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Comparative Politics > Comparative Politics - Week 4 (Legislatures and Executives) > Flashcards

Comparative Politics - Week 4 (Legislatures and Executives) Flashcards

1
Q

what is a legislature?

A

a group of people coming together to legitimise decisions on behalf of others

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2
Q

who wrote the ‘decline of legislatures’

A

Lord Bryce

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3
Q

when did lord bryce write ‘the decline of legislatures’

A

1921

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4
Q

what did Lord Bryce say were the two main factors for the decline of legislatures?

A

increasing power of parties
expansion of the executive

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5
Q

what roles do legislatures serve besides law making?

A

legitimation
scrutiny
errand running
conflict-resolution
policy-influencing

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6
Q

what is parliamentarism

A

the increased importance of parliament since the 1970s

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7
Q

what is the main role of legislatures today

A

representation
scrutiny

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8
Q

What are the three reasons for an upper chamber

A

historical
large chamber
federal structure

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9
Q

what is congruent bicameralism

A

the two legislative chambers possess a similar political composition

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10
Q

what is incongruent bicameralism

A

the two legislative chambers differ in their political composition

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11
Q

what is symmetric bicameralism

A

the two legislative chambers differ in their political composition.

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12
Q

what is asymmetric bicameralism

A

the two legislative chambers possess unequal constitutional power

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13
Q

who came up with the ideas of arena and transformative legislatures

A

Nelson Polsby

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14
Q

what are arena legislatures

A

where there is a focus on plenary work and debate function, little impact on policy-making (UK)

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15
Q

what are transformative legislatures

A

focus on committee work and amending function, little public debate (Germany)

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16
Q

who came up with the idea of policymaking and policy influencing legislatures

A

Phillip Norton

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17
Q

what are policy-making legislatures

A

where they have the ability to initiate legislation and to amend and reject government legislation (Italy)

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18
Q

what is a policy influencing legislature

A

where they have the ability to introduce amendments to government legislation

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19
Q

what are little-or-no-policy effect legislatures

A

where they have no ability to amend legislation

20
Q

what is descriptive representation

A

where the legislature exactly reflects the demographic make up of the country

21
Q

what is substantive representation

A

where the legislature reflects the diversity of perspectives/ideas in a country

22
Q

what is trustee representation

A

where representatives follow their own judgement about the proper course of action

23
Q

what is delegate representation

A

where representatives follow their preferences of a group (party and/or constituencies)

24
Q

what is local representation

A

where representatives act in the interest of their local constituencies

25
Q

what is national representation

A

where legislators should act in the interests of the country as a whole

26
Q

what does it mean to execute

A

to develop and implement the policies that govern a nation

27
Q

what are the four types of executive

A

presidential
parliamentary
semi-presidential
directorial

28
Q

how are the branches of government connected in a presidential system

A

separations of powers

29
Q

who is the head of state in a presidential system

A

the head of the executive

30
Q

how is the head of state elected in a presidential system

A

they are directly elected by the people

31
Q

what is the relationship between the president and the legislature

A

the president is not politically accountable to the legislature

32
Q

how are the branches of government connected in a parliamentary system

A

fusion of powers (sometimes limited separation of powers)

33
Q

who is the head of state in a parliamentary system

A

they are separate to the head of the executive

34
Q

how is the head of state elected in a parliamentary system

A

they are not directly elected by the people

35
Q

how does the appointment of the PM work

A
  • needs implicit of explicit approval by parliament
  • often formally appointed by the head of state
36
Q

how does removal of office work in a parliamentary system

A
  • vote of no confidence
37
Q

what is the relationship between branches in semi-presidential systems

A

there is limited separation of powers

38
Q

who is the head of state in a semi-presidential system

A

the head of state is different to the head of the executive

39
Q

how is the head of state elected in a semi-presidential system

A

they are directly elected by the people

40
Q

what powers does a president have in a semi-presidential system

A
  • veto power
  • dissolve parliament
  • nominate government
  • dictate/shape composition of constitutional court
41
Q

which countries have a semi-presidential system

A

France, Portugal, Austria, Finland and Ireland

42
Q

who has premier-presidentialism

A

Ukraine

43
Q

how does premier-presidentialism work

A
  • PM and Cabinet are exclusively accountable to the assembly majority
  • the legislature choose the PM and Cabinet
  • The legislature can remove the PM and Cabinet from office with a vote of no confidence
44
Q

who has president-parliamentarism

A

Russia

45
Q

how does president-parliamentarism work

A
  • PM and Cabinet are accountable to both the president and the assembly
  • President choose the PM and the cabinet with the confirmation of the assembly
  • the president can dismiss government and dissolve the legislature
46
Q

who has directorial government

A

Switzerland

Comparative Politics (24 decks)

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