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BI2135: Ecology > Competition > Flashcards

Competition Flashcards

1
Q

Define competition.

A

An interaction brought about by a shared requirement for a resource in limited supply.

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2
Q

Define a resource.

A

Something that may be used up or consumed. Can be renewable or unrenewable.

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3
Q

Define scramble/exploitative competition.

A

Indirect competition. Approximately equal resource division.

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4
Q

Define interference/contest competition.

A

Direct competition. Resource division can vary greatly.

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5
Q

Define apparent competition.

A

Competition between 2 organisms not mediated by a resource. For example a shared parasite/predator.

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6
Q

How do scramble competition and interference competition impact population dynamics?

A

Scramble competition causes boom-bust dynamics. Interference competition causes population stability.

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7
Q

What are some proximate effects of competition?

A

Lost food/mates/territory.

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8
Q

What are some ultimate effects of competition?

A

Reduced fecundity and survivorship.

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9
Q

Does intraspecific or interspecific competition result in extinction of a species?

A

Interspecific competition.

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10
Q

What are the 3 options for competing?

A

Move/Migrate, adapt or die (not recommended.

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11
Q

Define self-thinning.

A

Progressive decline in density but an increase in biomass of the remaining individuals.

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12
Q

What do plants compete for above ground?

A

Light, CO2, favourable temperatures and pollinators.

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13
Q

What do plants compete for below ground?

A

Minerals, nutrients and water.

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14
Q

What wavelength of light is used in photosynthesis?

A

400-700nm - Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR).

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15
Q

What % of PAR is reflected?

A

10%

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16
Q

What % of PAR is absorbed by the canopy?

A

79%

17
Q

What % of PAR is absorbed by the middle layer?

A

7%

18
Q

What % of PAR is absorbed by low vegetation?

A

2%

19
Q

What % of PAR reaches the forest floor?

A

2%

20
Q

What is the function of phytochromes?

A

They detect the ratio of red to far-red light and signal this to the plant.

21
Q

What are the 2 responses to shading?

A

Shade avoidance and shade tolerance.

22
Q

What are the signs of Shade Avoidance Syndrome (SAS)?

A 
Delayed germination.
Stem elongation.
Petiole elongation.
Narrow leaves.
Early flowering.
23
Q

What are the signs of shade tolerance?

A

Increasing leaf area.
Orientating leaves to intercept light.
Reducing leaf overlap.
High chlorophyll b content.

24
Q

Does above or below ground competition impact plants more?

A

Below ground competition.

25
Q

What is kin recognition in plants?

A

Roots of kin plants are less likely to be influenced by a neighbouring plant.

26
Q

Define antibiosis.

A

An interaction where 1 participant is unaffected or benefits whilst the other is harmed by a toxin released by the first.

27
Q

Define ammensalism.

A

An interaction where 1 participant is harmed and the other is unaffected.

28
Q

Define allelopathy.

A

Direct or indirect inhibition by a plant producing chemicals.

29
Q

Define allelochemicals.

A

Secondary compounds of plant origin that interact with their environment and possess allelopathic properties.

30
Q

What is true type allelopathy?

A

Toxic compounds are released into the environment in the form they are produced in.

31
Q

What is functional type allelopathy?

A

Substances are released into the environment that becomes toxic due to microorganism transformation.

32
Q

What are the 4 mechanisms of allelopathy release?

A

Volatilisation, leaching, exudation and decomposition.

33
Q

What are some methods of ‘attack’ and ‘defence’ in fungi?

A

Antagonism, hyphal interference, mycoparasitism and gross mycelial contact.

34
Q

What does antagonism involve?

A

Upregulation of enzymes, the C + N metabolism and stress mitigation metabolites.

35
Q

What are the 4 outcomes of fungal interactions?

A

Deadlock, replacement, partial replacement and mutual replacement.

36
Q

What impacts fungal interaction outcomes?

A

Venue, microclimate, resource quantity/quality, other microorganisms and invertebrate grazing.

37
Q

What are bacterivores?

A

Fungi that utilise bacteria as a major nitrogen source.

38
Q

What is Gause’s principle?

A

“Two or more species having identical patterns of resource use cannot coexist. One species will be better adapted and will out-compete the other”

BI2135: Ecology (15 decks)

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