Comparative Politics Flashcards

Question

Before the 90s, which parties dominated Italian politics? Why did they collapse

Answer 1

Socialist Party Communist Party Christian Democrats They collapsed because of corruption.

Answer 2

China's legislature. Appoints officials in Executive and Judicial Branch. Amends and enforces Constitution Passing laws

Answer 3

Provinces, Special Administrative Regions (Hong Kong and Macau), Municipalities (Beijing, Shanghai, Tianjin, Chongqing), Autonomous Regions like Xinjiang and Tibet

Answer 4

There are regional party committees for each political subdivision that are controlled by the national party. The national government heavily influences the regional governments.

Answer 5

Cooperation of Nationalists and Communists to create a Republic under the leadership of Sun Yat-Sen.

Answer 6

A political party created by the Nationalists and Communists to cooperate towards overthrowing the Qing Dynasty.

Answer 7

Nationalists, now under Chiang Kai-shek, took control of the government and kicked Communists out from First United Front.

Answer 8

He was focused on fighting the Communists instead of the Japanese invasion of Manchuria. The Communists resisted the Japanese.

Answer 9

The party operates through the system called democratic centralism. This means that when a decision has been voted on by the majority of the members of the party, the entire party stands by the decision. As the government of China is a single-party system, this means that the entire Chinese government supports the decisions of the Communist Party of China.

Answer 10

President State Council (including Premier)

Answer 11

Supreme People's Court

Answer 12

It is a largely ceremonial role and attends to foreign dignitaries.

Answer 13

Accountable to National People's Congress Heads the State Council

Answer 14

Oversees regional governments (first-level political subdivisions)

Answer 15

The Supreme People's Court oversees the courts of the regional governments.

Answer 16

People elect Regional People's Congresses, who in turn elect National People's Congresses.

Answer 17

To what extent should China embrace capitalism to adapt to the global economy?

Answer 18

a political system in which only one party is legally allowed to operate, while it is illegal to operate other political parties

Answer 19

The government is run by well‐educated and experienced officials who were carefully selected and promoted by merit.

Answer 20

Communist Parties are governed by Democratic centralism (its leaders are elected democratically, but otherwise, the party implements the leaders' decisions and is organized hierarchically) In practice, under the Communist one-party model, the party's leader (called the first or general secretary) was the most powerful figure in the country, more powerful than the president or prime minister.

Answer 21

Does Not Embrace Democratic Centralism. One charismatic leader embracing the people's will made important decisions single-handedly, and the party implemented them.

Answer 22

In some countries, the constitution permits the existence of multiple political parties, but they are de facto one-party states because the government prevents the registration of opposition parties. Parties that are registered often support the government and the one party that dominates the government. Ex: Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan

Answer 23

In a dominant party system, multiple political parties (including opposition parties) exist and operate legally, but only one party consistently wins elections. Democratic Type: Elections are free and fair. Ex: South Africa (until 2024), Japan Authoritarian: A single party constantly wins elections due to electoral fraud or the creation of unfair conditions for opposition parties Ex: Russia, Hungary

Answer 24

government exists to foster eudaimonia, or 'a good life,' of its citizens, which involves cultivating virtue amongst citizens.

Answer 25

The ability to reason. Aristotle believed women and slaves had limited capability for reasoning. Therefore, he justified slavery and patriarchy.

Answer 26

Monarchy is rule by a single person, which is appropriate for a people when a single person's virtue far outstrips everyone else's. Its corrupted form is tyranny, in which one person dominates the whole city-state. The second genuine government is aristocracy, which is rule by the few (assuming there is a class of people whose virtue exceeds the other citizens). Its corrupted form is plutocracy, which is not rule by the best (most virtuous) but instead rule by the rich. The final form of genuine government is 'polity,' which is rule by the many. For a polity, citizens should be alike in virtue and they take office by turns. Its corrupted version is democracy, which is merely rule by the poor.

Answer 27

The mark of a genuine government is that reason and the rights of the ruled are respected by the ruler(s). Corrupted governments, by contrast, seek to dominate the ruled.

