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Physiology 3 Neuro > Components of the nervous system > Flashcards

Components of the nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

3 major functions of the nervous system

A
  • sensory
  • integration (interpretation of sensory information)
  • motor (response to information from effectors)
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2
Q

2 types of neural tissue

A
  • neuroglia

- neurons

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3
Q

neuroglia (glial cells)

A
  • for support, regulation, and protection of neurons
  • small, outnumber neurons, and lack dendritic & axonal processes
  • do not participate in in neuronal signaling
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4
Q

neurons

A
  • for processing, transfer, and storage of information
  • consists of a cell body, axon, and dendrite
  • structural unit of nervous system
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5
Q

CNS neuroglia (glial cells)

A
  • astrocytes
  • oligodendrocytes
  • microglia
  • ependymal cells
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6
Q

PNS neuroglia (glial cells)

A
  • schwann cells

- satellite cells

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7
Q

astrocytes

A
  • wrap around the nerve cell and support the cell
  • hypertrophy when the cell is injured (formation of scar tissue when injured)
  • create the blood brain barrier
  • monitor and regulate fluid surrounding the neurons
  • regulation of metabolism and repair
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8
Q

oligodendroglia

A
  • interposed between the neuron and the blood vessels
  • create the myelin sheath
  • incapable of regeneration and division
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9
Q

microglia

A
  • small cells which move along inflamed or damaged brain cells, their function is phagocytosis of debris
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10
Q

ependymal cells

A
  • line central canal of spinal column and ventricular cavities; they are ciliated and combine with endothelial cells to form a choroid plexus which secretes CSF
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11
Q

Schwann cells

A
  • surrounds the axons of neurons in the PNS creating neurilemma which allows for potential regeneration of damaged axons
  • creates myelin sheath around most axons of PNS
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12
Q

satellite cells

A
  • support groups of cells bodies of neurons within ganglia of the PNS
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13
Q

afferent

A
  • sensory, receives sensory information from PNS towards CNS
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14
Q

efferent

A
  • motor, output from CNS to effectors

- controls effector tissue (muscle, glands)

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15
Q

neurons structure and flow

A
  • dendrites are stimulated by environmental changes or the activities of other cells, signal is conducted down the axon away from cell body to synaptic terminals affecting another neuron or organ
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16
Q

axons bundle together to form what?

A
  • form nerves in PNS and tracts/ pathways in the CNS

- most are myelinated, so most are white matter

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17
Q

cells bodies are clustered into

A
  • clustered into ganglia in the PNS and nuclei/ centers in the CNS
  • unmyelinated structures form grey matter
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18
Q

nodes of ranvier

A
  • unmyelinated segments between schwann cells (gaps)
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19
Q

saltatory conduction

A
  • impulses in myelinated axons from one node of ranvier to another, bypassing the nodes increasing velocity of conduction
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20
Q

neurocranium contains how many bones

A
  • eight

- occipital, 2 temporal, 2 parietal, sphenoid, ethmoid, frontal

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21
Q

cerebrum

A
  • largest part of the brain (conscious thoughts, experience, intellectual function
  • controls higher mental function
  • processes somatic sensory and motor information
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22
Q

cerebral cortex

A
  • outermost later of grey matter, making up the superficial aspect of the cerebrum
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23
Q

4 lobes of the cerebrum

A
  • frontal
  • parietal
  • occipital
  • temporal
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24
Q

frontal lobe functions

A
  • motor control
  • emotions
  • decision making/ reasoning
  • personality
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25
left frontal lobe functions
- controls language related movement
26
right frontal lobe functions
- plays a role in non-verbal abilities
27
primary motor cortex
- cortical area involved with controlling movement of the body
28
broca's area
- controls facial neurons, speech, and language comprehension
29
broca's aphasia
- ability to comprehend speech but decreased ability to speak words
30
parietal lobe functions
- senses and integration of sensation | - proprioception
31
occipital lobe function
- processing, integration, interpretation of vision and visual stimuli
32
temporal lobe functions
- sides of the brain - role in hearing, organization/ comprehension of language (wernicke's area) - information retrieval (memory and memory formation) - olfactory cortex
33
wernicke's aphasia
- language comprehension is inhibited | - words not clearly understood
34
arcuate fasciculus
- white matter tract that connects broca's area and wenicke's area
35
cerebellum
- second largest portion of the brain - provides precise timing of skeletal muscle contractions to coordinate repetitive body movements - controls balance and equilibrium - occurs subconsciously - posture
36
asynergia
- lack of muscle coordination
37
ataxia
- lack of organized movements
38
asthenia
reduced muscle strength
39
medulla
- part of the brainstem that attaches to the spinal cord
40
diencephalon
- links cerebellum and brain stem | - integrates sensory information and motor commands
41
pineal gland
- secretes melatonin
42
thalamus
- relays and processes sensory information
43
hypothalamus
- hormone production - emotion and behavior - autonomic function - regulates body temperature, BP, breathing, digestion
44
pituitary gland
- controlled by the hypothalamus
45
midbrain
- lies between pons and cerebellum - consists mostly of white matter - processes sound and sight
46
Pons
- contain the pneumotaxic center which controls respiration
47
medulla oblongata
- contains reflex centers that are vital for survival concerning cardiac, respiratory, and vasomotor functions (HR & respiratory rate)
48
blood supply of the brain
5-10 % of intracranial volume (60-80 ml)
49
circle of willis
- carotid arteries provide the anterior cerebral circulation | - bifurcates into the external and internal carotid arteries
50
vertebral artery
- posterior circulation to the brain
51
branches of the basilar artery
- anterior - superior - posterior
52
blood brain barrier
- allows passage/ transport of small particles (H2O, CO2, O2) alcohol, - prevents large particles (dopamine, ionized particles
53
3 layers of meninges (covering of the brain)
- pia mater (inner) - arachnoid mater (middle) - dura (outer layer)
54
inter-layer spaces between mater
- subdural space (below dura mater) | - subarachnoid space (below arachnoid mater, filled with CSF)
55
CSF flow through the brain
- through ventricles, to arachnoid space, to dura sinuses
56
blood supply to the spinal cord
- posterior spinal artery - anterior spinal artery (75% of blood flow) - radicular artery
57
spinal nerves and location
- exit above respective vertebra (spinal nerve 1 above C1) | - 5 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 1 coccygeal
58
spinal nerve dorsal root
- sensory fibers arising from cell bodies in dorsal root ganglia
59
spinal nerve ventral roots
- motor fibers arising from anterior gray column of spinal cord
60
organization of spinal cord
- part of PNS - 31 pairs through dorsal and ventral roots - lie in intervertebral foramina
61
3 main components of the intracranial contents
- CSF (10-15%) - Brain (80-85%) - Blood (5-10%)
62
CSF
- occupies subarachnoid space | - produced by the choroid plexus in the ventricles
63
Properties of CSF
- 10% of intracranial volume - 500 cc produced / 24 hrs - volume is 150 ml at any given time
64
factors increasing CSF volume
- choroid plexus papilloma - hyperthermia - decreased serum osmolality - increased CSF osmolality
65
decreased CSF volume
- hypothermia - increased hydrostatic pressure - diamox - increased serum osmolality - decreased CSF osmolality

Physiology 3 Neuro (5 decks)

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