matter
- fibers arise CONTRALATERALLY from Lamina I and V.
- fibers cross in the anterior white commissure and collect CONTRALATERALLY into 3 bundles:
> Anterior Spinothalamic “light touch”
> Lateral Spinothalamic pain/thermal sense
> Spinocervical tracts
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7. Which of the following is true about the tectospinal tract?
A. Fibers arise from the are involved in vestibulospinal tract
B. Fibers arise from the superior colliculus
C. Fibers are involved in head righting reflex in primates
D. Projects primarily in the cervical and thoracic part of the spinal cord.
B. Fibers arise from the superior colliculus
TECTOSPINAL TRACT (from Carpenter’s p 389)
- arise from neurons in deeper layers of superior colliculus, cross in dorsal tegmental decussation, descend near median raphe anterior to MLF
- majority of fibers terminate in upper 4 cervical segments in Lamina VI(some parts), VII, VIII
- none of these fibers terminate directly in alpha motor neurons
- reflex postural movements in response to visual and auditory stimuli
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8. Which of the following statements is found in the spinothalamic tract?
A. The neurons that give rise to ascending fibers are found in the dorsal root of ganglion
B. Fibers terminate in fasciculus gracilis and cuneatus
C. Fibers conduct proprioceptive impulses from periphery
D. fibers from first neuron cross the midline
A. The neurons that give rise to ascending fibers are found in the dorsal root of ganglion
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9. The knee-jerk reflex is a
A. Polysynaptic reflex
B. Stimulated by painful stimulus
C. Muscle stretch reflex
D. Flexor extensor reflex
```
C. Muscle stretch reflex
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Which of the following signs and symptoms will be present in a patient following a hemisection of the spinal cord at level of T6 on the right side?
A. Loss of pain and temp. Sensation on the right side below level of lesion
B. Babinski sign on right side
C. Paralysis at left leg
D. Hyperactive patellar tendon reflex on the left side
B. Babinski sign on right side
Paralysis at left leg ipsilateral paralysis
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11. Which of the following tracts listed terminate in the medulla?
A.Spinothalamic Tract
B.Dorsal Column Pathway
C.PSC
D.Medial Longitudinal Lemniscus
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ambot
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2. Where is the alpha motor neuron in the spinal cord found?
A. Lamina 5
B. Lamina 7
C. Lamina 9
D. Lamina 10
```
C. Lamina 9
Lamina IX – location of the alpha motor neurons; there is a topographic organization of motor neurons, with motor neurons to extensor muscles placed more anteriorly and flexor motor neurons more posteriorly in Lamina IX of the anterior horn. https://www.dartmouth.edu/~rswenson/NeuroSci/chapter_5.html)
(from Carpenters)
Lamina IX – consists of several distinct groups of somatic motor neurons; the large somatic motor cells of the anterior horn w/c innervate striae muscles are referred to as alpha motor neurons.
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13. Lamina that receives afferent nociceptive receptors from unmyelinated axons?
A. Lamina I
B. Lamina II
C. Lamina III
D. Lamina IV
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B. Lamina II
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16. Tone of Flexor Muscles
A.Tectospinal
B.Rubrospinal
C.Vestibulospinal
D.Reticulospinal
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B.Rubrospinal
Rubrospinal for flexor muscles
Vestibulospinal for extensor muscles
(from Carpenter’s)
The most important function of the rubrospinal tract concerns control of muscle tone in flexor muscle groups
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Which of the following statement is true concerning substantia nigra?