Answer 28

Book by Nicolaus Copernicus that proposed heliocentrism and challenged the geocentric beliefs of Europeans.

Answer 29

considered the father of the scientific method

Answer 30

Idea that Earth revolves around the sun.

Answer 31

Idea that Earth is at center of universe.

Answer 32

Advanced ideas that planets did not spherically orbit the sun and that the sun is not the center of the universe.

Answer 33

Theory of gravity Laws of motion

Answer 34

Advances in and more widespread use of technology Led to Industrial Revolution Greater acceptance of scientific method and experimentation to attain knowledge for humanity

Answer 35

1. Make an observation. 2. Ask a question. 3. Research the question. 4. Propose a hypothesis. 5. Test the hypothesis with an experiment. 6. Draw a conclusion based on the experiment. 7. Repeat.

Answer 36

The work of Indian and Persian mathematicians Renaissance Protestant Reformation

Answer 37

Enlightenment Industrial Revolution

Answer 38

Be skeptical of an idea unless it is absolutely true.

Answer 39

People moved away from relying on superstition to pursuing logic, empiricism and skepticism to make sense of and be knowledgeable about the world.

Answer 40

It was developed over thousands of years by contributions from Ancient Greece and the Medieval Islamic and European worlds. Muslim scholars championed experimentation as a source of scientific knowledge.

Answer 41

Aristotle (he championed empiricism as a source of knowledge) Francis Bacon (Shaped modern scientific method that we know today. Argued for inductive reasoning and empiricism in science.) Galileo Galilei (argued that the ultimate aim of science should be the pursuit of the truth, even if that truth goes against commonly held beliefs) Isaac Newton (said scientists should be driven by observation and evidence rather than their desires to prove a specific conclusion) Roger Bacon (emphasized importance of experimentation and recording experiments so that others can repeat them.)

Answer 42

Coming to a conclusion based on a series of observations. Ex: A scientist coming to a conclusion based on a scientific experiment and is results.

Answer 43

He thought deductive reasoning and rationalism should be the source of knowledge instead of empiricism and inductive reasoning, which Francis Bacon proposed.

Answer 44

A person begins under the assumption that the conclusion is already known and attempts to explain observations in a way that is consistent with that conclusion. Ex: A climate change skeptic explaining rising temperatures in a way that is consistent with his or her thinking.

Answer 45

Rene Descartes argued that because humans have the ability to question their existence means that they exist. The existence of humans cannot be doubted. One person cannot doubt the existence of themself.

Answer 46

Descartes Rousseau John Locke De Montesquieu Hobbes Voltaire Kant Adam Smith

Answer 47

Explains why LDCs have not developed very much.

Answer 48

If LDCs want to develop, they need to accept Western social, political and economic practices, including free markets, acceptance of foreign investment in the country and democratic political institutions

Answer 49

It argues that the successful development of the developed countries was dependent upon the underdevelopment of the LDCs. In other words, the development of the developed countries of the Northern Hemisphere was based upon the exploitation of the lesser-developed countries of the South due to unequal trade practices, abuse of LDCs' low-skilled labor market and extraction of profits from LDCs to the developed countries.

Answer 50

Hobbes says human nature is bad while Locke says it is good.

Answer 51

Rulers must focus on self-preservation. They can do this by strengthening military, which will allow them to defend and conquer territory. They also must be deceptive and duplicitous in order to maintain their power. Don't be too kind to subjects, but don't be too harsh either to the point that they hate you. Human nature is bad. Therefore, rulers must do evil sometimes to succeed in politics and war. Be virtuous only if advantageous

Answer 52

Modernization theory is defined as the sociological theory stating that societies will inevitably change in positive, progressive ways over the course of their existence.

Answer 53

Assumes Western capitalism is the true model of a society being modernized. Says modernization occurs in the following stages. Tradition: Society is agricultural or horticultural. Little trade with other societies. Population does not think scientifically about the world and technology. Preparation for take-off: Manufacturing begins to develop. More trade with other societies. Take-off: Industrialization occurs. Maturation: Diversification of national economy. Technology is developed and spreads throughout society. The standard of living is increased. Mass production and mass consumption: At the time of writing, Rostow believed that Western countries, most notably the United States, occupied this last "developed" stage. Here, a country's economy flourishes in a capitalist system, characterized by mass production and consumerism.

