Comparative Politics Test 1 Flashcards
Definition of a State
Administrative Entity, a political bureaucracy that rules or administers a people or territory.
Defining feature: Has monopoly over violence [professional police force and armies]
Treaty of Westphalia
Nation-States began to recognize the sovereignty of other states
2 Types of Political Systems
- Democratic
2. Authoritarian
Definition of Nation
“People”; Ethnic group, tribe
Social Strata
How a society is divided or organized (class, religion, race)
2 Types of Economic Systems
- Capitalism
2. Socialism
Characteristics of a Traditional Society [LIST]
- Family [social unit]
- Agrarian [economy]
- Hierarchy [social organization]
- Static [change]
- Religious [world view]
Characteristics of a Modern Society [LIST]
- Individual [social unit]
- Industrial [economy]
- Egalitarian [social organization]
- Dynamic [change]
- Secular [world view]
Quantitative Approach Characteristics and Uses
Characteristics: finds patterns and evidence in human behavior that leads to prediction
Uses: Voting behavior, economics, I.R. (data on War and International Political Economy)
Qualitative Approach Characteristics and Uses
Characteristics: The goal is understanding, loos at more factors and entails more disciplines
Uses: Study of leadership and leaders, political histories, political culture, ideologies
Historicism
all societies in time are so unique that they can’t be compared
3 Paradigms used for studying politics [LIST]
- Traditional
- Behavioral
- Radical
Characteristics of the Traditional Paradigm [LIST]
- Fact & Value are both present [normative]
- Qualitative
- Focus: Individual Countries or Leaders
- Culturally Specific [Western scholars focus on Western studies]
- Descriptive, Static [details but did not explain social change]
- Historical OR Ahistorical
Characteristics of the Behavioral Paradigm [LIST]
“Positivism”
- Separate Fact & Value - normative judgements should be left out
- Quantitative
- Comparative [compare gov’t and politics between countries]
- Western bias still present
- Relatively Static
- Ahistorical [looks at current political systems, not historically]
Characteristics of the Radical Paradigm [LIST]
“Marxism”
- Fact and Value are interrelated [norms are towards social change]
- Uses both Qualitative and Quantitative
- Comparative
- Explicit Non-Western Focus
- Dynamic [explained social change]
- Historical
Origin of the State
Emerged after 1500 in Europe and was brought around the world through Colonialism.
Contrasting religious formulations of the State
- Religion created conditions for the Modern State to emerge.
VS. - The State is a natural manifestation of historical development. It is a secular process, and separates itself from religion to become its own autonomous entity. The State was allowed to develop because religion was removed from the political world.
What were some positive influences of the Middle Ages?
The Rule had to protect and respect the populous.
Politics focused on the ideas of justice and rights.
Why do we accept authority? [LIST]
A. Tradition
B. Charisma
C. Rationality
What are the Features/Attributes of a State? [LIST]
A. Organization [structure]
B. Differentiation [many functions & departments]
C. Sovereignty [exclusive jurisdiction over people + territory]
D. Part of the International State System
E. Secular [in theory]
[DOSIS]
What are the Sources of State Authority? [LIST]
A. Religion
B. Leader
C. Ideologies
D. The People (Democracy)
What are Threats to the State?[LIST]
A. Supra-National Entities [EU, UN]
B. TNCs & Market
C. Religion
What is the importance of war to States?
War-making is the ultimate expression of power; shows the ability to mobilize and gather resources.
How are States “moral actors”?
They are acting in the “Common Good” by defining political philosophy/ideology.
What are the 2 major critiques of the State?
- Marxist
2. Conservative
What is the Marxist critique of the State? What is the solution?
Critique: the State is an economic tool used by the rich to exploit and control the poor.
Solution: Stateless society
What are the Conservative criticisms of the State? [LIST]
On the MODERN State: A) Artificiality [abstract, artificial bureaucracy] B) Impersonal [leaders are distant] C) Enforced Conformity D) Boundlessness
What is Political Culture?
Feelings of pride, citizenship. Type of government and the political culture in the government.
What is Political Socialization?
Ways in which political values are formed, sustained & transmitted
What are some agents of Political Socialization?
Media & Entertainment Education/Schools Family Interest Groups Religion
What are some key elements of Traditional societies?
