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introductory biochemistry > Complex Lipids > Flashcards

Complex Lipids Flashcards

1
Q

Only a very small percentage of fatty acid residues in living systems exist as free fatty acids. Normally, they are esterified to what?

A

A glycerol moiety

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2
Q

What are monoacylglycerides (MAGs)?

A

A glycerol attached to a fatty acid

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3
Q

What are the two forms of monoacylglycerides (MAGs) that exist?

A

1-monoacylglycerol and 2-monoacylglycerol

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4
Q

Dysregulation of monoacylglyceride synthesis can lead to what?

A

Cancer

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5
Q

Monoacylglycerol lipids contain ___ that are believed to be anti-inflammatory.

A

An omega-3 fatty acid

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6
Q

What is a diacylglycerol?

A

Two fatty acid residues esterified to glycerol

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7
Q

What are the two forms in which diacylglycerols exist in?

A

1,2-diacylglycerol and 1,3-diacylglycerol

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8
Q

How are diacylglycerides formed?

A

Either as a by-product of Triacylglyceride biosynthesis or metabolism

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9
Q

What is the function of diacylglycerides?

A

They act as secondary lipid mediators during cell signalling

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10
Q

What are triacylglycerols?

A

Three fatty acid residues esterified to glycerol

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11
Q

Where are triacylglycerols found?

A

Primary in adipose tissue, the liver and the intestine

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12
Q

What is the function of triacylglycerols?

A

They are effective storage molecules

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13
Q

The metabolism of one glucose molecule generates around 30 ATP. How many ATP molecules are produced from the metabolism of one palmitate via fatty acid oxidation?

A

106

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14
Q

What are homotriglycerides?

A

All three fatty acids are identical in the triacylglycerol

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15
Q

Do triacylglycerols with short fatty acid chains have lower or higher melting points than those with long chains?

A

Lower melting points

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16
Q

Do triacylglycerols with only single bonds have lower or higher melting points than triacylglycerols with some double bonds?

A

Higher

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17
Q

A triacylglycerol (18:0) and a triacylglycerol (18:1) are melted. Which has the higher melting point?

A

The (18:0) triacylglycerol

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18
Q

Triacylglyercols have different melting points depending on the degree of fatty acid saturation. How is this?

A

Triacylglycerols containing double bonds have lower melting points as the double bond introduces kinks in the hydrocarbon chain. This makes molecular packing more difficult

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19
Q

Diets containing high amounts on saturated fatty acids are associated with stress to cellular organelles and what other health conditions?

A
  1. Increasing blood cholesterol
  2. Diabetes
  3. An established link between insulin resistance and Alzheimer’s disease
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20
Q

What are glycolipids?

A

Lipids that are based on a glycerol backbone

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21
Q

What are phosphoglycerides?

A

They are phospholipids - glycerolipids that contain a phosphate group

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22
Q

What are the six phospholipid classes?

A
  1. PS
  2. PC
  3. PE
  4. PI
  5. PG
  6. PA
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23
Q

Which is of the phospholipid classes is the simplest?

A

Phosphatidic acid (PA)

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24
Q

What does phosphatidic acid (PA) contribute to?

A

Membrane fission and fusion

25
Q

What are the functions of phosphatidic acid (PA)?

A
  1. Induces membrane curvature
  2. Recruits proteins required for membrane fission/fusion
  3. Activates enzymes whose products play a role in membrane fission/fusion
  4. Substrate for enzymes producing other lipids
26
Q

Where does phosphatidylinositol (PI) tend to be located?

A

The inner membrane

27
Q

What is the function of phosphatidylinositol (PI)?

A

It is an important precursor for multiple signalling molecules and are secondary signalling molecules important for cell fission/fusion, and protein trafficking

28
Q

What is the structure of phosphatidylglycerol (PG)?

A

Contains the standard glycerol backbone and the other side of the phosphate group is another glycerol moiety

29
Q

What is the function of phosphatidylglycerol (PG)?