Answer 54

Commitment to Marxism modernizes society by abolishing private property, income inequality, and labor exploitation by bosses.

Answer 55

Similar to Rostow's theory. Capitalism is key to modernization. Social mobilization: Theory says

Answer 56

Countries need to westernize and adopt capitalism in order to modernize and progress.

Answer 57

Countries modernize in different ways. Countries truly are modernized when they enter the global economic community and participate in international trade.

Answer 58

It is racist and ethnocentric.

Answer 59

Underdeveloped nations enrich advanced countries with resources at their own expense. As a result, the former become dependent on the latter. During colonialism, advanced nations exploited the resources of their colonies. During neocolonialism, advanced nations exploited less developed countries with the latter continuing dependence on the former. Ex: China is currently flourishing as an advanced country that exploits underdeveloped countries. China takes up raw materials from other countries, especially the underdeveloped countries, refines their products, and sells them at very high prices. Also, they give loans to underdeveloped economies and expect huge interest back. This condition has made China flourish indefinitely, portraying the situation of dependency theory.

Answer 60

Poor nations supply developed countries with raw materials and cheap labor in exchange for aid in the form of loans. This indebts poor countries. Undeveloped and Developing Countries are Dependent on Advanced Countries. Underdeveloped countries could use their resources to advance themselves. However, these resources are sold to advanced countries, refined, and then resold to underdeveloped countries at high prices. This process causes underdeveloped nations to deplete their resources which would have otherwise assisted them in their growth. Developed countries will continue to take resources from underdeveloped nations as long as they benefit from them.

Answer 61

Who will be a core, semi-peripheral, or peripheral country in the future shifts over time.

Answer 62

According to World Systems Theory, these countries are largely self-sufficient and are not exploited or do not exploit other countries for resources like labor and raw materials.

Answer 63

World systems theory doesn't account for globalization in explaining economic relationships between countries.

Answer 64

It is too simplistic to sort countries into four categories.

Answer 65

World systems theory emphasizes economics over social class: core countries also have exploited classes of people that benefit very little from the economic power of their societies. World systems Theory fails to account for this.

Answer 66

This criticism argues that Wallerstein treats states and their interests too much like businesses. These critics argue that states are not corporations and that their place on the world stage is more complex than Wallerstein accounts for.

Answer 67

The theory is insufficient in addressing the importance of culture in the shifting powers of the world.

Answer 68

World systems theory does not view countries in the global south as whole entities in their own right.

Answer 69

See Chapter 11 Sociology Cards in Quizlet

Answer 70

A state is a geographical area that shares a common government. It is defined by its borders and by the laws that govern the people living within them.

Answer 71

A nation, on the other hand, is a group of people who share ethnicity, cultural identity, history, and often geographical location.

Answer 72

A nation state is a geographical region that has borders and is governed by a single independent government. It is populated primarily or entirely by people who consider themselves to be a nation. Ex: The U.S., for example, is a nation state because it is governed by a single independent government and because the people who inhabit it by and large consider themselves to be legally and culturally American. Israel is a nation-state for the Jewish nation. Armenia is for Armenians. Australia is for Australians.

Answer 73

The declarative theory of statehood holds that a geographical or political region is a state if it has: A defined geographical territory. A permanent population. A government. The ability to enter into relations with other states.

Answer 74

Under the constitutive theory, declarations of recognition by other states are decisive for the legal existence of a region as a state. Ex: China does not recognize Taiwan as a state.

Answer 75

Technology allowed people to trade and travel over long distances. Map technologies improved understanding of borders Printing press and greater literacy created more uniform and distinct cultural identities across various peoples

Answer 76

A culture for all its citizens A central government Have economies and conduct economic relations with other nation-states.

