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Psychology & Neuroscience of Affective Disorders > Competing models of depression > Flashcards

Competing models of depression Flashcards

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1
Q

Which psychological model of depression dominated in the later Middle Ages?

A

Scheme of temperaments

  • phlegmatic
  • > sluggishness and inactivity
  • melancholic (i.e. black bile)
  • > depressed, apprehensive, resentful, shy
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2
Q

What did Claudius Galen of Pergamon propose in his work “On the nature of man” (2nd century AD)?

A

4 humours contribute to the formation of character

  • blood
  • phlegm
  • black bile
  • yellow bile
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3
Q

What was the Hierarchy of Spirits (vapours) in Galen’s Physiological System (131-201 AD)?

A
  1. Animal spirits: Brain (soul)
  2. Vital spirits: Heart
  3. Natural spirits: Liver
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4
Q

What was the Hierarchy of Souls in Renaissance Philosophical Psychology (Reisch, 1517)?

A

“static hierarchy of notability”

  1. Intellective soul: Brain
  2. Sensitive soul: Heart
  3. Vegetative soul: Liver
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5
Q

What did the work of art Melencolia I of Albrecht Dūrer express (1500s)?

A

Melencolia (depression) = Positive character

  • temperament style
  • basis for intellectual/imaginative accomplishments
  • popular view during
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6
Q

What was the popular view of depression (melancholia) during the Renaissance?

A

Melancholia = positive character

- something to strive for

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7
Q

What was the view of depression (melancholia) from the minority of artists during the Renaissance?

A
  • Negative connotation
  • Associated with impairment

=> debate on the value of melancholia

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8
Q

What was the Kraepilin’s account of depression (1900s)?

A

Part of manic-depressive illnesses
- occurring in spectrum of conditions (today’s bipolar disorder)

  • 3 core symptoms of depression
  • independent temporal dynamics of symptoms

=> co-existence of manic and depressive symptoms in mixed state

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9
Q

What were Kraepelin’s core symptoms of depression (1900s)?

A
  1. Thought disturbance (inhibition)
  2. Mood disturbance (empty)
  3. Will disturbance (inability to decide)
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10
Q

What was Kraepelin’s concept of independent temporal dynamics of the symptoms in depression?

A

Affective states continuum
- core symptoms vary independently

  • different combinations of the symptoms at different time points

=> mixed states
- co-existence of manic and depressive symptoms

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11
Q

How did Sigmund Freud conceptualise depression (1917)?

A

“Mourning and Melancholia”

> Self-blame
-> depression or adaptive sadness

> Ambivalence in relations with deceased people
-> unconscious anger -> self-directed anger

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12
Q

What was John Bowlby’s model of depression, as presented in his work “The making and Breaking of Affectional Bonds” (1977)?

A

Depression in Attachment Theory:

  • problem in detaching from people
  • AND with processing loss
  • > Making and breaking of affectional bonds
  • > Understanding of depression
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13
Q

What does the revised Learned Helplessness model of depression (Abramson, Seligman, Teasdale, 1978) consist of?

A

> Attribution theories of motivation

  • importance of perceived agency
  • > modern cognitive theories

> Depression = negative attribution style
-> cycle of decreased self-worth and vulnerability to depression

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14
Q

What did the modern cognitive theories of motivation supersede?

A

They superseded the simplistic motivation theories

- Freud: one drive (libido) leads all human striving

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15
Q

What was the limit of the revised learned helplessness model (Abramson, Selgiman, Teasdale, 1978)?

A

Studies using attributional style questionnaire
- normal scores in remitted depression

  • yet, the model suggests person’s attributional style should persist even when depression symptoms have subsided (vulnerability factor outside of depression)
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16
Q

What did Aaron Beck propose as a theory of depression, in “Thinking and Depression” (1963)?

A

> Idiosyncratic content and Cognitive distorsions
- dominating schemas

> Depression as affective disorder
-> impairment of thought processes (failure to demonstrate evidence)

> Abnormalities in the responses to standard battery of psychological tests

  • arbitrary inference
  • selective attention
  • over-generalisation
  • magnification and minimization

> Reciprocal interaction between cognition and affect

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17
Q

What is Beck’s Cognitive Triad (1976)?

A

Self-critical interpretations

  1. Negative view of self
  2. Negative interpretations of current experiences
  3. Negative view of own future
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18
Q

What were the core ideas of Beck’s Cognitive model of depression (1967, 1978, 1979)?

A

Underlined effects of certain types of negative cognitions (schemas) in aetiology of depression

  • Negative cognitions play causal role in symptoms of depression
  • > Base of vicious cycle in development and maintenance of depression
19
Q

How did Teasdale contest Beck’s Cognitive model of depression (1983)?

A

> Negative thinking does not cause depression, it produces symptoms

  • pessimism
  • low-self esteem
  • negative outlook

> Biasing thoughts into negative direction

20
Q

What were the social origins (factors) of depression according to Bowlby?

A

> Social vulnerability factors of depression:

  • early loss of mother
  • lack of adequate confidant
  • unemployement
  • caring for young children
  • > made women more susceptible to develop depression, as response to life events
  • mediated by low self-esteem and hopelessness
21
Q

What was the theory of Watson and colleagues on anxiety and depressive disorders?