A

It is a major component in bacterial membranes and in the leaves of plants

30
Q

What is the structure of DiPosphatidylglycerol (diPG)?

A

It contains the standard glycerol backbone and there is a phosphate group at both the first and third carbons where two glycerol-lipids attach

31
Q

What is the function of DiPhosphatidylglycerol (diPG)?

A

It is an important membrane phospholipid component for membranes that generate ATP

32
Q

Cardiolipin is an example of a DiPhosphatidylglycerol (diPG). Abnormalities in the enzyme responsible for modelling cardiolipin in membranes can lead to what?

A

Heart problems, such as Barth syndrome

33
Q

Phosphatidylserine (PS) lipids contain what at the other side to the phosphate group?

A

An amino acid, serine

34
Q

Where are phosphatidylserine (PS) lipids found?

A

Only on the internal membrane, particularly in neuronal cells

35
Q

A subset of platelets externalise phosphatidylserine (PS) to trigger coagulation and form a what?

A

A platelet plug

36
Q

Phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) are common constituents of what membranes?

A

Animal membranes

37
Q

The outer membrane leaflet of animal membranes is rich in what phospholipid class?

A

Phosphatidylcholine (PC)

38
Q

The inner membrane leaflet of animal membranes is rich in what phospholipid class?

A

Phosphatidylethanolamine (PE)

39
Q

Dysregulation of phospholipids PC:PE is promoted by what disease?

A

Diabetes

40
Q

Phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) supports what process in the ATP metabolic pathway?

A

Oxidative phosphorylation

41
Q

What are prions?

A

Proteins that have misfolded and cause other proteins to take on an incorrect shape

42
Q

Glycerolipids are targeted at specific locations for hydrolysis by what type of enzymes?

A

Phospholipase enzymes

43
Q

Fatty acids can be attached to a sn-1 position of a phospholipid via one of what three types of bond?

A
  1. Acyl
  2. Ether
  3. Plasmalogen
44
Q

Different lysophospholipids-1 and lysophospholipids-2 can bind to what specific different receptors?

A

7-transmembrane G protein-coupled receptors

45
Q

Sphingolipids are an important group of phospholipids. Where are they found?

A

In mammalian membranes, especially those in nervous tissue

46
Q

The backbone in sphingolipids is not glycerol, but is ___.

A

Sphingosine

47
Q

What quality do sphingolipids help to induce in membranes?

A

Membrane permeability

48
Q

Is ceramide very hydrophobic or hydrophilic?

A

Very hydrophobic, helps to prevent water evaporation through the skin

49
Q

In what conditions are the levels of ceramides in the skin reduced?

A
  1. Dermatitis
  2. Eczema
  3. Dry skin
  4. Ageing
50
Q

Sphingomyelins are vital for cell viability and are important signalling molecules. What component of the nervous system do they make up?

A

The myelin sheath

51
Q

What complex lipid do Schwann cells contain a high content of?

A

Sphingomyelin

52
Q

Glycolipids, or glycosphingolipids, are sugar-containing lipids. Where are they derived from in animal cells?

A

Sphingosine

53
Q

What lipid is the most prominent member of a large group of substances called ‘steroids’?

A

Cholesterol

54
Q

Cholesterol is a precursor for the synthesis of many important steroid hormones. What are the three most common hormones?

A
  1. Progesterones
  2. Estrogens
  3. Androgens (including testosterone)
55
Q

Cholesterol is a precursor of Vitamin D. What is Vitamin D important for, in terms of diet?

A

Vitamin D helps absorb calcium and phosphate from the diet

56
Q

What type of acid is important for cholesterol removal and aiding lipid digestion?

A

Bile acids

57
Q

What is the major structural lipid in animals?

A

Phospholipids

58
Q

What is the major structural lipid in plants?

A

Glycosyl glycerides

59
Q

A lipid contains a hydrocarbon chain, a sphingosine backbone, a fatty acid, and a sugar unit. What lipid is it?

A

A glycolipid

introductory biochemistry (16 decks)

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