Answer 77

Ottoman Empire (Many different ethnicities with their own unique cultural identities. They did not collectively identify as a nation.)

Answer 78

Immigration can change the national identity of nation-states. Members of nation-states may express racism and xenophobia to people not part of their nation.

Answer 79

People recognize the government's right to rule. Ex: Americans recognizing the right of the federal government to govern.

Answer 80

Preservation of an intact and smoothly functioning government in a state. Examples of instability include civil war, revolutions that threaten to topple governments, and short-term coalition governments like in the case of Italy etc..

Answer 81

In the past, governments ensured legitimacy and stability by force. They even appealed to religious authority, especially monarchs. Later on, they do so by providing services like rule of law, national defense, education, and a social safety net.

Answer 82

By directing anger of people toward a common enemy, like the rich, minorities, or other countries.

Answer 83

By emphasizing rule by the people.

Answer 84

the authority of a country to govern itself without outside interference

Answer 85

No, their behavior can be affected by other states such as through sanctions and military interventions.

Answer 86

a state that is unable to maintain and project its authority over its population and cannot protect its international boundaries. Ex: In your case, some new immigrants to your island paradise decided they didn't have to listen to you. Civil unrest and violence ensued as immigrants fought over their own pieces of paradise and you had no ability to stop it. Moreover, a neighboring state decided that your island would make a great addition to its tourist industry and invaded your country. While the international community made some noise of protest, your little island just wasn't important enough to support more aggressive action since you had no control over your population and no ability to defend your island.

Answer 87

Loyalty and devotion to a nation Ex: Bosnian Serbs devoted to the Serb people, Bosnian Croats devoted to the Croat people.

Answer 88

Devotion to one's own country Ex: All Bosnians, whether Croats, Serbs, or Bosniaks, are devoted to the country above their own national identities. So, maybe a Bosnian Serb identifies with their country of residence first before being devoted to their own nation, the Serbs.

Answer 89

Nationalism first began in France as the French Revolution took on nationalistic undertones.

Answer 90

Nationalism developed in other parts of Europe as peoples were getting ready to resist Napoleon's conquests. At the Congress of Vienna after Napoleon's defeat, new nation-states were created to check French military power.

Answer 91

Nationalist sentiments in Balkans caused WWI. (Serb Nationalist Gavrilo Princip assassinated Franz Ferdinand) Fascism and Nazism

Answer 92

The Blackshirts were a group of armed squads turned national militia who were loyal to Mussolini and ensured that people supported traditional Italian culture while opposing communism.

Answer 93

Feudalism. Monarchs gave land (fiefs) to lords in exchange for tribute. Serfs worked the land. Loyalties of people were to monarchs, lords or their individual communities rather than a nation.

Answer 94

Holy Roman Emperor and Pope wanted to unite all of Europe under one state that would spread Catholicism. With the Protestant Reformation, the Thirty Years' War, and the Peace of Westphalia, this dream was shattered.

Answer 95

As trade grew, a merchant class disloyal to feudal lords emerged and looked to monarchs for protection. Monarchs created national bureaucracies, made laws that applied on a national level, consolidated military powers, and took a greater role in taxation and the economy. They usurped powers from lords. This led to more people identifying with a specific nation rather than being loyal to a particular lord or the local community they lived in.

Answer 96

A major advocate for a German nation-state

Answer 97

Creation of German Confederation (Alliance of German-Speaking Countries) Dano-Prussian War of 1864 (Prussia defeats Denmark to take Schleswig and Holstein) In January of 1871, leaders of most German-speaking states agree to make Kaiser Wilhelm I King of future German Empire. Franco-Prussian War unified Germany. War was concluded with Treaty of Versailles of 1871. In May 1871, Treaty of Frankfurt formally creates German Empire.

Answer 98

Religious differences between Lutherans in the North and Catholics in the South of Germany. (Bismarck's Prussia was Lutheran.) Many rulers of German-speaking states did not want to relinquish their authority.

