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SHRM > Competencies Glossary > Flashcards

Competencies Glossary Flashcards

Review Key Terms Outlined in the Competencies Glossary + Important Terms found from reading.

1
Q

Accounts Payable

A

Money an organization owes its vendors and suppliers

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2
Q

Accounts Receivable

A

Money an organization’s customers owe the organization

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3
Q

Active Listening

A

Communication Technique to increase the engagement between communicators and their audiences. It involves two-way communication and attention to nonverbal signs that indicate interest and reactions to the message and speaker.

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4
Q

Affiliative Leadership Approach

A

Leadership approach in which the leader creates strong relationships with and inside the team; team members are motivated by loyalty.

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5
Q

Affinity Diagramming

A

Data-sorting technique in which a group categorizes and subcategorizes data until relationships are clearly drawn

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6
Q

Analytical Processing

A

Applications that can analyze data faster and in more ways than traditional relational databases, offering a multidimensional analysis of business data.

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7
Q

Assets

A

Financial, physical, and sometimes intangible properties an organization owns.

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8
Q

Attribution Theory

A

Motivation theory that states that the way a person interprets the causes for past success or failure is related to the present level of motivation; includes theories of Heider and Weiner.

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9
Q

Authenticity

A

Ability to stay true to values and maintain integrity in both personal and professional lives and, from an organizational perspective, approach to forming and maintaining relationships with colleagues and others in the organization.

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10
Q

Authoritative Leadership Approach

A

Leadership approach in which the leader proposes a bold vision or solution and invites the team to join this challenge.

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11
Q

Balance Sheet

A

Statement of an organization’s financial position at a specific point in time, showing assets, liabilities, and shareholder equity.

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12
Q

Balanced Scorecard

A

Performance Management tool that depicts an organization’s overall performance, as measured against goals, lagging indicators, and leading indicators.

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13
Q

Behavioral Theories

A

Category of leadership theories that states that leaders influence group members through certain behaviors; includes Blake-Mouton theory

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14
Q

Bribery

A

Exchange of anything of value to gain greater influence or preference

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15
Q

Business Case

A

Presentation to management that establishes that a specific problem exists and argues for a proposed solution

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16
Q

Business Intelligence

A

Ability to use information to gain a deeper understanding of an organization and make sound business decisions

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17
Q

Cash Flow Statement

A

Statement of an organization’s ability to meet it’s current and short-term obligations, showing incoming and outgoing cash and cash reserves in operations, investments, and financing

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18
Q

Civil Law

A

Legal system based on written codes (laws, rules, or regulations)

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19
Q

Coaching Leadership Approach

A

Leadership approach in which the leader focuses on developing team members’ skills, believing that success comes from aligning the organization’s goals with employees’ personal and professional goals.

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20
Q

Code of Conduct

A

Principles that guide decision making and behavior in an organization

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21
Q

Coercive Leadership Approach

A

Leadership approach in which the leader imposes a vision or solution on the team and demands that the team follow this directive.

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22
Q

Coercive Power

A

Power that is created when the leader can punish those who do not follow

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23
Q

Common Law

A

Legal System in which each case is considered in terms of how it relates to legal decisions that have already been made; evolves through judicial decisions over time.

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24
Q

Confidentiality

A

Treatment of personal information that has been disclosed to another person or organization.

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25
Q

Conflict of Interest

A

Situation in which a person or organization may benefit from undue influence due to involvement in outside activities, relationships, or investments that conflict with or have an impact on the employment relationship or its outcomes.

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26
Q

Consultation

A

Providing guidance to organizational stakeholders; involves diagnosing problems or identifying opportunities, developing effective solutions, winning support for solutions, and implementing them effectively.

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27
Q

Covering

A

Defensive behavior that occurs when an organization recruits a diverse workforce but, consciously or otherwise, promotes assimilation rather than inclusion.

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28
Q

Cultural Intelligence

A

Capacity to recognize, interpret, and behaviorally adapt to multicultural situations and contexts.

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29
Q

Cultural Taxation

A

Additional workload that is generated for members of an underrepresented group due to their requested participation in DE&I efforts.

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30
Q

Culture

A

Basic beliefs, attitudes, values, behaviors, and customs shared and followed by members of a group, which give rise to the group’s sense of identity.

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31
Q

Delphi Technique

A

Technique that progressively collects information from a group of anonymous respondents.

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32
Q

Democratic Leadership Approach

A

Leadership approach in which the leader invites followers to collaborate and commits to acting by consensus

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33
Q

Diversity

A

The similarities and differences between individuals, accounting for all aspects of one’s personality and individual identity.

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34
Q

Due Process

A

Concept that laws are enforced only through accepted, codified procedures.

