Compounding III: Documentation & Preparation Flashcards
master formula record
AKA master formula
the recipe that is followed to compound a preparation
compounding record
AKA compounding log
log book of all products made at the pharmacy
Minimal PPE for preparing non-sterile, non-HD preparations should include…
a clean lab coat & gloves
Communition means to _______ particle size by grinding, crushing, milling, vibrating, or other processes
reduce
Sieves, which are sifters, are used to ensure that…
the particle size is uniform
- powder is put into the sieve & sifted through the mesh
- the sieve number is based on the number of holes per inch
three main methods of comminution
TRITURATION
- term to “mix thoroughly” (or make product homogenous)
- grinding tablets with mortar & pestle or can also describe liquids (e.g. triturating an emulsion by shaking it)
LEVIGATION & SPATULATION
- involves triturating the powder with a mortar & pestle and incorporating a small amount of liquid (called a levigating or wetting agent) to help with grinding process
- spatulation is similar to levigation but performed on an ointment slab with a spatula
PULVERIZATION BY INTERVENTION
- used for crystalline powders that will not crush easily; crystals are dissolved with an intervening solvent
geometric dilution
method of mixing ingredients to ensure evenly distributed; a small amount of drug mixed into an equal amount of the diluent & this is repeated until all ingredients mixed together
A solution is a ________ dissolved in a _________.
A solution is a solute dissolved in a solvent (such as NaCl, dissolved in water). Solutions are homogenous.
types of solutions
syrups, elixirs, tinctures, spirits
A suspension is a _________ ____________ in a liquid.
A suspension is a solid dispersed in a liquid. It is a two-phase heterogenous (not uniform) mixture.
- A wetting agent/levigating agent is a type of surfactant used to incorporate an insoluble drug into a liquid, which makes a suspension.
- A desirable suspension does not have rapid precipitation of the solids; particles can be redispersed easily by shaking.
A emulsion is a _________ dispersed in a __________.
A emulsion is a liquid dispersed in a liquid.
- It is a two-phase heterogenous mixture.
- Emulsions are oil-in-water or water-in-oil
- An emulsifier is a type of surfactant that is used to reduce the surface tension between two liquids.
- To make the emulsion, choose emulsifier according to the hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB)
Precipitation/sedimentation is when…
the dispersed phase settles (clumps) together.
- sedimentation is the process of a solid settling on the bottom of a container
- can happen with suspensions & emulsions (& less commonly with solutions)
The dissolution rate is calculated using Fick’s First Law of Diffusion. A ________ surface area, stirring the preparation, & using heat will increase the dissolution rate.
larger
Emulsions can be made by either the ___________ or ____________ method.
Continental or English gum method; mixing oil, water, & an emulsifier (gum) in a 4:2:1 ratio
- 4 parts oil, 2 parts water, 1 part gum (e.g. acacia)
steps of continental (dry gum) method
- Levigate gum with oil
- Add water all at once.
- Triturate
- Add other ingredients
- Homogenize
steps of English (wet gum) method
- Triturate gum with water to form a mucilage.
- Add oil slowly
- Add other ingredients
Powders often include excipients such as glidant/lubricant to improve the flowability of a powder (_____________) & surfactant to neutralize the static charge (______________).
Powders often include excipients such as glidant/lubricant to improve the flowability of a powder (magnesium stearate) & surfactant to neutralize the static charge (sodium lauryl sulfate).
If melting ingredients, melt the ingredient with the _________ melting point first.
higher
A eutectic mixture means that…
the combination of the ingredients will melt at a lower temperature than either of the individual component’s melting temperature.
If the components are solid powders at room temp, the mixture of the powders can melt & turn into a sticky mess. An adsorbent powder such as ________________ can be used to keep the powder dry.
magnesium oxide, magnesium carbonate, or kaolin
Capsules are soluble shells of gelatin (an ___________ product) or hypromellose (a __________ product.
Capsules are soluble shells of gelatin (an animal product) or hypromellose (a vegetable product.
What are used as plasticizers to make the capsules less brittle & more flexible?
glycerol & sorbitol
What is the “punch method”?
putting powder into the capsules by hand-filling (opposed to using a capsule-filling machine)
- base is filled then fitted with the cap
Common capsule sizes range from…
size 000 (largest) to 5 (smallest)