A

Positive and Negative Affectivity:
- evidence suggests assessment of Positive/Negative Affect (PA/NA) may improve differentiation of Depression and Anxiety

  • predictors of psychiatric disorder
  • consistently related negatively to symptoms and diagnoses of depression
  • loss of pleasurable engagement

=> Depression: condition of increased negative affect and decreased positive affect

22
Q

What is the purpose of the attributional style questionnaire?

A

Test from attributional / learned helplessness model of depression

23
Q

How is the attributional style questionnaire composed?

A

12 different hypothetical situations

  • 6 good events
  • 6 bad events

-> each situation is followed by 4 questions

Scoring based on the answers

  • > Attributional style for negative things is:
  • internal vs external
  • stable vs unstable
  • global vs specific

If global, stable and specific = Higher vulnerability to depression

24
Q

How is Beck’s Dysfunctional Attitude Scale composed?

A

2 sections of items with their factor loading:

  1. Perfectionism/performance evaluation
  2. Dependency
25
Q

What is the theory of John D. Teasdale on dysfunctional attitudes in depression?

A

Dysfunctional attitudes might not always be present in people who have recovered from depression

26
Q

What is the “Differential Activation Hypothesis” of John D. Teasdale?

A

Only when priming people into negative mood state
will it make them show their dysfunctional attitudes

-> Mood priming procedure

27
Q

What does the sad mood induction of John D. Teasdale consist of?

A

Mood priming procedure + Dysfunctional Attitude Scale

  • > compare score prior and after playing sad music
  • > measure of “Cognitive Reactivity”

=> supports Teasdale’s Differential Activation Hypothesis
=> predict subsequent recurrence of depression in people who’ve remitted

28
Q

What does the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule of Watson and colleagues (1988) consist of?

A
  • Words that describe different feelings and emotions
  • Indicate the intensity (from 1 very slightly/not at all; to 5 extremely)
  • Different time periods are allowed

=> 1 score for positive and negative emotions (affect)

29
Q

What are the limitations of the Attributional Style Questionnaire?

A

> Hypothetical situations are of different relevance to different people

> People are not asked about emotional relevance of their attribution

=> inconsistent results

30
Q

What are the limitations of the Dysfunctional Attitude Scale (DAS)?

A

> Measures “cognition” BUT these are emotionally charged

> Correlates highly with depression scales
-> difficult to dissociate from overall level of symptoms

31
Q

What are the limitations of the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS)?

A

> Combines emotions of different nature
- assuming only their common positive/negative valence matters in understanding depression

> Individual emotion items have not been validated to probe this assumption

=> assumptions on valence of emotions in depression needs testing

32
Q

What do explicit tests (tasks) consist of?

A

> They rely on people’s insight and reflection

> May be biased by social desirability effects

33
Q

What type of tests did social psychologists develop in response to the limitations of explicit tests (tasks)?

A

Implicit tests
- e.g. measure social stereotypes

-> Implicit Association Test

34
Q

Which tasks are becoming popular for their capacity to measure “real” human decisions?

A

Gambling tasks

- probe economic interactions

35
Q

What does the Implicit Association Test (IAT) to measure self-esteem consist of?

A

> Practice and critical blocks

> In critical blocks (step 3 and 5):

  • words come up on screen
  • participants have to press left/right button
  • > indicate whether the word corresponds to “unpleasant or not me” OR “pleasant or me”
36
Q

What is the underlying theory of the Implicit Association Test (IAT) to measure self-esteem?

A

It’s easy to make responses with a button to indicate one’s stereotypical association of categories together

37
Q

What did the unpublished data of Lythe and Zahn (2012) show on the Implicit Association Test (IAT) to measure self-esteem?

A

Negative results

  • median was the same between the 2 groups
  • > no difference between people with remitted MDD and healthy controls
38
Q

What is the limitation of the Implicit Association Test (IAT) to measure self-esteem?

A

Only broad associations between two categories can be measured
(e.g. “good - me”)

39
Q

What does the “ultimatum game” gambling task consist of?

A

Split a sum of money by proposing the split to someone else who can accept OR reject the offer

e. g.:
- fair split of money usually 50%
- if offers are perceived fair or hyper-fair -> acceptance rate goes down

40
Q

What were the results from the study by Harlé and colleagues (2010) on the “ultimatum game” gambling task?

A
  1. People with depression seemed to accept unfair offers more readily than healthy controls
  2. Problem with cross-sections comparisons between different groups
41
Q

What is the limitation of gambling tasks raised by Harlé and colleagues in their study on the “ultimatum game” (2010)?

A

Gambling tasks are always connected to money

-> might not be the best model for every type of social interaction

42
Q

Why are feelings of self-worthlessness a good candidate for the primary symptoms of depression?

A
  • Transculturally stable

- Part of core Majore Depression syndrome

43
Q

How is the self contempt bias calculated?

A

Subtracting the percentage of trials associated with contempt towards self
Minus percentage of trials associated with contempt towards others

44
Q

What were the findings of the study on the proneness to lower contempt (disgust) towards others vs. self in remitted MDD?

A

> No overall differences in intensity of unpleasant feelings (remitted depression and medication-free)
-> negative affect theory of depression has some flaws

=> Presence of selective bias towards self-blaming emotions
-> supporting the revised helplessness model of depression

Psychology & Neuroscience of Affective Disorders (16 decks)

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