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Haematology > Components Of Blood > Flashcards

Components Of Blood Flashcards

1
Q

What is contained in serum of the blood? (3)

A

• Glucose
• Electrolytes, such as sodium and potassium
• Proteins, such as immunoglobulins (antibodies) and hormones

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2
Q

Where is bone marrow most commonly found? (4)

A

Pelvis
Vertebrae
Ribs
Sternum

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3
Q

What is the name of the first undifferentiated stem cell of the haematological line? What 3 things can it differentiate into?

A

Pluripotent haematopoietic stem cells

• Myeloid stem cells
• Lymphoid stem cells
• Dendritic cells (via different intermediate stages)
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4
Q

What is the precursor to red blood cells?

A

Reticulocytes

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5
Q

Which stem cell line are RBCs from?

A

Myeloid stem cell

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6
Q

How long do RBCs survive?

A

4 months (120 days)

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7
Q

What is the precursor to platelets?

A

Megakaryocytes

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8
Q

What stem cell line are platelets from?

A

Myeloid stem cell

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9
Q

What is the lifespan of a platelet?

A

10 days

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10
Q

What is the precursor for all WBCs of the myeloid stem cell line?

A

Myeloblast

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11
Q

What can Myeloblasts differentiate into? (5)

A

• Monocytes then macrophages
• Neutrophils
• Eosinophils
• Mast cells
• Basophils

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12
Q

What cells are formed from the lymphoid stem cell line? (3)

A

B cell
T cell
NK cell

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13
Q

Where do b cells mature?

A

Bone marrow

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14
Q

Where do T cells mature?

A

Thymus gland

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15
Q

What are the 2 main types of T cell?

A

§ CD4 cells (T helper cells)
§ CD8 cells (cytotoxic T cells)

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16
Q

What is anisocytosis?

A

Variation of size of RBCs

17
Q

When is anisocytosis seen? (2)

A

Myelodysplasic syndrome
Anaemia (e.g. iron deficiency, pernicious, autoimmune )

18
Q

What are target cells?

A

RBCs with central pigmented area surrounded by a pale area, surrounded by a ring of thicker cytoplasm on the outside
Bulls eye target

19
Q

When are target cells seen? (2)

A

Iron deficiency anaemia
Post splenectomy

20
Q

What are Heinz bodies?

A

individual blobs (inclusions) seen inside red blood cells. These blobs are denatured (damaged) haemoglobin.

21
Q

When are Heinz bodies seen? (2)

A

G6PD deficiency
Alpha Thalassaemia

22
Q

What are Howell jolly bodies?

A

Individual blobs of DNA material seen inside red blood cells. The spleen would Normally remove red blood cells with this DNA material inside.

23
Q

When are Howell jolly bodies seen? (3)

A

Post splenectomy
Non-functioning spleen e.g. sickle cell
Severe anaemia when body is regenerating blood cells fast

24
Q

What are reticulocytes?
What is the thing they contain that makes them different to RBCs?

A

immature red blood cells. They are slightly larger than normal red blood cells (erythrocytes) and still have RNA material in them. The RNA has a reticular (“mesh-like”) appearance inside the cell

25
Q

Where do you see a higher % of reticulocytes?

A

Haemolytic anaemia

26
Q

What are schystocytes?

A

fragments of red blood cells. They indicate that red blood cells are being physically damaged during their journey through the circulation

27
Q

What is microangiopathic haemolytic anaemia?

A

occurs when small blood clots (thrombi) obstruct small blood vessels. These obstructions churn the red blood cells, causing haemolysis (rupture)

28
Q

When are schistocytes seen? (4)

A

Haemolytic uraemia syndrome
DIC
Thrombocytopenia purpura
Metallic heart valves

29
Q

What are sideroblasts?

A

immature red blood cells with a nucleus surrounded by iron blobs

30
Q

What is sideroblastic anaemia?

A

occurs when the bone marrow cannot incorporate iron into the haemoglobin molecules

31
Q

What are the 2 causes of sideroblastic anaemia?

A

Genetic defect
Myelodysplasic syndrome

32
Q

What are smudge cells?

A

ruptured white blood cells that occur while preparing the blood film when the cells are aged or fragile

33
Q

What are smudge cells associated with?

A

Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia

34
Q

What are spherocytes?

A

sphere-shaped red blood cells without the bi-concave disk shape.

35
Q

When are spherocytes seen? (2)

A

Autoimmune haemolytic anaemia
Hereditary spherocytosis

36
Q

What are blast cells?

A

Large immature cells with a large nucleus

37
Q

What are blast cells associated with?

A

Acute leukaemia

Haematology (18 decks)

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