Competency 3.7 - analyze the key elements of US citizenship, including rights, privileges, and responsibilities

Question 1

civil rights

Answer 1

legal claims that individuals have to protect themselves from discrimination at the hands of both government and other citizens, and include the right to vote, equality before the law, and access to public facilities

Question 2

individual liberties / civil liberties

Answer 2

protects the sanctity of people from arbitrary government interference

Question 3

due process

Answer 3

the act of government following established procedures fairly and justly

Question 4

habeas corpus

Answer 4

a writ requiring a person under arrest to be brought before a judge or into court, especially to secure the person’s release unless lawful grounds are shown for their detention

Question 5

bill of rights

Answer 5

first ten amendments to the constitution that contain many protections that define the ideals of american life

Question 6

14th amendment

Answer 6

this amendment, passed in 1868, prohibits states from denying civil rights and individual liberties to their residents

Question 7

1st amendment

Answer 7

this amendment, part of the original bill of rights, protects freedom of religion, speech, press, assembly, and petition

Question 8

separation of church and state

Answer 8

the concept that religion and religious motives should play little to no part in government operations

Question 9

free exercise clause

Answer 9

established with the first amendment, this clause allows citizens the freedom to practice any religion they desire, if any at all

Question 10

establishment clause

Answer 10

established with the first amendment, this clause prevents the government from forcing a certain religion

Question 11

4th amendment

Answer 11

this amendment outlaws unreasonable searches and seizures, mandates that warrants be granted only upon probable cause, and affirms the right of the people to be secure in their persons; fundamental to the court’s interpretation of due process and the rights of the accused

Question 12

5th amendment

Answer 12

this amendment calls for a grand jury, outlaws double jeopardy, states that a person may not be compelled to be a witness against themselves, and is the basis for the Supreme Court rulings that protect the accused

Question 13

double jeopardy

Answer 13

trying a person who has been acquitted of a charge for a second time

Question 14

8th amendment

Answer 14

banishment of cruel and unusual punishments

Question 15

Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)

Answer 15

supreme court rules the separate but equal doctrine is constitutional; since the ruling did not apply the equal protection standard, segregation continued

Question 16

Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

Answer 16

overturned Plessy v. Ferguson, stating that separate but equal was unconstitutional

Question 17

Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857)

Answer 17

ruled that as a slave, Scott had no right to sue for his freedom and further that congressional prohibitions against slavery in US territories were unlawful

Question 18

Near v. Minnesota (1931)

Answer 18

barred states from using the concept of prior restraint (outlawing something before it has taken place) to discourage the publication of objectionable material, except during wartime or in the cases od obscenity or incitement to violence

Question 19

West Virginia Board of Education v. Barnette (1943)

Answer 19

overturned an earlier decision and ruled that compulsory saluting of the flag was unconstitutional

Question 20

Korematsu v. United States (1944)

Answer 20

upheld the legality of the forced internment of persons of japanese ancestry during WWII as a wartime necessity

Question 21

Mapp v. Ohio (1961)

Answer 21

extended the supreme court’s exclusionary rule, which bars, at a trial, the introduction of evidence that has not been legally obtained (this ruling has been revised for circumstantial situations)

Question 22

Gideon v. Wainwright (1963)

Answer 22

ruled that courts must provide legal counsel to poor dedendants in all felony cases

Question 23

Escobedo v. Illinois (1964)

Answer 23

extended the right to counsel to include consultation prior to interrogation by authorities

Question 24

Miranda v. Arizona (1966)

Answer 24

mandated that all suspects be informed of their due process rights before questioning by police

Question 25

Tinker v. Des Moines School District (1969)

Answer 25

defined the wearing of a black armband in school to protest against the Veitnam War as “symbolic speech” protected by the first amendment

Question 26

New York Times v. United States (1971)

Answer 26

allowed the publication of the controversial pentagon papers during the Veitnam War under the first amendment’s freedom of the press protection

Question 27

Roe v. Wade

Answer 27

legalized abortion so long as a fetus is not viable

Question 28

Bakke v. Regents of the University of California (1978)

Answer 28

declared the university’s quota system to be unconstitutional white upholding the legitmacy of affirmative action policies in which institutions consider race and gender as factors when determining admissions

Question 29

Hazelwood School District v. Kuhlmeier (1988)

Answer 29

ruled that the freedom of press does not extend to student publications that might be construed as sponsored by the school

Question 30

Obergefell v. Hodges (2015)

Answer 30

recognized the legality of same-sex marriage