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Physiology 3 Neuro > Components of the nervous system > Flashcards

Components of the nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

3 major functions of the nervous system

A
  • sensory
  • integration (interpretation of sensory information)
  • motor (response to information from effectors)
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2
Q

2 types of neural tissue

A
  • neuroglia

- neurons

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3
Q

neuroglia (glial cells)

A
  • for support, regulation, and protection of neurons
  • small, outnumber neurons, and lack dendritic & axonal processes
  • do not participate in in neuronal signaling
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4
Q

neurons

A
  • for processing, transfer, and storage of information
  • consists of a cell body, axon, and dendrite
  • structural unit of nervous system
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5
Q

CNS neuroglia (glial cells)

A
  • astrocytes
  • oligodendrocytes
  • microglia
  • ependymal cells
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6
Q

PNS neuroglia (glial cells)

A
  • schwann cells

- satellite cells

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7
Q

astrocytes

A
  • wrap around the nerve cell and support the cell
  • hypertrophy when the cell is injured (formation of scar tissue when injured)
  • create the blood brain barrier
  • monitor and regulate fluid surrounding the neurons
  • regulation of metabolism and repair
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8
Q

oligodendroglia

A
  • interposed between the neuron and the blood vessels
  • create the myelin sheath
  • incapable of regeneration and division
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9
Q

microglia

A
  • small cells which move along inflamed or damaged brain cells, their function is phagocytosis of debris
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10
Q

ependymal cells

A
  • line central canal of spinal column and ventricular cavities; they are ciliated and combine with endothelial cells to form a choroid plexus which secretes CSF
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11
Q

Schwann cells

A
  • surrounds the axons of neurons in the PNS creating neurilemma which allows for potential regeneration of damaged axons
  • creates myelin sheath around most axons of PNS
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12
Q

satellite cells

A
  • support groups of cells bodies of neurons within ganglia of the PNS
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13
Q

afferent

A
  • sensory, receives sensory information from PNS towards CNS
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14
Q

efferent

A
  • motor, output from CNS to effectors

- controls effector tissue (muscle, glands)

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15
Q

neurons structure and flow

A
  • dendrites are stimulated by environmental changes or the activities of other cells, signal is conducted down the axon away from cell body to synaptic terminals affecting another neuron or organ
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16
Q

axons bundle together to form what?

A
  • form nerves in PNS and tracts/ pathways in the CNS

- most are myelinated, so most are white matter

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17
Q

cells bodies are clustered into

A
  • clustered into ganglia in the PNS and nuclei/ centers in the CNS
  • unmyelinated structures form grey matter
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18
Q

nodes of ranvier

A
  • unmyelinated segments between schwann cells (gaps)
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19
Q

saltatory conduction

A
  • impulses in myelinated axons from one node of ranvier to another, bypassing the nodes increasing velocity of conduction
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20
Q

neurocranium contains how many bones

A
  • eight

- occipital, 2 temporal, 2 parietal, sphenoid, ethmoid, frontal

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21
Q

cerebrum

A
  • largest part of the brain (conscious thoughts, experience, intellectual function
  • controls higher mental function
  • processes somatic sensory and motor information
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22
Q

cerebral cortex

A
  • outermost later of grey matter, making up the superficial aspect of the cerebrum
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23
Q

4 lobes of the cerebrum

A
  • frontal
  • parietal
  • occipital
  • temporal
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24
Q

frontal lobe functions

A
  • motor control
  • emotions
  • decision making/ reasoning
  • personality
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25
Q

left frontal lobe functions

A
  • controls language related movement
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26
Q

right frontal lobe functions

A
  • plays a role in non-verbal abilities
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27
Q

primary motor cortex

A
  • cortical area involved with controlling movement of the body
28
Q

broca’s area

A
  • controls facial neurons, speech, and language comprehension
29
Q

broca’s aphasia

A
  • ability to comprehend speech but decreased ability to speak words
30
Q

parietal lobe functions

A
  • senses and integration of sensation

- proprioception

31
Q

occipital lobe function

A
  • processing, integration, interpretation of vision and visual stimuli
32
Q

temporal lobe functions

A
  • sides of the brain
  • role in hearing, organization/ comprehension of language (wernicke’s area)
  • information retrieval (memory and memory formation)
  • olfactory cortex
33
Q

