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Complex molecules Flashcards

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1
Q

Why is carbon a versatile atom?

A
  1. It’s abundance
  2. It’s four valance electrons
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2
Q

What are functional groups?

A

Specific molecules that are commonly attached to carbon based molecules. Considered as bones of organic molecules

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3
Q

” R “ represents?

A

The varying functional groups

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4
Q

What are isomers?

A

Organic molecules that have the same number of atoms but different structures

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5
Q

4 main classes of molecules

A
  1. Carbohydrates
  2. Lipids
  3. Nucleic Acid
  4. Proteins
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6
Q

What’s a monomer?

A

Smallest possible version of the main molecules

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7
Q

What’s a macro molecule?

A

A complicated combination of 2 or more polymers.

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8
Q

Monomers are bonded through?

A

Dehydration synthesis

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9
Q

Another word for dehydration synthesis?

A

Condensation synthesis

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10
Q

What is dehydration synthesis?

A

H+ and OH- react, they are removed from they’re original position and a bond is formed, water is a bi product

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11
Q

The reverse of dehydration synthesis

A

Hydrolysis

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12
Q

What happens in hydrolysis?

A

A water is added to where the polymer bond is, and is broken down into H+ and OH- ions

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13
Q

Another name for carbohydrates?

A

Saccharides

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14
Q

Molecules in carbohydrates

A

Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
With hydrogen and oxygen in 2:1 ratio like water

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15
Q

Carbohydrates are mostly associated with??

A

Food

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16
Q

General formula of carbohydrates?

A

CH2O

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17
Q

Composition of carbohydrates?

A

3-7 carbons in a ring shape.

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18
Q

Large groups of saccharides are called?

A

Polysaccharides

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19
Q

3 Common monosaccharides

A

Fructose
Glucose
Galactose

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20
Q

Common disaccharides

A

Sucrose
Maltose
Lactose

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21
Q

Glucose + fructose?

A

Sucrose

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22
Q

Glucose + galactose

A

Lactose

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23
Q

Glucose + glucose?

A

Maltose

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24
Q

What are complex saccharides used for?

A

Long term energy storage or structural support

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25
Q

Polysaccharides are largely composed of the __ smaller molecules

A

Same

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26
Q

What does the method of bonding in polysaccharides effect?

A

The strength
Location
Orientation of the Molecule

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27
Q

Simple and disaccharides will end in __ while polysaccharides will abandon the __ ending

A

“-ose”

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28
Q

2 types of polysaccharides in plants?

A

Cellulose
Starch

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29
Q

What is starch used for in plants?

A

Long term energy storage

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30
Q

Polysaccharides in starch

A

Amylose
Amylopectin

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31
Q

The bonding in starch is ___ and ___ break down

A

Weak, easy

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32
Q

Starch react with?

A

O2

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33
Q

Cellulose and starch are composed of___ glucose molecules

A

Thousands

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34
Q

Cellulose is used for in plants?

A

Cell wall structure

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35
Q

Cellulose bonds are?

A

Strong and difficult to break down

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36
Q

What do animals use for long term energy storage

A

Glycogen

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37
Q

Glycogen is composed of?

A

Multiple glucose molecules. 16- 24 glucose units

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38
Q

what elements do lipids contain?

A

Hydrogen and carbon

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39
Q

How are lipids linked?

A

By non polar covalent bonds

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40
Q

4 major types of lipids?

A

Neutral fats and oils
Phospholipids
Waxes
Steroids

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41
Q

3 characteristic of neutral fats

A

Non polar
Hydrophobic
Lack acidic or basic groups

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42
Q

Animals use neutral fats to??

A

Long term energy storage
Insulation of the body
Cushioning around the organs

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43
Q

why is a triglyceride called a triglyceride?

A

cuz it has 3 fatty acid molecules and 1 molecule of glycerol

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44
Q

are fatty acids a functional group?

A

yes

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45
Q

composition of fatty acids?

