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Comparative Politics Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Definition of a State

A

Administrative Entity, a political bureaucracy that rules or administers a people or territory.

Defining feature: Has monopoly over violence [professional police force and armies]

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2
Q

Treaty of Westphalia

A

Nation-States began to recognize the sovereignty of other states

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3
Q

2 Types of Political Systems

A
  1. Democratic

2. Authoritarian

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4
Q

Definition of Nation

A

“People”; Ethnic group, tribe

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5
Q

Social Strata

A

How a society is divided or organized (class, religion, race)

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6
Q

2 Types of Economic Systems

A
  1. Capitalism

2. Socialism

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7
Q

Characteristics of a Traditional Society [LIST]

A
  1. Family [social unit]
  2. Agrarian [economy]
  3. Hierarchy [social organization]
  4. Static [change]
  5. Religious [world view]
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8
Q

Characteristics of a Modern Society [LIST]

A
  1. Individual [social unit]
  2. Industrial [economy]
  3. Egalitarian [social organization]
  4. Dynamic [change]
  5. Secular [world view]
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9
Q

Quantitative Approach Characteristics and Uses

A

Characteristics: finds patterns and evidence in human behavior that leads to prediction

Uses: Voting behavior, economics, I.R. (data on War and International Political Economy)

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10
Q

Qualitative Approach Characteristics and Uses

A

Characteristics: The goal is understanding, loos at more factors and entails more disciplines

Uses: Study of leadership and leaders, political histories, political culture, ideologies

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11
Q

Historicism

A

all societies in time are so unique that they can’t be compared

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12
Q

3 Paradigms used for studying politics [LIST]

A
  1. Traditional
  2. Behavioral
  3. Radical
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13
Q

Characteristics of the Traditional Paradigm [LIST]

A
  1. Fact & Value are both present [normative]
  2. Qualitative
  3. Focus: Individual Countries or Leaders
  4. Culturally Specific [Western scholars focus on Western studies]
  5. Descriptive, Static [details but did not explain social change]
  6. Historical OR Ahistorical
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14
Q

Characteristics of the Behavioral Paradigm [LIST]

A

“Positivism”

  1. Separate Fact & Value - normative judgements should be left out
  2. Quantitative
  3. Comparative [compare gov’t and politics between countries]
  4. Western bias still present
  5. Relatively Static
  6. Ahistorical [looks at current political systems, not historically]
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15
Q

Characteristics of the Radical Paradigm [LIST]

A

“Marxism”

  1. Fact and Value are interrelated [norms are towards social change]
  2. Uses both Qualitative and Quantitative
  3. Comparative
  4. Explicit Non-Western Focus
  5. Dynamic [explained social change]
  6. Historical
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16
Q

Origin of the State

A

Emerged after 1500 in Europe and was brought around the world through Colonialism.

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17
Q

Contrasting religious formulations of the State

A
  1. Religion created conditions for the Modern State to emerge.
    VS.
  2. The State is a natural manifestation of historical development. It is a secular process, and separates itself from religion to become its own autonomous entity. The State was allowed to develop because religion was removed from the political world.
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18
Q

What were some positive influences of the Middle Ages?

A

The Rule had to protect and respect the populous.

Politics focused on the ideas of justice and rights.

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19
Q

Why do we accept authority? [LIST]

A

A. Tradition
B. Charisma
C. Rationality

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20
Q

What are the Features/Attributes of a State? [LIST]

A

A. Organization [structure]
B. Differentiation [many functions & departments]
C. Sovereignty [exclusive jurisdiction over people + territory]
D. Part of the International State System
E. Secular [in theory]

[DOSIS]

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21
Q

What are the Sources of State Authority? [LIST]

A

A. Religion
B. Leader
C. Ideologies
D. The People (Democracy)

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22
Q

What are Threats to the State?[LIST]

A

A. Supra-National Entities [EU, UN]
B. TNCs & Market
C. Religion

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23
Q

What is the importance of war to States?

A

War-making is the ultimate expression of power; shows the ability to mobilize and gather resources.

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24
Q

How are States “moral actors”?

A

They are acting in the “Common Good” by defining political philosophy/ideology.

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25
Q

What are the 2 major critiques of the State?

