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Ecology test.2 > Competition and predation > Flashcards

Competition and predation Flashcards

1
Q

Competition

A

2 organisms use the same resource or seek that resource to the detriment of both

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2
Q

Predation

A

one animal species eat all or a part of a second animal’s species

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3
Q

Herbivory

A

One animal species eat all or part of a plant species

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4
Q

Parasitism

A

2 species live in a physically close obligatory association in which the parasite depends metabolically on the host

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5
Q

Disease

A

an association between a pathogenic microorganism and a host species in which the host suffers physiologically

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6
Q

Mutualism

A

2 species live in close association with one another to the benefit of both

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7
Q

Resource competition

A

when a number of organisms of the same or different species use common resources that are in short supply

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8
Q

What is resource competition also known as?

A

scramble/exploitative competition

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9
Q

Interference competition

A

occurs when the organisms seeking a resource harm one another in the process, even if teh resource is not in short supply

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10
Q

Gause’s hypothesis

A

2 species displace each other which means each takes possession of certain foods and modes of life in which it has advantages over its competitor

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11
Q

The Competitive exclusion principle (CCCC)

A

complete competition cannot coexist - Hardin 1960

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12
Q

Realised Niche

A

Observed resource use of a species in the presence of competition

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13
Q

How did Grinnell define the niche in 1917?

A

a subdivision of the habitat, each niche being occupied by one species

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14
Q

How did Elton define the niche in 1927?

A

the role of a species in a community

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15
Q

How did Hutchiinson define the niche in 1958

A

The n dimensional hypervolume or fundamental niche of teh species is the set of resources it can use in the absence of competition and other biotic interactions

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16
Q

Name 3 times when competitive exclusion DOESNT occur in natural population

A

1) the environment is unstable and populations don’t reach equilibrium
2) resources are not limiting
3) the environment fluctuates such that the direction of competition reverses before extinction occurs

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17
Q

Why is it that in stable environments, closely related species still live together?

A
  • competition was always rare in nature

- competition has been common in nature, but species have adapted to avoid it

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18
Q

Tern species on Christmas island, Pacific ocean

A

they partition food by collecting different sized fish

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19
Q

Resource partitioning

A

when similar but different species use the same resource but use different parts of it evenly

20
Q

How common is competition according to Krebs 2002?

A

found in 218 studies, covering 93 species

21
Q

what could differences in resource use among closely related species be a by product of? (2)

A
  • competition in the past

- speciation - i.e shift not due to competition

22
Q

describe the effects of limited similarity?

A
  • limited overlap allows both species to coexist

- strong overlap drives one species to extinction to exploit a different range of resources

23
Q

Name one consequence of competition and the problem of this

A

species may diverge in some way where they occur together

- may reinforce reproductive barriers in closely related species

24
Q

Give an example of character displacement

A

beak sizes in Darwin’s finches on Galapagos

25
Q

What does the theory of k selection and r selection relate to?

A

Evolution of competitive ability

26
Q

What does k selection represent?

A

Resource competition

27
Q

What does R selection represent?

A

Colonization and growth

28
Q

What is the main difference between r selected and k selected animals in this theory?

A
  • R selected animals rarely suffer from interspecific competition whereas k selected animals DO suffer regularly
29
Q

Do k selected or r selected animals use NO competitive ability?

A

R selected animals

30
Q

How is effect size calculated?

A

mean biomass of control group - mean biomass of the experimental group / standard deviation of both groups pooled

31
Q

What is character displacement?

A

when differences among similar species whose distributions overlap geographically are emphasised in areas where the species co occur, but are minimized where teh distributions don’t overlap

32
Q

In Grime’s triangle of plsnt life history strategies; the CSR model, what does CSR stand for?

A

C- competitive
S - stress tolerant
R - ruderal

33
Q

What does ruderal mean?

A

a plant growing on wasteland or rubbish e.g. a weed

34
Q

In what conditions do you find ruderal r strategy according to Grime’s theory?

A
  • High intensity of disturbace

- Low intensity of stress

35
Q

Name the 5 types of predator

A
  • carnivore
  • herbivore
  • insect parasitoid lay eggs on host
  • plants/aniamls live on their hosts
  • cannibal
36
Q

What are the three main roles of predation?

A
  • restricts distribution or reduce abundance of prey
  • affects organisation of a community
  • drivees natural selection and adaption
37
Q

What is the difference between competition and apparent competition?

A

competition involves 2 predators and one herbivore whereas apparent involves 2 predators and 2 herbivores (so no competition)

38
Q

What is the main difference between apparent and normal competition?

A

apparent; competition between prey drives the pattern

normal; competition through exploitation of a shared prey

39
Q

What is significant about the Skunks in North Dakota? (2)

A

if you remove skunks from wetlands, there is a bounce back in the nestlings of waterfowls
- more duck eggs hatched when skunks were removed from waterfowl areas

40
Q

What is significant about dingos and red kangaroos in new south wales?

A
  • where dingo numbers are controlled, red kangaroos increase
41
Q

Name the 4 components of predation?

A

1 - numerical response
2- functional response
3- aggregative response
4- developmental response

42
Q

Numerical response

A

where the density of predators in a given area increase by reproduction

43
Q

Functional response

A

where the number of prey eaten by individual predators changes, often with prey density

44
Q

Aggregative response

A

where individual predators move into and concentrate in the study area

45
Q

Developmental response

A

where individual predators eat more or less prey as predators grow towards maturity

46
Q

Total response

A

% of prey organisms eaten per unit time by the entire predator population, plotted against prey density

47
Q

Define competitive exclusion/ Gauses Law

A

the inevitable elimination from a habitat of one of two different species with identical needs for resources.

Ecology test.2 (2 decks)

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