A

carbon and hydrogen chains (16-18 carbons long) + a carboxyl acid group (COOH).

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46
Q

2 types of fatty acids?

A

saturated
unsaturated

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47
Q

which type of fatty acid has NO double bonds? and how’s hydrogen frequency in the said fatty acid?

A

saturated fatty acids
contain maximum number of hydrogen atoms possible (saturated with hydrogen)

48
Q

which type of fatty acid has double bonds? and where are they usually?

A

unsaturated fatty acids
the bonds occupy the space where otherwise hydrogen would bond

49
Q

straight chains of fatty acids in?
and what’s advantage of having straight chains?

A

saturated fatty acids
it allows them to pack tightly together giving them the ability to stay as solids in room temp

50
Q

bent chains of fatty acids in?
and what’s result of having bent chains?

A

unsaturated fatty acids
cannot pack as tightly and as a result is liquid in room temp

51
Q

what are poly unsaturated fats?

A

unsaturated fatty acids with multiple double bonds in their carbon chain.

52
Q

what’s a characteristic of polyunsaturated fatty acids?

A

more bent and even less stable

53
Q

how are transfats formed?

A

by hydrogenating unsaturated fatty acids.

54
Q

why are unsaturated fatty acids hydrogenated into trans fats?

A

for easier storage

55
Q

why are trans fats called trans fats?

A

because they have functional groups that’s are not in the same side. (trans in latin = across)

56
Q

what’s the type of fat with the “kink” shape? and why?

A

trans fats
due to the crossed functional groups

57
Q

why is the “kink” shaped fatty acid molecule thick and rigid?

A

due to the less membrane fluidity due to the “kink” shape

58
Q

why are trans fats bad?

A

the increased membrane rigidity, inhibit cell’s ability to communicate with the surrounding environment ( as well as other cell processes)

59
Q

the increased intake of trans fats have been linked to? ( diseases)

A

heart attacks
type 2 diabetes
stokes

60
Q

composition of phospholipids?

A

2 fatty acid chains
glycerol
phosphate groups

61
Q

the charge of the 2 fatty acids in phospholipids and form what region?

A

neutral, tail region that’s hydrophobic

62
Q

the charge of the glycerol and phosphate group in fatty acids and they form what region?

A

polar, head region which is hydrophilic

63
Q

where can phospholipid be found?

A

in the semi permeable cell membrane

64
Q

what are waxes composed of?

A

one fatty acid + alcohol group

65
Q

2 characteristics of waxes ?

A

moderate melting point
more hydrophobic than fats

66
Q

uses of waxes?

A

to repel water
to build structure as they are maliable

67
Q

what are steroids composed of?

A

four fused rings of carbon and a additional functional group

68
Q

why are steroids considered as a lipids although they are different from other lipids??

A

cuz they’re hydrophobic and insoluble in water

69
Q

how are the four carbon rings of steroids composed?

A

3 hexagons and a pentagon

70
Q

what’s the advantage of the unique composition of steroids?

A

increase membrane fluidity
act as a signalling molecule

71
Q

what are proteins composed of (monomers)?

A

amino acids

72
Q

how many possible amino acids are there?

A

20

73
Q

what are the five elements that compose amino acids?

A

carbon
nitrogen
oxygen
sulphur
hydrogen

74
Q

what is the alpha carbon atom in amino acids? and how is it bonded?

A

the central carbon atom in amino acids that’s bonded to:
a hydrogen atom
a carboxyl group
and the “R” group

75
Q

how do amino acids bond together?

A

through dehydration synthesis

76
Q

how does dehydration synthesis work?

A

the OH group from the carboxyl section of the amino acids and the H group from the amine group bond to produce a water molecule

77
Q

what does the carbon of the carboxyl group attach to after the water molecule is formed?

A

the nitrogen of the amine group

78
Q

the bond linking 2 amino acids?

A

peptide bond

79
Q

what are chains of amino acids called?