A
  1. Marxist

2. Conservative

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26
Q

What is the Marxist critique of the State? What is the solution?

A

Critique: the State is an economic tool used by the rich to exploit and control the poor.

Solution: Stateless society

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27
Q

What are the Conservative criticisms of the State? [LIST]

A 
On the MODERN State:
A) Artificiality [abstract, artificial bureaucracy]
B) Impersonal [leaders are distant]
C) Enforced Conformity
D) Boundlessness
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28
Q

What is Political Culture?

A

Feelings of pride, citizenship. Type of government and the political culture in the government.

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29
Q

What is Political Socialization?

A

Ways in which political values are formed, sustained & transmitted

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30
Q

What are some agents of Political Socialization?

A 
Media & Entertainment
Education/Schools
Family
Interest Groups
Religion
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31
Q

What are some key elements of Traditional societies?

A
  • Religion is internalized
  • Leaders are worshipped
  • Many forms of Government
  • Empire & Pope represents the separation of the Church & State
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32
Q

What did modernity lead to?

A

Reformation & Enlightenment

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33
Q

How did the idea of Modern Capitalism emerge?

A

With the protestant idea of “work ethic”

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34
Q

What were some key elements of the enlightenment?

A
  • Predominance of reason and rational thought above faith
  • Cultivating reason at social and political level leads to secular state
  • Emergence of quantification and elevation of science
  • Revolution-oriented
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35
Q

What marked the beginning of the Modern Era?

A

Renaissance and Reformation

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36
Q

What revolutions stemmed the Enlightenment?

A

French and Industrial

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37
Q

Religion is to the Traditional State as ______ is to the Modern State

A

Ideologies

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38
Q

What are the 5 major ideologies? [LIST]

A
  1. Democratic Capitalism
  2. Democratic Socialism
  3. Communism
  4. Fascism
  5. Nazism
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39
Q

In what century did Democratic Capitalism emerge?

A

18th Century

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40
Q

Key elements of Democratic Capitalism?

A
  • Limited government
  • Market and Private property are central to social life
  • Individualistic
  • Capitalism freed people from feudalism
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41
Q

When did Democratic Socialism emerge?

A

19th Century

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42
Q

Key elements of Democratic Socialism?

A
  • Government expands [involves itself in economy & social problems]
  • Places limits on wealth, property & market through taxation and regulation
  • Limits on Individualism more collective and cooperative]
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43
Q

What is another term for Communism?

A

Revolutionary Socialism

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44
Q

Key elements of Communism?

A
  • Total government
  • no private property, no market (gov’t dictates all profits and resources)
  • Collective and classless society enforced
  • Right-Left labels
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45
Q

When was the end of Communism?

A

1994 (End of Cold War)

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46
Q

What are the key elements of Fascism?

A
  • Nationalism/Culture-Focused
  • Cooperate rather than compete
  • Leader Worship
  • Wants to protect itself from communism & capitalism; isolation and defends itself from international ideologies
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47
Q

Key elements of Nazism?

A
  • Government control over land and property
  • focus on Race
  • wants to expand country for dominance based on rase
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48
Q

What is Anarchism?

A

“Against Government” with an emphasis on the individual.

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49
Q

What is the class structure in the Traditional Society?

A

Aristocrats
Clergy
Bourgeoisie
Peasants

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50
Q

What is the class structure in Modern hierarchy?

A

Bourgeoisie
Clergy
Proletariat

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51
Q

What changes have occurred in the transition to a Modern society?

A
  • Elites & aristocrats have been replaced by the middle class
  • Shift from Agrarian to Industrial Society
  • Capitalism controls population
  • Power is buffered through groups that have some level of auttonomy
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52
Q

What are some groups that have autonomy over class (buffer power) - Intermediary Organizations?

A
  • Class system
  • Worker guilds
  • Family
  • Community
  • Church
  • Commerce
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53
Q

Define Revolution

A

Dramatic and often violent change in political, economic or social environment

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54
Q

Connection between Revolutions and Enlightenment

A

There is a desire for a transformation based on abstract ideas/concepts - against the “old order”

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55
Q

What were the 4 major revolutions and their dates? [LIST]

A
  1. American Revolution [1775 - 1783]
  2. French Revolution [1789-1799]
  3. Russian Revolution [1917-1921]
  4. Chinese Revolution [1934-1949]
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56
Q

What year was the Iranian Revolution and what was it about?

