Complications Of Diabetes

Question 1

Management of complications of diabetes?

Answer 1

Control lifestyle and macro/microvascular risk

• stop smoking
• self management/goals : diet and exercise and nutrition
• BP <140/80, 130/80 if microvascular disease
• cholesterol
• aspirin for CDH
• ACEi for CKD
• good glycemic control

Question 2

What are you looking for on fundoscopy in diabetic patients?

Answer 2

Background - hard exudates, blot haemorrhages

Cotton wool spots (iscemia)

Neovascularisation

Laser scars

Question 3

Managing the patients in DKA?

Answer 3

• history, examination,
• investigate - ABG, bloods (FBC, U&E, ketones, BM, TFT…), ECG, CXR,
• treatment - fluids, insulin, ?K

Question 4

Calculating osmolatity

Answer 4

2 Na + 2 K + urea + glucose all in mmol/L

Question 5

Treating HHS

Answer 5

Fluids - slowly - 10/20L
Looking for fall in osmolality
(Don’t give insulin)

Question 6

Treatment for Hypoglycemia

Answer 6

<4… give sugary drink if conscious

Unconscious - 20% dextrose 75mL.