Components, Basic Principles.

Question 1

Three components of EBM

Answer 1

Clinical expertise, patient values and preferences, best research evidence

Question 2

What is EBM?

Answer 2

The conscientious, explicit, and judicious use of current best evidence in making decisions about patient care.

Question 3

5 steps of using EBM in practice

Answer 3

Ask, Acquire, Appraise, Apply, assess outcomes.

Question 4

Patient Oriented Outcomes that matter

Answer 4

Death, Disease, discomfort, disability, dissatisfaction.

Question 5

Population

Answer 5

All the people in a defined setting, or with certain defined characteristics of interest.

Question 6

Sample

Answer 6

The subjects from the population who are studied.

Question 7

Internal Validity

Answer 7

The degree to which the results are accurate for the participants in the study; increased with less variability

Question 8

External Validity

Answer 8

The ability of the results to be applied to the population of interest

Question 9

Sampling

Answer 9

The act of choosing subjects for the sample. Want it to be manageable and limit variability

Question 10

Simple Random Sampling

Answer 10

Every member of the population is a potential subject. Chosen randomly from whole population. May lead to a non-representative sample.

Question 11

Stratified Random Sampling

Answer 11

To ensure that critical sub-populations or variables are represented. Subjects are stratified by traits and then chosen randomly from within these stratifications.

Question 12

Systematic Sampling

Answer 12

Population ordered alphabetically or with another qualifier, and the 3rd person from each letter or weight or something is chosen to be a subject.

Question 13

Purposive sampling

Answer 13

Hand-picking subjects to participate in the study

Question 14

Convenience sampling

Answer 14

Subjects chosen based on their availability/willingness to volunteer for the study.

Question 15

Quota Sampling

Answer 15

Convenience sampling, but with certain quotas included for different variables.

Question 16

Independent variable

Answer 16

The variable manipulated by the researcher, the effect of which we are looking to understand.

Question 17

Dependent variables

Answer 17

Measure outcomes dependent on the experiment/independent variable.

Question 18

Extraneous variables

Answer 18

Other variables in the study that may addict the relationship between the independent and dependent variables.

Question 19

Bias

Answer 19

Process at any stage of the experiment that tends to produce results that depart from true values

Question 20

Sampling Bias

Answer 20

Bias in choosing the study subjects

Question 21

Selection Bias

Answer 21

Bias resulting from not randomize get subjects into experimental/control groups. Hand picking who goes where. This makes NON EQUIVALENT GROUPS

Question 22

Measurement Bias

Answer 22

Conditions in which results are measured in a non-objective or non-standardized way.

Question 23

Confounding

Answer 23

Inability to attribute the results to an independent variable

Question 24

Random Error/Chance

Answer 24

Variation in the measurements that occurs for reasons other than bias.

Question 25

How to control random errors?

Answer 25

Limit population, improve measurements, control testing environment

Question 26

PICO- What is P?

Answer 26

Patient. Ex: adult with severe pancreatitis.

Question 27

PICO- What is I?

Answer 27

Intervention. Ex. Enteral feeding

Question 28

PICO- What is C?

Answer 28

Comparison. Ex: total parenteral nutrition

Question 29

PICO- What is O?

Answer 29

Outcome. Ex; Survival, complications, etc.