A

peptides

80
Q

what’s an oligo peptide?

A

a few amino acids

81
Q

why is it important that the polypeptide chains are joined in the appropriate sequence?

A

cuz the failure to do so can make improperly functioning proteins and lead to diseases like sickle cell disease or cystic fibrosis

82
Q

4 structures of protein folding

A

primary
secondary
tertiary
quaternary

83
Q

describe the primary structure of protein folding

A

an amino acid sequence

84
Q

describe the secondary structure of protein folding

A

coiling and folding of the poly peptide sequence

85
Q

describe the tertiary structure of protein folding

A

overall 3D structure of the polypeptide sequence

86
Q

describe the quaternary structure of protein folding

A

proteins with multiple polypeptide chains bound together to form a more complex protein

87
Q

what are the bonds between amino acids in the primary structure?

A

peptide bonds

88
Q

what are the bonds between amino acids in the secondary structure? be specific

A

hydrogen bonds
occurring between hydrogen in the amine and the oxygen in the carboxyl group

89
Q

what are the two shapes of proteins folded in the secondary structure?

A

alpha helix and beta plated

90
Q

what are the two shapes of proteins folded in the tertiary structure?

A

globular or fibrous

91
Q

what are the bonds between amino acids in the tertiary structure?

A

hydrogen or sulphur bonds ( disulphide bridge)

92
Q

what do you call different polypeptide chains in a protein in the quaternary structure?

A

subunits

93
Q

name 2 proteins with subunits

A

hemoglobin (4)
collagen (3)

94
Q

when does the protein folding become undone?

A

when they are subjected to an environment out of they’re preferred range

95
Q

what is denaturing?

A

a protein losing it’s shape due to unfavourable conditions.

96
Q

what is renaturing and is it always possible?

A

returning of a protein to it’s original composition after the inhibiting factor is removed and no it’s not always possible

97
Q

what do u call the process that makes a protein permanently denature?

A

coagulation

98
Q

give 5 reasons why proteins may denature

A

a drastic change in pH
a drastic change in temp
heavy metals
radiation
a drastic change in salt concentration outside the protein

99
Q

why do proteins denature when we’re cooking food?

A

cuz we use heat to break the chemical bonds within the food and that includes the bonds within proteins

100
Q

how are the proteins within cured meat denatured?

A

by subjecting the meat to acidic substances or salt

101
Q

can proteins be denatured by extreme cold temperatures?

A

yes

102
Q

2 types of nucleic acids

A

ribs nucleic acid ( RNA )
deoxyribonucleic acid ( DNA)

103
Q

monomers of nucleic acids?

A

nucleotides

104
Q

3 components of nucleic acids?

A

5 carbon/pentose sugar
phosphate group
nitrogen base

105
Q

what’s the pentose sugar in RNA and DNA?

A

ribose
deoxyribose ( de-oxy, no oxygen)

106
Q

what are the two groups of nitrogen bases and what’s the difference?

A

purine : 2 rings of carbon
pyrimidine : 1 ring of carbon

107
Q

name the purines

A

Guanine and Adenine
( Pur-ag)

108
Q

name the Pyrimidines

A

Cytosine
Uracil
Thymine

109
Q

which nucleic acid type has Thymine and which has Uracil?

A

DNA has thymine
RNA has uracil

110
Q

DNA and RNA are used to?

A

store genetic info

111
Q

the shape of DNA and RNA ( different answers)

A

DNA - double helix
RNA - spiral

112
Q

through what bonds is the DNA held together and where do they occur?

A

hydrogen bonds between nitrogen bases

113
Q

what does ATP mean?

A

alanine tri-phosphate

114
Q

what is ATP used for?

A

as an energy source for cells

115
Q

the composition of ATP?

A

ribose sugar
adanine base
3 phosphate molecules

116
Q

when does ATP turn into ADP?

A

when the the bond between the last 2 phosphate molecules is broken for energy.

Bio molecules (1 decks)

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