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COMPARATIVE ANATOMY LECTURE MIDTERMS > COMPARATIVE VERTEBRATE ANATOMY (SKULL) > Flashcards

COMPARATIVE VERTEBRATE ANATOMY (SKULL) Flashcards

1
Q

The vertebrate skull consist of:

A

neurocranium
dermatocranium
splanchnocranium

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2
Q

also called endocranium or primary braincase

A

neurocranium

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3
Q

membrane bones

A

dermatocranium

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4
Q

visceral skeleton

A

splanchnocranium

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5
Q

protects the brain

A

neurocranium

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6
Q

begins as cartilage that is partly or entirely replaced by bone

A

neurocranium

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7
Q

neurocranium begins as pair of parachordal & prechordal cartilages below the brain

A

cartilaginous stage

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8
Q

parachordal cartilages expand and join; along with the notochord from the basal plate

A

cartilaginous stage

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9
Q

prechordal cartilages expand & join to form an ethmoid plate

A

cartilaginous stage

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10
Q

where does cartilage appear?

A

olfactory capsule
otic capsule

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11
Q

partially surrounding the olfactory epithelium

A

olfactory capsule

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12
Q

surrounds inner ear & also develops into sclera of the eyeball

A

otic capsule

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13
Q

In the completion of floor, walls, and roof, it fuses with olfactory capsules

A

ethmoid plate

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14
Q

In the completion of floor, walls, and roof, it fuses with otic capsules

A

basal plate

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15
Q

further development of neurocranium means

A

development of cartilaginous walls (sides of braincase);
in cartilaginous fishes, cartilaginous roof over the brain

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16
Q

retain a cartilaginous neurocranium (or chondrocranium) throughout life

A

cartilaginous fishes

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17
Q

bony fishes, lungfishes, & most ganoids

A

retain highly cartilaginous neurocranium that is covered by membrane bone

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18
Q

Cyclostomes

A

the several cartilaginous components of the embryonic neurocranium remain in adults as
more or less independent cartilages

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19
Q

Other bony vertebrates

A

embryonic cartilaginous neurocranium is largely replaced by replacement bone
(the process of endochondral ossification occurs almost simultaneously at several ossification centers)

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20
Q

what are the neurocranial ossification centers?

A

occipital centers
sphenoid centers
ethmoid centers
otic centers

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21
Q

cartilage surrounding the foramen magnum may
be replaced by as many as four bones:

A

basioccipital
exoccipital (2)
supraoccipital

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22
Q

all 4 occipital elements typically fuse
to form a single occipital bone

A

mammals

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23
Q

neurocranium articulates with the 1st vertebra via 1 (reptiles and birds) or 2
(amphibians and mammals) occipital condyles

A

tetrapods

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24
Q

what does the sphenoid center form?

A

basisphenoid
presphenoid
side walls of basisphenoid and presphenoid

25
Q

side walls of basisphenoid and presphenoid

A

orbitosphenoid
pleurosphenoid
alisphenoid

26
Q

what center tends to remain cartilaginous

A

ethmoid center

27
Q

what does the ethmoid center form?

A

anterior to sphenoid
cribiform plate of ethmoid & several conchae (or ethmoturbinal bones)

28
Q

nasal chamber is large & filled with ridges from the ethmoid bones called the turbinals or ethmoturbinals.

A

mammals

29
Q

ridges from the ethmoid bones

A

turbinals or ethmoturbinals

30
Q

are covered with olfactory epithelium in life and serve to increase the surface area for
olfaction (i.e., a more acute sense of smell).

A

ethmoid bones

31
Q

separates the nasal chamber from the brain cavity
within the skull.

A

cribriform plate

32
Q

the center wherein cartilaginous otic capsule is replaced in lower vertebrates by several bones

A

otic centers

33
Q

What are the bones that replace cartilaginous capsule in lower vertebrates?

A

prootic
opisthotic
epiotic

(one or more of these bones may unite with adjacent replacement or membrane bones)

34
Q

opisthotics fuse with exoccipitals

A

frogs and most reptiles

35
Q

prootic, opisthotic, & epiotic unite to form a single petrosal bone;
the petrosal, in turn, sometimes fuses with the squamosal to form the temporal bone

A

birds and mammals

36
Q

What is formed when prootic, opisthotic, and epiotic unite?

A

single petrosal bone

37
Q

What is formed when petrosal bone is fused with squamosal bone?

A

temporal bone

38
Q

What lies superficial to neurocranium

A

dermatocranium

39
Q

What forms:
1 - bones that form the roof of the brain & contribute to the lateral walls of the skull
2 - bones of the upper jaw
3 - bones of the palate(s)
4 - opercular bones

A

dermatocranium

40
Q

What does the dermatocranium forms?

A

1 - bones that form the roof of the brain & contribute to the lateral walls of the skull
2 - bones of the upper jaw
3 - bones of the palate(s)
4 - opercular bones

41
Q

What are the basic pattern of roofing bones?

A

crossopterygians
labyrinthodonts
Fontanels

42
Q

a series of paired & unpaired bones along mid-dorsal line of skull (below left)

A

crossopterygians

43
Q

unpaired bones lost & a series of paired bones resulted (nasals, frontals,
parietals, & dermoccipitals) (below right)

A

labyrinthodonts

44
Q

‘soft spots’

A

fontanels

45
Q

occur when neurocranium is incomplete dorsally (e.g., teleosts & tetrapods)

A

fontanels

46
Q

can be felt in head until the membranes under the skin have ossified

A

fontanels

47
Q

What are the bones of the upper jaw?

A

Pterygoquadrate (palatoquadrate) cartilage
Palatal bones

48
Q

1st upper jaw that vertebrate embryos develop

A

Pterygoquadrate (palatoquadrate) cartilage

49
Q

What only has palatoquadrate as the only upper jaw that develops?

A

Cartilaginous fishes

50
Q

what has their palatoquadrate becomes covered with dermal bones (premaxillae &
maxillae) that make up the adult upper jaw?

A

bony vertebrates

51
Q

what are the dermal bones?

A

premaxillae and maxillae

52
Q

the floor on which the brain rests is at the same time the roof of the oral cavity in fishes
& amphibians (primary palate)

A

palatal bones

53
Q

What type of palatal bones is present in sharks?

A

cartilaginous

54
Q

What type of palatal bones is present in bony vertebrate?

A

membrane bones

55
Q

a secondary (‘false’) palate develops creating a horizontal
partition that separates the oral cavity into nasal & oral passages.

A

Birds, mammals, & some reptiles

56
Q

formed from processes of the premaxillae, maxillae, and palatines

A

secondary palate

57
Q

consist of operculum

A

Opercular bones

58
Q

fold of the hyoid arch that extends back over the gill slits in holocephalans & bony
fishes

A

operculum

59
Q

no vestiges of opercular bones remain

A

tetrapods

COMPARATIVE ANATOMY LECTURE MIDTERMS (1 decks)

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