- Religion is internalized
- Leaders are worshipped
- Many forms of Government
- Empire & Pope represents the separation of the Church & State
What did modernity lead to?
Reformation & Enlightenment
How did the idea of Modern Capitalism emerge?
With the protestant idea of “work ethic”
What were some key elements of the enlightenment?
- Predominance of reason and rational thought above faith
- Cultivating reason at social and political level leads to secular state
- Emergence of quantification and elevation of science
- Revolution-oriented
What marked the beginning of the Modern Era?
Renaissance and Reformation
What revolutions stemmed the Enlightenment?
French and Industrial
Religion is to the Traditional State as ______ is to the Modern State
Ideologies
What are the 5 major ideologies? [LIST]
- Democratic Capitalism
- Democratic Socialism
- Communism
- Fascism
- Nazism
In what century did Democratic Capitalism emerge?
18th Century
Key elements of Democratic Capitalism?
- Limited government
- Market and Private property are central to social life
- Individualistic
- Capitalism freed people from feudalism
When did Democratic Socialism emerge?
19th Century
Key elements of Democratic Socialism?
- Government expands [involves itself in economy & social problems]
- Places limits on wealth, property & market through taxation and regulation
- Limits on Individualism more collective and cooperative]
What is another term for Communism?
Revolutionary Socialism
Key elements of Communism?
- Total government
- no private property, no market (gov’t dictates all profits and resources)
- Collective and classless society enforced
- Right-Left labels
When was the end of Communism?
1994 (End of Cold War)
What are the key elements of Fascism?
- Nationalism/Culture-Focused
- Cooperate rather than compete
- Leader Worship
- Wants to protect itself from communism & capitalism; isolation and defends itself from international ideologies
Key elements of Nazism?
- Government control over land and property
- focus on Race
- wants to expand country for dominance based on rase
What is Anarchism?
“Against Government” with an emphasis on the individual.
What is the class structure in the Traditional Society?
Aristocrats
Clergy
Bourgeoisie
Peasants
What is the class structure in Modern hierarchy?
Bourgeoisie
Clergy
Proletariat
What changes have occurred in the transition to a Modern society?
- Elites & aristocrats have been replaced by the middle class
- Shift from Agrarian to Industrial Society
- Capitalism controls population
- Power is buffered through groups that have some level of auttonomy
What are some groups that have autonomy over class (buffer power) - Intermediary Organizations?
- Class system
- Worker guilds
- Family
- Community
- Church
- Commerce
Define Revolution
Dramatic and often violent change in political, economic or social environment
Connection between Revolutions and Enlightenment
There is a desire for a transformation based on abstract ideas/concepts - against the “old order”
What were the 4 major revolutions and their dates? [LIST]
- American Revolution [1775 - 1783]
- French Revolution [1789-1799]
- Russian Revolution [1917-1921]
- Chinese Revolution [1934-1949]
What year was the Iranian Revolution and what was it about?
1979 - an effort to return to Theocracy; a counter-revolution surfacing in the Islamic World
Define Democracy
Full participation and equity amongst a population
What is a Direct Democracy?
Small group, village - people know each other
What is a Representative Democracy?
Forms as a society becomes larger; distributes power equally and controls power of the State (desired by Right)
What is Mass Democracy?
Large group with no representatives, voting directly for a leader (desired by the Left)
What are the Features of a Democracy? [LIST]
A) Degree to which gov’t responds to demands of the people
B) Transparency
C) Open Competition (elections)
What are the features of an Industrial Democracy? [LIST]
A) Endurance of Single-Party Rule
B) Emergence of Catch-All Parties
C) De-Alignment
D) New Corporatism [business corporation and interest/professional groups are working together]
What is the role of Political Parties in Industrial Democracies? [LIST]
A) Interest Aggregation
B) Intermediary Organizations
C) Integrate People into Policy & Politics
What are the 2 different types of democracy?
- Majority Rule
2. Pluralism
What is Majority Rule?
The majority rules - suppresses minority
What is Pluralism?
Every group in Society must have a voice (ethnic, class, gender, race)
Four major ethnic groups in the UK?
Ireland, [Britain, Scotland, Whales]
What is the Magna Carta and when was it signed?
Marked the 1st Democratic transition, gave power to the lower-level Aristocrats. Signed in 1215.