A

1979 - an effort to return to Theocracy; a counter-revolution surfacing in the Islamic World

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57
Q

Define Democracy

A

Full participation and equity amongst a population

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58
Q

What is a Direct Democracy?

A

Small group, village - people know each other

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59
Q

What is a Representative Democracy?

A

Forms as a society becomes larger; distributes power equally and controls power of the State (desired by Right)

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60
Q

What is Mass Democracy?

A

Large group with no representatives, voting directly for a leader (desired by the Left)

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61
Q

What are the Features of a Democracy? [LIST]

A

A) Degree to which gov’t responds to demands of the people
B) Transparency
C) Open Competition (elections)

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62
Q

What are the features of an Industrial Democracy? [LIST]

A

A) Endurance of Single-Party Rule
B) Emergence of Catch-All Parties
C) De-Alignment
D) New Corporatism [business corporation and interest/professional groups are working together]

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63
Q

What is the role of Political Parties in Industrial Democracies? [LIST]

A

A) Interest Aggregation
B) Intermediary Organizations
C) Integrate People into Policy & Politics

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64
Q

What are the 2 different types of democracy?

A
  1. Majority Rule

2. Pluralism

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65
Q

What is Majority Rule?

A

The majority rules - suppresses minority

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66
Q

What is Pluralism?

A

Every group in Society must have a voice (ethnic, class, gender, race)

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67
Q

Four major ethnic groups in the UK?

A

Ireland, [Britain, Scotland, Whales]

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68
Q

What is the Magna Carta and when was it signed?

A

Marked the 1st Democratic transition, gave power to the lower-level Aristocrats. Signed in 1215.

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69
Q

What century was the British Reformation?

A

16th Century

70
Q

Who was the key figure that cut the ties with the church to create the modern state?

A

Henry the 8th

71
Q

Who fought in the English Civil War?

A

Puritans [Bourgeoisie] and Anglicans

72
Q

When was the English Civil War?

A

17th Century

73
Q

When was the Anglican Church established?

A

The Reformation (16th century)

74
Q

How long was the English Civil War?

75
Q

Who emerged as a military dictator from the Civil War?

A

Oliver Cromwell

76
Q

When did Industrialization begin in Britain?

A

18th Century

77
Q

Who were British Political Liberal Theorists?

A

Thomas Hobbes
John Locke
JS Mill

78
Q

Who were British Economic Liberal Theorists?

A

Adam Smith
Daniel Ricardo
J.M Keynes

79
Q

What is Deferential style of authority?

A

British defer the power to the hierarchy (do not tolerate egalitarianism or authoritarianism)

80
Q

What is Responsible Party Government?

A

When one party controls the political decision-making of the country and proceeds according to the mandate given by the people: requires that political power is concentrated in that one party *they are responsible to the other party AND the people

81
Q

What are the primary parties of the British Two-Party government?

A

Tories & Labour Party

82
Q

Which two parties formed the British coalition government in 2010?

A

Liberal Democrats & Tories

83
Q

Who were 2 famous Tories?

A

Margaret Thatcher and Winston Churchill

84
Q

What is the 4th Major British Political Party?

A

UKIP (UK Independence Party)

85
Q

What are the two major elements of the British Government?

A

Parliament + Government

86
Q

What is the British Parliament made up of?

A

Legislature + Political Party

87
Q

What is the “Government” in Britain made up of?

A

Cabinet + Prime Minister

88
Q

Who are the “Heads of State”?

A

Chief of State: Prime Minister (executive office)

Head of State: The Crown

89
Q

Who is the current Prime Minister of England?

A

David Cameron

90
Q

Who is the current Head of State in Britain?

A

Queen Elizabeth

91
Q

What is the British Legislature made up of?

A

Lower House: House of Commons - more power

Upper House: House of Lords

92
Q

Who holds more power in England: Prime Minister or Political Party?

A

Political Party

93
Q

What is the british Cabinet made up of?

A

Ministers of the Party and Outside Advisors

94
Q

What is a “Shadow Government”?