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35
Q

Emergent Theory

A

Leadership theory that states that leaders are not appointed but emerge from the group, which chooses the leader based on interactions.

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36
Q

Emotional Intelligence (EI)

A

Ability to be sensitive to and understand one’s own and others’ emotions and impulses

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37
Q

Employee Resource Group (ERG)

A

Voluntary group for employees who share a particular diversity dimension (Race, religion, ethnicity, sexual orientation, etc.); also known as affinity group or network group.

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38
Q

Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)

A

Business management software, usually a suite of integrated applications, that a company can use to collect, store, manage, and interpret data from many business activities.

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39
Q

Equity Theory

A

Theory that states that motivation is based on an employee’s sense of fairness; the individual compares their perceived value with that of others in similar roles and makes a calculation based on their inputs and outputs.

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40
Q

Equity

A

Amount of owners’ or shareholders’ portion of a business

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41
Q

Expectancy Theory

A

Motivation theory that states that effort increases in relation to one’s confidence that the behavior will result in a positive outcome and reward; includes Vroom’s theory.

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42
Q

Expert Power

A

Power that is created when a leader is recognized as possessing great intelligence, insight, or experience.

43
Q

Focus Group

A

Small group of invited persons (typically six to twelve) who actively participate in a structured discussion, led by a facilitator, for the purpose of eliciting their input.

44
Q

Force-field Analysis

A

Tool designed to analyze the forces favoring and opposing a particular change; a group identifies and weights factors that could influence an outcome in either a negative or positive manner according to their possible impact and then uses these factors to score different opportunities.

45
Q

Framing

A

Process of constructing a message so that an audience sees communicated facts in a certain way and is persuaded to take a certain action.

46
Q

Global Mindset

A

Ability to take an international perspective, inclusive of other cultures’ views.

47
Q

Goal Setting Theory

A

Theory that states that motivation can be increased by providing employees with goals against which they can assess their achievement.

48
Q

Gross Profit Margin

A

Ration of gross profit to net sales

49
Q

High-context cultures

A

Societies or groups characterized by complex, usually long-standing networks of relationships; members share a rich history of common experience, so the way they interact and interpret events is often not apparent to outsiders.

50
Q

Impostor Syndrome

A

A feeling that one’s success is due to luck, not hard work or skill; can lead individuals to feeling unfit for their current role.

51
Q

Inclusion

A

Extent to which each person in an organization feels welcomed, respected, supported, and valued as a team member.

52
Q

Income Statement

A

Statement that reports revenues, expenses, and profits for a specified period of time, for example, quarterly or annually.

53
Q

Integrity

A

Maintaining consistency between one’s values and one’s actions

54
Q

J Curve

A

Visualization of the impact of change on productivity. When change is introduced, there is typically a decrease in productivity and then a gradual return to or, ideally, a surpassing of previous levels of productivity.

55
Q

Jurisdiction

A

Right legal body to exert authority over a given geographical territory, subject matter, or persons or institutions.

56
Q

Leader-Member Exchange Theory

A

Leadership theory that focuses on a two-way relationship between leaders and chosen employees; the leader mentors selected team members and gives them access to more information and resources in order to strengthen levels of trust and support.

57
Q

Legitimate Power

A

Power that is created formally, through a title or position in the hierarchy that is associated with the rights of leadership.

58
Q

Liabilities

A

Organization’s debts and other financial obligations.

59
Q

Low-context cultures

A

Societies in which relationships have less history; individuals know each other less well and don’t share a common database of experience, so communication must be very explicit.

60
Q

Mean

A

Average score or value

61
Q

Median

A

Middle value in a range of values

62
Q

Mind Mapping

A

Data-sorting technique in which group members add related ideas and indicate logical connections, eventually grouping similar ideas.

63
Q

Mode3

A

Value that occurs most frequently in a set of data.

64
Q

Motivation

A

Factors that initiate, direct, and sustain human behavior over time.

65
Q

Multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA)

A

Type of analysis in which a team determines critical characteristics of a successful decision and then uses a matrix to score each alternative and compare results.

66
Q

Needs Theory

A

Motivation theory that states that individuals are motivated by a desire to satisfy certain needs and that understanding these needs allows leaders to offer the right incentives and create the most motivational external environments; includes self-determination and theories of Maslow, Herzberg, and McClelland.

67
Q

Negotiation

A

Process by which two or more parties work together to reach agreement on a matter.

68
Q

Net Profit Margin

A

Ratio of net income (gross sales minus expenses and taxes) to net sales.

69
Q

Networking

A

Process of developing mutually beneficial contacts through the exchange of information.