A. Receives dopaminergic input from striatum
B. Found dorsal to striatum
C. Projects to striatum and thalamus
D. Main neurotransmitter is GABA
C. Projects to striatum and thalamus
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18. Structure that separates caudate nucleus from the putamen
A. External capsule - separates corpus striatum (lentiform nucleus and caudate nucleus) from claustrum
B. Extreme capsule - separates claustrum from insular cortex
C. Internal capsule
D. Corpus callosum
C. Internal capsule
(from CCetC Basal Ganglia trans)
Internal Capsule – large mass of white matter that almost entirely divides corpus striatum into caudate nucleus and lentiform nucles (putamen is the lateral part of lentiform nucleus)
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19. All of the statements are correct regarding globus pallidus, EXCEPT:
A.Receives impulse from motor complex
B.Receives impulse from putamen
C.Receives impulse from subthalamic nucleus
D.Projects to the ventral anterior thalamic nuclei
A.Receives impulse from motor complex
disclaimer I based this answer on a diagram that can be found on page 5 of CCetC’s Brainstem trans (me and my lazy ass), it can be seen from there hat the motor complex projects impulse to the inferior olive.
* also, “The output of the medial globus pallidus is to the ventral anterior and ventrolateral nucleus of the thalamus via two pathways.
(source: https://www.dartmouth.edu/~rswenson/NeuroSci/chapter_8C.html)
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20. True of caudate nucleus?
A. C-Shaped gray matter
B. Lies lateral to thalamus
C. Has head body, and tail
D. Body is roof lateral ventricle
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A. C-Shaped gray matter
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21. (Gist) Which of the statements about the nigrostriatal pathway is correct?
Ans: Parkinson's Disease is degeneration of nigrostriatal pathway
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23. Which thalamic nuclei is related to the auditory complex?
A. Medial Geniculate – primary auditory complex
B. Lateral Geniculate – receives major sensory input from retina (visual)
C. Pulvinar – visual attention network; integration of visual auditory and somesthetic input
D. Anterior nucleus (limbic system)
A. Medial Geniculate – primary auditory complex
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24 Center for Elbow Flexion
Ans: C6
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25. Center for knee jerk reflex
A. L4
B. L5
C. S1
D. S2
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A. L4
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26. The center for Achilles tendon reflex is
a. S1
b. S2
c. S3
d. S4
a. S1
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Four most commonly tested Myotatic reflexes (from BRS:
oAnkle Jerk: S1- gastrocnemius
oKnee jerk: L2-L4: quadriceps
oBiceps jerk: C5-C6: Biceps
oTriceps jerk: C7-C8: triceps
```
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27. The interthalamic connection is?
A. White matter that connects the right and the left thalami
B. Forms the floor of the 3rd ventricle
C. Gray matter that connects the right and the left thalami
D. Gray matter that divides the thalamus into 2 divisions
C. Gray matter that connects the right and the left thalami
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28. A thin layer of white matter that divides the thalamus into three parts?
A. Internal Medullary Lamina
B. External Medullary Lamina
C. Internal Capsule
D. External Capsule
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A. Internal Medullary Lamina
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29. Thalamic nuclei that receives ascending signal from trigeminal and gustatory
Ans: Ventral posteromedial nucleus (VPM)
- where the secondary trigeminal fibers terminate; lesion results in contralateral loss of pain and temperature sensation, loss of tactile discrimination in the head; results in ipsilateral loss of taste
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30. Where does the medial lemnisci and spinal lemnisci terminate?
Ans: Ventral Posterolateral Nucleus
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31. Interthalamic nuclei associated with vision?
Ans: Pulvinar nuclei
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32. The thalamic nucleus that receives afferent fibers from cerebellum and red nucleus?
A. Ventral anterior nucleus
B. Ventral posterior nucleus
C. Ventral Lateral Nucleus
C. Ventral Lateral Nucleus
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33. Thalamic nucleus sending efferent fibers to auditory complex?
Ans: MGB (Medial Geniculate Body)
(from BRS Neuroanatomy)
- an auditory relay nucleus
- projects to the primary auditory complex (areas 41 and 42) via the auditory radiation
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34. Thalamic nuclei associated with the limbic system
A. Anterior Thalamic Nucleus
B. Medial thalamic nucleus
C. Lateral dorsal nucleus
D. Lateral posterior nucleus
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A. Anterior Thalamic Nucleus
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35. The thalamic nucleus that receives afferent fibers from somatic and visceral?
