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pe gcse > component 1- skeletal system > Flashcards

component 1- skeletal system Flashcards

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1
Q

how are muscles attached

A

by tendons and the bones act as anchors that muscles can pull on, muscles you use in sport need strong points to attach to

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2
Q

how do joints work w bones

A

joints work together with bones and muscles to form levers so that a small force can generate a bigger force

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3
Q

what is vital for developing strong bones

A

calcium and phosphorus are vital for developing and maintaining strong and healthy bones. best source is milk cheese and yoghurt

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4
Q

what are five functions of skeleton

A
  1. protection (ribs , scapula)
  2. muscle attachment
  3. movement
  4. storage of calcium & phosphorus
  5. platelets , red &white blood cell production
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5
Q

what four things can bones be categorized into

A

short

flat

irregular

long

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6
Q

function of long bones

A

bones that are longer than they are wide, like a femur. these place a key part in leverage and movement

example: humerus, radius , ulna, tibia, fibula , metatarsals , phalanges , femur , metacarpals

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7
Q

function of short bones

A

bones that are box - like in shape, like tarsals. these are designed to be weight bearing .

example: tarsals, carpals

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8
Q

function of flat bones

A

thin, plate bones that act like a shell, such as the cranium. they provide protection and a large surface to which muscles can attach

example: scapula, cranium, clavicle, ribs, pelvis, sternum

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9
Q

function of irregular bones

A

unusually shaped bones for a unique purpose, like vertebrae. these also provide protection and a large surface to which muscles can attach

example: vertebral column & patella

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10
Q

what is a joint

A

a joint is where two or more bones meet and they allow movement

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11
Q

what are four types of joints

A

pivot (atlas, axis)
hinge (elbow)
ball and socket (hip bone)
condyloid (wrist )

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12
Q

function of pivot joint

A

allow bones to rotate

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13
Q

function of hinge joint

A

only allow hack and forwards motion (like a door)

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14
Q

function of ball and socket joint

A

rounded head of a long bone (the ball) fits into a cup shaped socket

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15
Q

function of condyloid joint

A

similiar to a ball and socket joint but ball rests against the end of a bone rather than inside a socket

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16
Q

definition and examples of flexion

A

a bending movement that decreases the angle between body parts e.g downward phase of press up

joints ball &socket, condyloid , hinge

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17
Q

definition joins and examples of extension

A

angle at a joint is increased straightening a hinge and condyloid joint

moves backwards at ball and socket joint

example playing shot in tennis

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18
Q

definition joints and examples of abduction

A

when a limb is moved away from mid line

ball & socket joint or condyloid

e.g back hand in tennis

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19
Q

definition joints and examples of adducton

A

when a limb is brought back to wards the middle

ball and socket or condyloid

example: forehand in tennis

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20
Q

definition joints and examples of rotation

A

twisting action where part of body twists around it’s long axis

pivot joint or ball and socket

gymnastics

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21
Q

definition example and joints of circumduction

A

combination of flexion, abduction , adduction &extension

ball and socket condyloid

back stroke & swimming

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22
Q

definition example and example of dorsi-flexion

A

only seen at ankle when toes are raised towards shin

hinge joint

stopping a football

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23
Q

definition examples and joints of plantar-flexion

A

only at ankles when toes are pointed away from shin

hinge joint

kicking a football

24
Q

what are ligaments and tendons

A

strong fibrous tissue

25
Q

what are tendons

A

non elastic

muscle to bone at a joint

26
Q

what are ligaments

A

elastic
bone to bone
stability - prevent dislocations

27
Q

what are 3 types of muscle

A

voluntary (skeletal) - think about to control

involuntary (smooth) - automagically happens don’t think about it

cardiac - only muscle in heart , technically involuntary

28
Q

definition of voluntary muscle

A

under your control, attached to skeleton , cylindrical fibres (usually long and thin) make up 43% of mans mass and 36% of woman’s mass

29
Q

definition of involuntary muscle

A

not under your control, controlled by involuntary nervous system, found in organs in digestive , circulatory and urinary system , spindle shaped fibres , control pressure and volume in blood vessels

30
Q

definition of cardiac muscle

A

only found in wall of heart, no control whatsoever interlaced fibres, regulates heart rate , an electrical impulse causes our heart to beat (causes muscle to contract )

31
Q

3 functions of muscle

A

muscles work in pairs (antagonist & agonist)

muscles can only pull

as one contracts (shortens) the other relaxes (lengthens to allow movement )

