comparative theories Flashcards
what is the structural approach?
focuses on the institutions in a political system. suggests that political outcomes are determined by formal process within the political system. individuals within society are determined by position within the structure, focuses on structures of constitutions, legislatures, executives and judiciaries, class structures, electoral systems and political parties
what is the rational approach?
focuses on individuals. assumes that individuals act in rational, logical way to best maximise self interest. they will choose whats best for them. this is appropriate in voting behaviour and way people operate within political parties
what is the cultural approach?
focuses on ideas, prevailing social, religious and political ideas within each nation. culture can be defined as a shared, learning and symbolic system of values and beliefs
How does the structural approach apply to UK and US?
The Executive is far more restricted in the US than it is in the UK. Effective structures provide checks that limit the power of the President, who has limited patronage powers over Congress meaning they are willing to resist his policies. In the UK, the PM is less limited by the structure of parliament than the President as the PM can have a strong majority in parliament and has strong powers of patronage. Therefore, parliament is less likely to use the check available to them against the PM.
How does the rational approach apply to UK and US?
Legislators in the US are more likely to act in the interests of their constituents than their parties due to the fact that they wish to be re-elected. MPs in the UK are more likely to follow the wishes of their party. For example, in the 114th Senate, Joe Manchin (D) and Susan Collins (R) voted against their parties’ stances in more than 25% of votes – both Senators hold what are termed ‘toss-up’ states, meaning that their chance of re-election is not secure if their constituents are displeased.
How does the cultural approach apply to the UK and US?
In both countries there is cultural support for strong regional power, which deters central government from attempting to restrict it. The UK government is unlikely to reduce devolved powers in Scotland due to support from the main parties for devolution and the actions of Scottish nationals. Culturally, there is a strong desire in the Republican party for the protection of states’ rights, however this culture is generally dominant in the US and most politicians conform to this cultural expectation.