Ans: Medial Dorsal Nuclei
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36.Thalamic nucleus that receivers afferent fibers from the corpus striatum?
A. Ventral anterior nucleus
B. Ventral posterior nucleus
C. Ventral Lateral Nucleus
D. Lateral dorsal nucleus
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C. Ventral Lateral Nucleus
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37. Afferent fibers to the lateral geniculate originate from?
A. Superior colliculus
B. Inferior colliculus – for medal geniculate body
C. Cortex- for reticular nuclei
D. Retina
D. Retina
- from BRS: LGB is a visual relay nucleus, it rcvs retinal input via the optic tract. Projects to the primary visual cortex, area 17 via the optic radiation.
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38. Sensory loss after thalamic infarct is due to the lesion of
A. Ventral anterior nuclei
B. Ventral lateral nuclei
C. Ventral Posterior Nuclei
D. Mediodorsal nuclei
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C. Ventral Posterior Nuclei
- somatosensory
- includes VPL (pain and temp)
- VPM (pain, temp, tactile discrim and taste)
Mediodorsal nuclei- prefrontal; limbic funxn;smell
Ventral anterior nuclei – premotor cortex
Ventral lateral nuclei- motor and supplementary motor area
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39. Choreoathetosis with ataxia in thalamic lesions is due to?
A. Loss of Muscle and Joint use
b. loss of light touch
c. loss of tactile discrimination
d. loss of localizatio
```
A. Loss of Muscle and Joint use
(from Sciencedirect)
Choreoathetosis – rapid (chorea) or slow (athetosis) involuntary movements of the fingers or toes (flexion–extension, adduction–abduction, writhing, sometimes piano-playing movements) which are irregular, nonrhythmic, and purposeless.
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40. Thalamic hand is characterized the following, EXCEPT?
A. Flexed pronated hand
B. Extended MCP
C. Extended IP
D. None of the above
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C. Extended IP
| from CCetC’s Thalamus trans
THALAMIC HAND – forearm pronated, wrist flexed, MCP joints extended
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41. Which part of the cerebellum is associated with the vestibular system?
A. Anterior
B. Posterior
C. Lateral
D. Fluccolonodular
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D. Fluccolonodular – coordinates balance (vestibule) and eye movements
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42. Which of the following is true of the cerebellar pathways?
FROM BRS (discussion choz)
Vestibulocerebellar pathway- role to maintain balance, posture, eye coordination movements
Vermal Spinocerebellar pathway- maintain muscle tone and postural control over trunca/axial and proximal (limb girdle)muscles
Paravermal spinocerebellar pathway- maintains muscle tone and postural control over distal muscle groups
Lateral hemispheric cerebellar pathway- also called neocerebellar or pontocerebellar pathway, regulates initiation, planning, timing of volitional motor activity
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43. Tract which receives fiber from the muscle spindles, golgi tendon and joint receptors?
A. Dorsal spinocerebellar
B. Anterior spinocerebellar/thalamic
DORSAL SPINOCEREBELLAR TRACT
| – conveys proprioceptive information from proprioceptors in the skeletal muscles and joints to the cerebellum
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44. Which of the following cerebellar afferent fibers carry information regarding the positioning of the head?
A. Dorsal Spinocerebellar
B. Ventral Spinocerebellar
C. Pontocerebellar
D. Vestibulocerebellar
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D. Vestibulocerebellar
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47. The part of cerebellum involved in the control of the agonist and antagonist in the distal limbs?
A. Vestibulo
B. Spina
C. Cerebro
D. NOA
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ambot
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49. Failure of orderly progression of movement.
A. Dysmetria – type of ataxia; lack of coordination of movement typified by the undershoot or overshoot of intended position with the hand, arm, leg, or eye.