A

The party and its leadership that is not in the government at a give time [but is established as the future P.M and party]

95
Q

Define “Vote of Confidence”

A

The party in power can discipline the government to this if the party feels the Prime Minister is weak or the Party is not leading the country properly

96
Q

How long is the term of the British Prime Minister?

97
Q

What are the 4 trends in British politics? [LIST]

A
  1. Question of Lords & the Crown [any role in politics]
  2. Economic Reform
  3. Education Reform
  4. Immigration Reform
98
Q

What are some primary differences between France and England? [LIST]

A
  • French are more ideological
  • French had rapid, violent change
  • Intellectuals are more prominent in France
  • French “Exceptionalism”
99
Q

What are the 2 major similarities between France and Britain?

A
  1. Political Stability

2. Democracy

100
Q

When was France the power of Europe?

A

9th century - 19th century

101
Q

When was the French Revolution

102
Q

What class change occurred in the French Revolution? (who did they seek to overthrow)

A

Aristocracy & Clergy

103
Q

What was the Reign of Terror and who was the leader?

A

Robespierre; he increased violence to create a “perfect” society by turning the population of 20 million to 5 million

104
Q

Who had the idea of making France into a Mass Democracy?

105
Q

Who made up the Right and Left that emerged in the French Revolution

A

Right: Aristocracy & Clergy
Left: Commoners

106
Q

When did Napoleon become emperor?

107
Q

What were the Napoleonic Wars?

A

Napoleon wanted to consolidate power; took revolutionary ideas and implemented them into war, bringing the ideas of a political revolution throughout all of Europe. He created “Frenchness”

108
Q

What 2 entities united to create an Absolutist State?

A

Aristocracy & Clergy

109
Q

Who was the “Sun King”

A

Louis the 14th

110
Q

Who were the French Intellectuals during the Enlightenment?

A

Rousseau

Voltaire

111
Q

Who was a French intellectual during the Counter-Enlightenment (or Romantic Period)?

A

Chateaubriand

112
Q

Who were the French Existentialist/Post-Modernist Intellectuals?

A

Sarte

Foucault

113
Q

What are the Negative Freedoms and who utilized these?

A

One should be free from arbitrary violence/coercion; “Defensive” Rights. British used these.

114
Q

What are Positive Freedoms and who utilized these?

A

“Offensive Rights”; right to a job, property, education, health care. Used by French.

115
Q

What are the 3 Characteristics of French Society? [LIST]

A
  1. Ideological Society
  2. Centralized System
  3. Egalitarian
116
Q

Where is the government centralized in France?

117
Q

What happens when you centralize power?

A

Becomes more Bureaucratic

118
Q

What kind of governmental system does France have?

A

Unitary: power is not distributed geographically, one center of power = Paris

119
Q

Is France a Parliamentary or Presidential System?

A

Presidential

120
Q

How long is the president’s term in France?

121
Q

When was the presidential system in France created?

122
Q

Who created the Presidential System in France?

A

Charles de Gaulle

123
Q

What Republic did Charles de Gaulle become president?

124
Q

Who appoints the “Premier” or Prime Minister in France?

A

The President

125
Q

What is Cohabitation?

A

President is from a different political party than the majority of the members of Parliament.

126
Q

Who is the current president of France?

A

Francois Hollande

127
Q

What are the 2 houses of Legislature in France?

A

Upper House: Senate

Lower House: National Assembly (law making)

128
Q

What is the Upper House in France?

129
Q

What is the Lower House in France?

A

National Assembly

130
Q

How are Elections conducted in France?

A

Two Ballet System where all parties have a candidate for the 1st ballet, narrows it down to 2 candidates for the 2nd ballet

131
Q

What are the Right Political parties in France?

A

UMP

National Front

132
Q

What are the Left political parties in France?

A

Socialists
Green Party
Communist Party

133
Q

What is the current political party in France?

A

Socialists

134
Q

What are the qualities of a Bureaucracy? [LIST]

A

Impersonal Rules
Routinized Behavior
Insolated from the public

135
Q

What are the major trends in France? [LIST]

A
  • France & the EU (French economy is less competetive as Germany positions itself as economic power of Europe]
  • Foreign Affairs (Middle East & Africa]
  • Islam is growing
136
Q

When was the Holocaust?

A

1930s-1945

137
Q

What was the goal of the Holocaust?