70
Q

Neurodiversity

A

Refers to a workforce that approaches problems using different conceptual though approaches that may stem from atypical brain structure, for example:
-attention deficit disorder (ADD)
-attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
- and anything categorized as existing on the autism spectrum (autism spectrum disorder, or ASD)

71
Q

Noise

A

In communication, any factor that can disrupt the sending and receipt of a message - for example, physical factors such as loud environments, cultural factors such as distinctive accent, or cognitive factors such as the use of unfamiliar jargon

72
Q

Nominal Group Technique (NGT)

A

Technique in which participants each suggest ideas through a series of rounds and then discuss the items, eliminate redundancies and irrelevancies, and agree on the importance of the remaining items

73
Q

Nonverbals

A

Components of a message apart from its words. This could include physical gestures, posture and vocal tones, volume, and speed.

74
Q

Pacesetting Leadership approach

A

Leadership approach in which the leader sets a model for high performance standards and challenges followers to meet these expectations

75
Q

Principled Negotiation

A

Process in which negotiators aim for mutual gain, emphasizing the need to focus on the problem instead of personal differences and on mutual beneficial outcomes.

76
Q

Privacy

A

An individual’s right to freedom from intrusion (by viewing, monitoring, reading, etc.) matters, actions, or information that is personal.

77
Q

Qualitative Data

A

Subjective evaluation of actions, feelings, or behaviors

78
Q

Quantitative Data

A

Objective measurements that can be verified and used in statistical analysis

79
Q

Ratio analysis

A

Comparing the sizes of two variables to produce an index or percentage; commonly used to analyze financial statements

80
Q

Referent Power

A

Power that is created by the force of the leader’s personality

81
Q

Regression Analysis

A

Statistical method used to determine whether a relationship exists between variables and the strength of the relationship

82
Q

Reliability

A

Extent to which a measurement instrument provides consistent results.

83
Q

Reward Power

A

Power that is created when the leader can offer followers something they value in exchange for their commitment

84
Q

Root-Cause Analysis

A

Type of analysis that starts with a result and then works backward to identify fundamental cause

85
Q

Rule of Law

A

Concept that stipulates that no individual is beyond the reach of the law and that authority is exercised only in accordance with written and publicly disclosed laws.

86
Q

Scenario/What-if analysis

A

Statistical method used to test the possible effects of altering the details of a strategy to see if the likely outcome can be improved

87
Q

Servant Leadership

A

Leadership theory in which the leaders’ goal is to serve the needs of their employees; emphasizes the sharing of power

88
Q

Service-level agreement

A

Document that defines the output customers can expect

89
Q

Situational theories

A

Category of leadership theories that states that leaders can flex their behaviors to meet the needs of unique situations, employing both task or directive behaviors and relationship or supportive behaviors; includes Hersey-Blanchard situational leadership, Fiedler’s Contingency Theory, and path-goal theory.

90
Q

SOAR Analysis

A

Type of analysis in which a group identifies strengths, opportunities, aspirations, and results; a framework that combines fact finding with an org’s goals and desires, presenting an analysis of the org’s actual state and how it will measure achievement.

91
Q

Stakeholder Concept

A

Concept that proposes that any org operates within a complex environment in which it affects and is affected by a variety of forces or stakeholders who all share in the value of the org and it’s activities

92
Q

Standard Deviation

A

Distance of any data point from the center of a distribution when data is distributed in a “normal” or expected pattern

93
Q

Theory X/Theory Y

A

Motivation theories dealing with the amount of control in the workplace; motivation is seen as either absolutely irrelevant or absolutely critical.

94
Q

Trait Theory

A

Leadership theory that states that leaders possess certain innate characteristics that followers do not possess (and probably cannot acquire), such as physical characteristics and personality traits

95
Q

Transactional leadership

A

Leadership theory that emphasizes a leader’s preference for order and structure; focuses on control and short-term planning

96
Q

Transformational Leadership

A

Leadership theory that emphasizes a leader’s ability to inspire employees to embrace change; leaders encourage and motivate employees to innovate and seek out changes that can add value and growth to the organization

97
Q

Transparency

A

Extent to which an org’s agreements, dealings, information, practices, and transactions are open to disclosure and review by relevant persons.

98
Q

Trend analysis

A

Statistical method that examines data from different points in time to determine if a variance is an isolated event or if it part of a longer trend.

99
Q

Unweighted Mean

A

Raw average of data that gives equal weight to all values, with no regard for other factors

100
Q

Validity

A

Extent to which a measurement instrument measures what it is intended to measure

101
Q

Value chain

A

The process by which an org creates the product or service it offers to the customer.

102
Q

Value

A

The benefit created when an organization meets it’s strategic goals; measure of usefulness, worth, or importance

103
Q

Variance Analysis

A

Statistical method for identifying the degree of difference between planned and actual performance outcomes

104
Q

Weighted Mean

A

Average of data that adds factors to reflect the importance of different values

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