B. Dysdiadochokinesia – impaired ability to perform rapid, alternating movements
C. Hypotonia
D. Ataxia
B. Dysdiadochokinesia – impaired ability to perform rapid, alternating movements
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50. Athetosis is due to lesion or injury to
A. Globus Pallidus
B. Caudate Nucleus
C. Subthalamic Nucleus - Hemiballisms
D. Substantia Nigra - Parkisons
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A. Globus Pallidus
Additional Rationale:
Chorea - Putamen
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51. Rigidity, akinesia, and tremors are associated with damage to the:
A. Globus Pallidus
B. Caudate Nucleus
C. Subthalamic Nucleus
D. Substantia Nigra
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D. Substantia Nigra
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52. Which is responsible for the lateral inhibition in the spinal cord
A. Gamma efferent neurons
B. Alpha efferent neurons
C. Renshaw Cells
D. Spinal cord interneurons
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RENSHAW CELLS – inhibitory interneurons found in the gray matter of the spinal cord; effects lateral inhibition; allows unabated signals and prevents signals to spread laterally.
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54. Which of the following is both manifested in upper and lower motor neuron lesion?
A. Spasticity
B. Hypereflexia
C. Paralysis
D. Hypotonia
```
(from BRS Neuroanatomy)
| BOTH upper and lower motor neuron flaccid paralysis
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55. Influence extensors of lower extremities and flexors of upper extremities
A.Vestibulospinal
B.Corticospinal
C. Rubrospinal
C.Cerebrospinal
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C. Rubrospinal
RUBROSPINAL – control of muscle tone in flexor muscle groups
TECTOSPINAL – postural movement
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57.Where is the alpha motor neuron in the spinal cord found?
A. Lamina 5
B. Lamina 7
C. Lamina 9
C. Lamina 9
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60. Which of the statements is true regarding the Somatosensory Area II?
A. It has a high degree of localization
B. It is located immediately behind the central gyrus ----location is at postcentral gyrus
C. Destruction of the area causes complete sensory deficit
D. It also receives visual and auditory input
A. It has a high degree of localization
In the human somatosensory system, the contralateral primary somatosensory cortex (SI) is presumed to process and encode type and intensity of the sensory inputs, whereas the bilateral secondary somatosensory cortex (SII) is believed to perform higher order functions including sensorimotor integration, integration of information from the two body halves, attention, learning and memory
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1)Which of the following is true about the fovea
A.Photoreceptors are almost exculsively rods
B.This Is the thinnest point of the retina
C.Entry Point of the Optic Nerve
D.3/4 of the total retinal surface.
B.This Is the thinnest point of the retina
Rationale: Latin for “small pit”, the fovea is the only area of the retina in which the layers spread aside to let light directly onto the cones
-a.k.a - fovea centralis or cental fovea
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2)Most of the refractive power of the eye is provided by the
A)Lens
B)Vitreous Humor
C)Cornea
D)Aqueous Humor
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C)Cornea
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3)Which is true about accommodation?
A)Controlled by the Parasympathetic Nervous System
B)Lens become flattened
C)Increased refractive power of cornea
D)Affects opitcal index of the Vitreous Humor
A)Controlled by the Parasympathetic Nervous System
Rationale: Accommodation is the process by which the eyes changes optical power to keep an object in focus
- B is also true because the lens does flatten to keep focus on far off objects
- controlled by the CILLIARY MUSCLES innervated by the GVE component of the CN3.
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5) Which is important for dark adaptation?
A)Lens
B)Pupil
C)Iris
D)Ciliary
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C)Iris
Rationale : Major function of the iris is to increase the amount of light that enters the eye during darkness
- guyton
- pero daw mas crucial and sa rods and cones
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6)Area where taste buds are located, except
A)Tongue
B)Palate
C)Gingiva
D)Tonsillar Pillar
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C)Gingiva
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7)The “Safety” Muscle of the lounge is
A)Hypoglossus
B)Genioglossus
C)Syloglossus
D)Sternoglossus
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B)Genioglossus
Rationale - The genioglossus muscle is the muscle of the tounge. It is attached to the base of the tongue to the inside of the jaw bone. In OBSTRUCTIVE SLEEP APNEA this muscle holds the airway open, in its absence the airway collapses, thus called the “safety” muscle.
