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Molecular Basis of Disease > Complications of diabetes > Flashcards

Complications of diabetes Flashcards

1
Q

What causes the chronic impact of diabetes?

A

The development of macrovascular and microvascular complications.

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2
Q

What factors are associated with risk of diabetes complications?

A

Length of diabetes duration

Control of diabetes

Genetics

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3
Q

What is microvascular disease related to?

A

Duration and severity of hyperglycemia

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4
Q

Diabetes is the most frequent cause of new cases of blindness among adults aged 20 to 74

TRUE or FALSE

A

TRUE

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5
Q

Diabetic neuropathy is the most common cause of lower limb amputation

TRUE or FALSE

A

TRUE

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6
Q

What is the most common cause of death in diabetics?

A

Myocardial infarctions

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7
Q

What percentage of ESRD patients are diabetics?

A

40%

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8
Q

Which organs are primarily affected by microvascular complications?

A

Eye

Kidney

Neuropathy

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9
Q

Which organs are primarily affected by macrovascular complications?

A

Brain

Heart

Extremities

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10
Q

What are microvascular complications?

A

Small blood vessel damage which occurs when blood glucose levels have been persistently high over a long period of time

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11
Q

What are the consequences of microvascular complications in the eye?

A

Retinopathy

Cataracts

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12
Q

What are the consequences of microvascular complications in the kidneys?

A

Nephropathy

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13
Q

What are the consequences of microvascular complications in the feet?

A

Neuropathy

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14
Q

What are the consequences of microvascular complications in the sexual organs?

A

Erectile dysfunction

High risk pregnancies

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15
Q

What are the consequences of microvascular complications in the digestive system?

A

Autonomic neuropathy

Gastroparesis

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16
Q

What percentage of type I diabetics present with diabetic retinopathy?

A

90%

17
Q

What is diabetic retinopathy?

A

Proliferative complication caused by the growth of new blood vessels to compensate for poor blood supply

18
Q

What is the main treatment used to prevent microvascular complications?

A

Intensive therapy to maintain blood glucose at normal healthy levels

19
Q

What are macrovascular complications?

A

Caused by damage of the large blood vessels

20
Q

What are the risk factors of macrovascular complications?

A

Occurs as a result of diabetes, raised cholesterol, high blood pressure and smoking

21
Q

What are the consequences of macrovascular complications on the heart?

A

Angina

Heart attacks

22
Q

What are the consequences of macrovascular complications on the circulation?

A

Atherosclerosis

23
Q

What are the consequences of macrovascular complications on the brain?

A

Stroke

Cerebrovascular disease

24
Q

What are the main types of management used to control diabetes?

A

Assessment of blood glucose

Self-monitoring

Blood-glucose-lowering therapies

Management of blood lipids

CV risk assessment

Blood pressure management

25
Q

What interventions have led to a reduction in the incidence of diabetes complications?

A

Regular screening

Better treatments for diabetes

Lower targets for blood glucose

26
Q

What is the best therapy to treat diabetes?

A

Aggressive therapy

27
Q

What does diabetic control refer to?

A

The extent to which metabolism in the diabetic person differs from that in the non-diabetic person

Focused on blood glucose measurements

28
Q

What is classified as good glucose control?

A

Near normal blood glucose concentrations throughout the day

29
Q

How is glucose control assessed?

A

HbA1c

30
Q

What are the different types of insulin available?

A

Short-acting

Rapid-acting

Intermediate-acting

Long-acting

31
Q

Where are the areas of the body where insulin is absorbed the fastest?

A

Lower stomach

Thighs

32
Q

Where are the areas of the body where insulin is absorbed the slowest?

A

Buttocks

Back of the arm

33
Q

What is hyperglycaemia?

A

State of severe uncontrolled diabetes

Caused by insulin deficiency

34
Q

What is hypoglycaemia?

A

State of low blood glucose levels

Common side-effect of insulin treatment

35
Q

What are insulin delivery systems?

A

Pumps that deliver continuous subcutaneous insulin infusions

Infuse insulin at variable rates

Mimics non-diabetic insulin secretion through basal rate and is boosted in meal times

36
Q

What types of diabetes medications are available?

A

Glucose-lowering tablets

Glucose-lowering injections

Insulin

Molecular Basis of Disease (28 decks)

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