wernicke’s aphasia

A
  • language comprehension is inhibited

- words not clearly understood

34
Q

arcuate fasciculus

A
  • white matter tract that connects broca’s area and wenicke’s area
35
Q

cerebellum

A
  • second largest portion of the brain
  • provides precise timing of skeletal muscle contractions to coordinate repetitive body movements
  • controls balance and equilibrium
  • occurs subconsciously
  • posture
36
Q

asynergia

A
  • lack of muscle coordination
37
Q

ataxia

A
  • lack of organized movements
38
Q

asthenia

A

reduced muscle strength

39
Q

medulla

A
  • part of the brainstem that attaches to the spinal cord
40
Q

diencephalon

A
  • links cerebellum and brain stem

- integrates sensory information and motor commands

41
Q

pineal gland

A
  • secretes melatonin
42
Q

thalamus

A
  • relays and processes sensory information
43
Q

hypothalamus

A
  • hormone production
  • emotion and behavior
  • autonomic function
  • regulates body temperature, BP, breathing, digestion
44
Q

pituitary gland

A
  • controlled by the hypothalamus
45
Q

midbrain

A
  • lies between pons and cerebellum
  • consists mostly of white matter
  • processes sound and sight
46
Q

Pons

A
  • contain the pneumotaxic center which controls respiration
47
Q

medulla oblongata

A
  • contains reflex centers that are vital for survival concerning cardiac, respiratory, and vasomotor functions (HR & respiratory rate)
48
Q

blood supply of the brain

A

5-10 % of intracranial volume (60-80 ml)

49
Q

circle of willis

A
  • carotid arteries provide the anterior cerebral circulation

- bifurcates into the external and internal carotid arteries

50
Q

vertebral artery

A
  • posterior circulation to the brain
51
Q

branches of the basilar artery

A
  • anterior
  • superior
  • posterior
52
Q

blood brain barrier

A
  • allows passage/ transport of small particles (H2O, CO2, O2) alcohol,
  • prevents large particles (dopamine, ionized particles
53
Q

3 layers of meninges (covering of the brain)

A
  • pia mater (inner)
  • arachnoid mater (middle)
  • dura (outer layer)
54
Q

inter-layer spaces between mater

A
  • subdural space (below dura mater)

- subarachnoid space (below arachnoid mater, filled with CSF)

55
Q

CSF flow through the brain

A
  • through ventricles, to arachnoid space, to dura sinuses
56
Q

blood supply to the spinal cord

A
  • posterior spinal artery
  • anterior spinal artery (75% of blood flow)
  • radicular artery
57
Q

spinal nerves and location

A
  • exit above respective vertebra (spinal nerve 1 above C1)

- 5 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 1 coccygeal

58
Q

spinal nerve dorsal root

A
  • sensory fibers arising from cell bodies in dorsal root ganglia
59
Q

spinal nerve ventral roots

A
  • motor fibers arising from anterior gray column of spinal cord
60
Q

organization of spinal cord

A
  • part of PNS
  • 31 pairs through dorsal and ventral roots
  • lie in intervertebral foramina
61
Q

3 main components of the intracranial contents

A
  • CSF (10-15%)
  • Brain (80-85%)
  • Blood (5-10%)
62
Q

CSF

A
  • occupies subarachnoid space

- produced by the choroid plexus in the ventricles

63
Q

Properties of CSF

A
  • 10% of intracranial volume
  • 500 cc produced / 24 hrs
  • volume is 150 ml at any given time
64
Q

factors increasing CSF volume

A
  • choroid plexus papilloma
  • hyperthermia
  • decreased serum osmolality
  • increased CSF osmolality
65
Q

decreased CSF volume

A
  • hypothermia
  • increased hydrostatic pressure
  • diamox
  • increased serum osmolality
  • decreased CSF osmolality

Physiology 3 Neuro (5 decks)

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