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8)Nerve that innnervates 2/3 of the Anterior Tounge
A)Facial
B)Trigeminal
C)Glossopharyngeal
D)Hypoglossal
```
A)Facial
Rationale
Facial- Anterior 2/3 of the tongue via the geniculate ganglion
Glossopharyngeal - Posterior 3rd of the tongue via the petrous ganglion
109
```
9)The Motor nerve of the tongue
A)Facial
B)Trigeminal
C)Glossopharyngeal
D)Hypoglosssal
```
Rationale - only motor nerve to innervate the tongue
D)Hypoglosssal
110
```
10)Most of the lymphoid follicles are found at which portion of the tongue?
A)Tip
B)Lateral
C)Posterior
D)Underneath
```
D)Underneath
111
```
11)Which type of papilla is located predominantly at the posterior surface of the tongue?
A)Vallate
B)Fungiform
C)Foliate
D)Filliform
```
A)Vallate
112
Which of the following is an SVE nucleus?
-Nucleus Ambiguus (of the Vagus Nerve)
113
```
21)As a general rule, the efferent or projection portion of the reticular formation is found in the
A)Medial Zone
B)Dorsal Zone
C)Ventral
D)Lateral
```
A)Medial Zone
114
```
Which thalamic nuclei receives input form the reticular formation but does not send signal to the cortex?
A)Intralaminar nuclues
B)Medial geniculate
C)Reticular
D)Ventral
```
C)Reticular
Rationale - only thalamic nuclei that does not send signal to the cortex)
115
23)Group of cell where the reticulo spinal tract originate?
medulla
116
24)Nuerotransmitter responsible for wakefulness and REM sleep?
-Acetylcholine
117
```
25)(Fluid in the compartment?) Anterior portion of the eye?
A)Tears
B)Aqueous Humor
C)Vitreous Humor
D)NOTA
```
B)Aqueous Humor
118
```
26)One of the following extra-ocular muscles is innervated by CN IV
A)Medial Rectus
B)Inferior Oblique
C)Superior Oblique
D)SUPERIOR RECTUS
```
C)Superior Oblique
RATIONALE “SO4 LR6 THE REST IS 3”
119
```
27)The Visual cortex is located in the
A)Frontal Lobe
B)Occipital Lobe
C)Temporal Lobe
D)Parietal Lobe
E)Di ka nya Lobe!!
```
B)Occipital Lobe
120
28)What is the normal INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE?
| )
10-20 mmHg
| (Ave of 15 mmHg
121
29)Gives Color to the eyes?
-IRIS
122
30)What is the cause of presbyopia
-loss of accommodation
123
31)Which of the following does not happen during accommodation?
A)Ciliary muscles relax
B)Zonules relax
C)Ciliary muscles contract
D)Lens antero-posterior thickness increases
A)Ciliary muscles relax
Rationale: Stimulation of the parasympathetic nerves contracts both sets of cilliary muscle fibers which relaxes the lens ligament thus allowing the lens to become thinker increasing the refractive power
124
```
32)Pupillary reflex to intense light
A)Dilate
B)Constrict
C)No changes
D)NOTA
```
B)Constrict
125
33)Not a layer of cornea
A)Endothelium
B)Epithelium
C)Schlemm’s Canal
C)Schlemm’s Canal
```
Rationale
Layers
-Corneal Epithe.
Anterior Limiting Lamina
Substantia Propria
Posterior Limiting Lamina
Endothelium
```
126
```
34)Protein found in photoreceptor
A)Transducin
B)Rhodopsin
C)Retinal
Phospodiesterase
```
B)Rhodopsin
127
35)What nuclei is associated with the facial nerve?