32
Q

how to remneber antagonist and agonist pairs

A

agonist contracts gets shorter , agonist is a shorter word

antagonist relaxes & lengthens - longer word

33
Q

what is a type 1 muscle fibres & P+N and sporting example

A

slow twitch muscle fibres are designed to work aerobically as excellent at using oxygen to help create energy. very well suited to endurance events such as the 10,000m and marathon as they do not fatigue quickly

positives - high aerobic capacity , high fatigue resistance

negatives - low speed & force of contraction , low anaerobic capacity

sporting example : long distance running (10,000 m & marathon )

34
Q

what is a type IIa muscle fibres

A

designed to work anaerobically , they contract quickly with high force , but are able to work for relatively long time , well suited to dynamic and relatively fast - paced activities lasting 30 seconds to 2 mins

positives: high speed & force of contraction , good strength and speed endurance
negatives: not as fatigue- resistant

sporting examples: 800m runners, central field invasion game players

35
Q

type 2x muscle fibres and P+N and sport examples

A

pure , fast twitch muscle fibers which work anaerobically. they contract very quickly and with huge force. they are explosive fibre. high intensity bursts of activity such as the 100m event. they fatigue very quickly and can of be used for long as they built lactic acid rapidly

positives : very high speed & force of contraction very high anaerobic capacity

negatives: very low aerobic capacity, very low fatigue resistance

sport example : 100 m sprint

36
Q

functions of cardiovascular system

A

transport & clotting

37
Q

what does transport do in CV system

A

blood carries oxygen and nutrients (glucose) which are needed for the body to work . waste products are carried away like CO2 & lactic acid. requirements for oxygen & nutrients go up when we excercise

38
Q

what does clotting do in function of CV system

A

platelets in the body form clots. when you get a cut , a clot is formed which is known as a scab in order to prevent against infections by stealing the wound. prevents from excessive bleeding further infection and injuries are not life threatening

39
Q

what are functions of hesrt

A

temp regulation

vasodilation

40
Q

what does temperature regulation do in heart

A

body can maintain temperature fairly effectively around 37 degrees c by controlling internal diameter (lumen) of blood vessels

41
Q

what does vasodilation do in hesrt

A

when you are too hot blood flow increases to skin more physical activity means more heat

42
Q

info abt capillaries

A

one cell thick

blood becomes de-oxygenated at capillaries

key during physical activity as allow oxygen to whether muscles through diffusion

each single capillary is very narrow. blood cells have to travel through one at a tome slowing blood down

43
Q

info on artery

A

thick muscular walls and lumens

caddy oxygenated except pulmonary which carries de oxygenated

during excercises, arteries to active muscles dilate: means they increase diameter allowin more oxygenated blood to be carried to working muscles

in excercise , arteries to inactive muscle and organs constrict. means they reduce in diameter and less blood is carried to inactive areas of body

involuntary muscle in wall is always under slight tension

44
Q

info on veins

A

thinner walls than arteries and larger lumen than arteries

low blood pressure and travels low speed

carry deoxygenated blood except pulmonary vein which carries oxygenated

45
Q

direction of blood flow for all 3 blood vessels

A

artery - away
vein - towards
capillary - from artery to vein

46
Q

lumen diameter for all 3 vessels

A

artery - small
vein- large
capillary - small

47
Q

wall thickness for all 3 vessels

A

artery - thick

vein - thin

capillary - very thin , 1 cell thick

48
Q

blood pressure for all 3 vessels

A

artery - high

vein - low

capillary - low

49
Q

valves pressure for all 3 vessels

A

artery - no
vein - yes
capillary - no

50
Q

function of red blood cells

A

responsible for oxygen transport

51
Q

function of white blood cells

A

fight against disease and infection and travel in blood

52
Q

function of platelets

A

clot in order to prevent blood loss during an injury

53
Q

function of plasma

A

liquid part of the blood

54
Q

what is an embolism

A

a blocked artery caused by foreign body such as blood clots or air bubbles or a layer of plaque (fat) builds up causing a narrow vessel

55
Q

what is deep vein thrombosis

A

develops in a deep vein usually in leg (vein in calf at thigh )

leads to pain and swelling

can lead to pulmonary embolism

56
Q

why do blood clots in a vein occur

A

blood clots in a vein occur when person becomes immobilized and muscles are not contracting to push blood back to heart. stagnant blood begins to form small clots along walls of vein. initial clot grow gradually to partially or completely block vein and prevent blood from returning to heart

pe gcse (4 decks)

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