Comparison of approaches. Flashcards
What are the psychodynamic and biological approaches view on child development?
Psychodynamic- has the most coherent theory of development by tying in key concepts in the psychosexual stages of development. These stages are determined by age.
Biological- maturation whereby genetically determined changes in physiological state influence behaviour and psychology as the child grows older.
What are the cognitve, humanistic and behaviourist approaches view on development?
Humanistic- sees the development of the self as ongoing through life but a child’s relationship with parents is important for development in terms of unconditional positive regard.
Cognitive- stage theories have contributed to the understanding of childhood development. For example, the idea that intellectual capacity increases with age because schemas become more sophisticated.
Behaviourist and social learning theory- does not offer development stage theories and says the processes of learning can occur at any age.
What are the behaviourist and biological approaches view on nature/nurture?
Behaviorism- we are all born as a blank slate and all behaviour occurs through learning by association or reinforcement. So it is entirely nurture.
Biological- behaviour is the result of a genetic blueprint we inherit from our parents which is our genotype. However our phenotype can be influenced by the environment.
What are the psychodyanmic, cognitive and humanistic approaches view on nature/nurture?
Psychodynamic- Freud said most of our behaviour is determined by biological drives and instincts, however relationships with parents (environment) plays a fundamental role in development.
Humanistic- regard the environment as having a critical impact on a person’s self concept.
Cognitive- Argues that are schemas and processing abilities are innate but are constantly being refined by the environment.
What is behaviourist, biological and psychodynamic approaches view on reductionism?
Behaviourism- reductionist in the sense that it breaks up complex behaviour into stimulus response units. Social learning theorists reduce behaviour to key processes like imitation and modelling.
Biological- reductionist as it breaks down behaviour into genes and neurons.
Psychodynamic- reduces behaviour down to the influence of sexual drives and instincts. However, Frued’s explanation of the interaction of the three parts of the personality is often seen as a holistic explanation.
What are the humanistic and cognitive approaches view on reductionism?
Cognitive approach- machine reductionism by presenting people as processing systems and ignoring the holistic influence of emotion.
Humanistic- Formulates a holistic understanding of human behaviour which involves investigating all aspects of society.
What are the behaviourist, biological and psychodynamic approaches view on determinism?
Behaviourist- environmental determinism by external influences such as conditioning that we cannot be controlled.
Biological- genetic determinism assumes most of our behaviour is directly influenced by innate factors.
Psychodynamic- psychic determinism in that unconscious forces drive behaviour which we cannot control.
What are the cognitive, SLT and humanistic views on determinism?
Cognitive- soft determinism. We can choose our thoughts and behaviour but this choice operates within the limits of what we have experienced and knows.
Social learning- reciprocal determinism is the idea that we are influenced by external forces but we can also ourselves influence the environment through the behaviour we choose to perform.
Humanistic- only approach that we have free will and can control our development by being active agents.
What is the behaviourist and SLT view on treating disorders?
Behaviorism- says abnormality arises from destructive behaviours being reinforced. Behavioural therapies aim to reverse these behaviours by conditioning.
Social learning theory- the principles of modelling and observational learning have been used to explain how negative behaviours like aggression occur from learning for role models.
What is the cognitive and humanistic approaches view on treating disorders?
Cognitive- applied to CBT in treating depression. It identifies faulty thinking which is assumed to be the cause of psychological disorders.
Humanistic- counselling is based on Rogers’ philosophy that the ideal self and actual need to match in congruence to stimulate self growth/self actualisation.
What is the psychodynamic and biological approaches view on treating disorders?
Psychodynamic- psychoanalysis therapy has had success but it cannot be used by everyone because it requires the ability to talk about emotions and time. Freud saw anxiety disorders arising from defence mechanisms, trauma and unconscious conflict.
Biological- revolutionised treatment of disorders through drug therapy which regulates chemical imbalances in the brain.