A

Systematic extermination of an entire population

138
Q

When was German Unification?

139
Q

What is the significance of Germany’s geographic location?

A

Germany is hemmed in the center of Europe; it is land-locked with no access to overseas trade. It was the battle ground for major and smaller wars (30 years, Napoleonic).

140
Q

Why was there no political centralization in Germany?

A

War and Marshall Military Culture

141
Q

What role does religion play in Germany?

A

The Protestant Reformation occurred here; it maintained a divided and fragmented “mosaic”. It led to the 30 years War that was fought on German Soil.

142
Q

What was the 1st “Total War”?

A

30 Years War

143
Q

When and what was the Protestant Reformation in Germany?

A

16th century; Martin Luther created it with theological arguments and critiques of the Catholic Church

144
Q

When and what was Romanticism in Germany?

A

18th century; intellectual revolt against the Enlightenment [existential philosophy and music]

145
Q

When did Nazism arise and what was it?

A

20th Century; a Romantic movement focused on the “Will to Power”. Used aesthetics and technology in politics. Believed that the greatest existence is the warrior on the battlefield.

146
Q

When was the Franco-Prussian War?

147
Q

What was the Franco-Prussian War?

A

In 17th century, Prussia had emerged as the dominant German power. It had a history of warfare with Austria. As Prussia grew, it became the most powerful, organized and political state. Napoleon helps consolidate Germany, and the Franco-Prussian War unifies Germany. Prussia wins against France and rallies the Germans to success.

148
Q

Who was Otto von Bismarck?

A

Ruthless Statesman that was totally devoted to Germany, key actor in the Franco-Prussian War.

149
Q

When was WWI?

150
Q

Who was part of the Triple Alliance?

A

Austria, Hungary, Ottoman Empire

151
Q

Who was part of the Triple Entente?

A

Britain, France, Russia, US

152
Q

What was the Treaty of Versailles and when was it signed?

A

It required the payment of reparations to the “winners” and a loss of territory for the losers. Signed in 1919.

153
Q

What are some of the historical attributes of German Political Culture?

A
  • Authoritarian/Paternalistic
  • Romantic impulse
  • Ideology
  • Law Obeying: good citizens, informed, vote
  • Legalistic
  • Role of the Intellectual
154
Q

Who is a key German “Romantic” Intellectual?

A

Schopenhauer

155
Q

Who is a key German “Existentialist” Intellectual?

156
Q

What were Nietzsche’s fundamental ideologies?

A

Will to Power, Anti-Democratic, Anti-Marxist

157
Q

What kind of governmental system does Germany have?

A

Parliamentary, Federal system

158
Q

Who makes up the German Parliament?

A

Chancellor: “Chief of State” - Prime Minister
President: “Head of State”

159
Q

What are the two houses in the German Legislature?

A

Bundesraat

Bundestag

160
Q

What is the Upper House in German Legislature?

A

Bundesraat

161
Q

What is the Lower House in the German Legislature?

A

Bundestag - laws are made here

162
Q

When did Germany become a Coalition Government?

163
Q

What are the Conservative (Right) German Parties?

A
  • CDU - Christian Democratic Union (most important politicians)
  • FDP - “Libertarians” Free Democratic Party
164
Q

What are the Left/Liberal German political parties?

A
  • SPD: Social Democratic Party

- Greens

165
Q

What is the largest political party in Europe?

166
Q

Who are the key figures in the CDU?

A

Adenauer

Kohl

167
Q

What figure was responsible for the reunification of Germany in 1989?

168
Q

Who is the “father of Democratic and Modern Germany”?

169
Q

Who is the current chancellor of Germany?

A

Angela Merkel

170
Q

What is Angela Merkel’s legacy?

A

Leadership in the EU: financial policies to send a signal to French that Germany is the economic power of the EU

171
Q

What are some trends in Germany? [LIST]

A 
A) Reunification
B) EU:
- reunificiation
- debt problems
- German leadership
C) Russia & Eastern Europe
- Germany sees itself as mediator of the East
- dependent on Russia economically
- Crucial part of Eastern Europe stability
D) Domestic Reforms
E) Immigration
172
Q

Who are the primary immigrants in Germany?

Comparative Politics (3 decks)

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