A)Tractus Solitarius
B)Inferior Olivary Nucleus
A)Tractus Solitarius
128
36)Correct Statement regarding oculomotor nerve
A)Arises in the upper pons
B)Decussates in the midbrain area
C)It is associated with the facial nerve along its course
D)Receives input from the cerebral cortex
D)Receives input from the cerebral cortex
129
```
37)Which of the following is an SVE nucleus?
A)Dorsal motor nuclei of vagus
B)Nucleus ambiguousii
C)Abducens
D)Hypoglossal
```
B)Nucleus ambiguousii
Rationale:
Sve 5,7,9,10,11
forms the SVE column 9,10,11-brs
130
```
38)Trochlear Nerve
A)Crosses to the opposite side after leaving the nucleus?
B)Innervates sphincter muscles
C)Leaves the superior colliculi
D)Innervates inferior oblique
```
A)Crosses to the opposite side after leaving the nucleus?
131
39)Which among the following nuclei is associated with vagus nerve?
A)inferior salivatory nuclues
B)NUCLEUS SOLITARIUS
C)Inferior Olivary Nucleus(found in the olive at the ventral surface of medulla)
D)Accessory Cuneate Nucleus
B)NUCLEUS SOLITARIUS
```
Rationale
Vagus Nerve Nuclei
-Dorsal motor nuclues
-Nucleus Ambiguus
-Solitary Nucleus
```
132
40)Most vital functon of the inner ear
-Equilibrium
133
41)This Structure, responsible for ventilation, connects nasopharynx to middle ear cavity.
-Eustachian Tube
134
```
41.You fall off a ladder what is invovled
A ?????
B UTRICLE
C MACULE
D SEMICIRCULAR CANAL
```
B UTRICLE
135
PART OF THE INNER EAR ESSENTIAL FOR THE MECHANISM OF HEARING
A ORGAN OF CORTI
B STRIA
C MODIOLUS
D VESTIBULE
A ORGAN OF CORTI
136
44)This is the only fluid in the body that has higher conc of K than NA
-Endolymph
137
45)What part of the cohclea is affected by the footplate of stapes during ossicle movement?
-oval window
138
46)Role of the bony ossicles in the middle ear
-transduction of energy from mechanical to electrical?
139
48)What is stimulated when dancing swing?
-Semicircular Canal
140
49)Movement of the eyeball stimulation of the vestibullar apparatus?
-Nystagmus
141
```
50)Pure motor nerve
A)CN III
B)CN V
C)CN VII
D)CN IX
```
A)CN III
RATIONALE: MIXED EXCEPT FOR CN III
142
```
51)Which of the ff is not parasympathetic?
A)CN III
B)CN V
C)CN VII
D)CN IX
```
B)CN V
143
```
52) These Cranial nerve nuclei are found in th pons except
A)Trochlear
B)Abducens
C)Motor nuclues of CN V
D)Facial nuclei
```
A)Trochlear
144
```
53)Which of the following cranial nerve is found in the lateral part of the thalamus?
A)Occulomotor
B)Abducens
C)Principal sensory of V
D)Hypoglossal
```
C)Principal sensory of V
145
```
56)All the Cranial Nerves Control Eye Movement except?
A)Oculomotor
B)Maxillary div of CN V
C)Trochlear
D)Abducens
```
B)Maxillary div of CN V
146
57)Innervated by CN III except?
Superior Oblique - IV
| Lateral Rectus - VI
147
```
58)All nerve are found within the cavernous sinus and pass throuhght the superior oribital fissure except
A)III
B)Maxillary branch of V
C) IV
D)VI
```
B)Maxillary branch of V
RATIONALE : Nerves that pass thru the SOF are III, IV, V1,
148
```
60)What CN receives somatic afferent from the face?
A)X
B)V
C) Facial
D)VIII
```
C) Facial