Answer 99

French objections to a Prussian prince taking over the throne in Spain. Though this never happened, Bismarck manipulated the situation by releasing the Ems Telegram to the press. This telegram was a communication between the king of Prussia and Bismarck discussing supposed demands made by the French. The telegram, which was mistranslated into French, was so insulting to the French government and people that they declared war against Prussia.

Answer 100

Leader of Prussia who was responsible for the unification of Germany via conquest. After unification, he led Germany until 1890.

Answer 101

a state in which power and authority are centralized and exercised by an independent administration organization over a clearly defined territory Monopoly on the use of force. Only the state can use force to achieve aims and objectives such as enforcing laws, protecting territorial integrity, and preventing crime. A modern state's borders are claimed by the state and recognized by other states. A modern state's government receives legitimacy from a constitution and the democratic participation of its citizens.

Answer 102

Through bureaucracies

Answer 103

Political leaders who only have ceremonial Authority. Ex: King of UK or the Governor-General of Canada. The President of India is a ceremonial position.

Answer 104

a government capable of demanding obedience from all persons and parties within it

Answer 105

A state is free from interference from other states in its internal and foreign affairs. It is able to set its own policies independent of other states.

Answer 106

National Government holds power. It can delegate power to regional governments, but can also take them away and change their borders at any time. Ex: UK

Answer 107

The power and sovereignty are constitutionally divided between the national (federal) government and regional governments. Ex: US

Answer 108

Advantages: Uniformity in laws and legislation across the country, Quick Responses to Emergency Situations like Natural Disasters and Pandemics, Clarity of Responsibility for Who is Responsible for Policy Failures (Specifically, if something goes wrong, people can blame the national government) Disadvantages: Citizens' needs, values, and identities may differ across the country, but accommodating such diversity is more difficult if only the national government makes important decisions.

Answer 109

Advantages: Unlike unitary state, federalism can accommodate diversity in citizens' needs, values, and identities. Ex: In US, differing laws on gun control. In Ethiopia, there are different regional government based on ethnicity. Individual states can experiment with policies. If the policy is successful, it can become a national model and be spread nationwide. Disadvantages: Because federations allow regional governments the power to tax and spend, wealthier ones can afford better public services to their residents. Ultimately, citizens are treated differently by the government (for example, experience different environmental standards based on the state they live in.) depending on where they live. Moreover, because both territorial units and the national government share power, coordination problems are more likely to arise during an emergency.

Answer 110

A confederation is a union of regional governments which cede some limited powers to the national government. The national government is usually limited to foreign relations, defense, internal trade, and common currency. The members usually retain the right to leave the confederation at any time. Confederations do not generally have directly elected legislatures or executive officials. Ordinarily, a confederation usually has a legislative body in which each member has equal representation, regardless of its population size. Decisions are made and legislation adopted by consensus. It means that each member has a power to veto a decision.

Answer 111

Legal: The government has authority under law to make and enforce laws. The people in the country have political sovereignty and via expression of opinion influence the government's decisions.

Answer 112

The first democracy in Athens, Greece, was a direct democracy where the citizens voted on laws. Only men could vote.

Answer 113

Country was divided regionally, but elected first President Nnamdi Azikiwe.

Answer 114

Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi became military dictator via a coup. He was assassinated in 1966 and overthrown. The new leader ruled for 10 years until he was overthrown. The leader of THAT coup was killed and Olusegun Obasanjo took over and sought to transition Nigeria to a Republic. Shehu Shagari was elected President in the brief new Republic

Answer 115

Muhammadu Buhari overthrew Shagari and ruled. Buhari was overthrown. Then, that regime was overthrown. The general who ruled in the latter regime died of heart failure in 1998. General Abdulsalami Abubakar took over and began the process of transitioning to democracy again.

Answer 116

Olusegun Obasanjo Umaru Yar'Adua Goodluck Jonathan Muhammadu Buhari Bola Tinubu

Answer 117

Ensuring fair elections (although democracy is largely functional in Nigeria) Inequality Economic stagnation Poverty Corruption

Answer 118

De Jure Sovereignty refers to who has the legal right to rule while De Facto Sovereignty refers to who actually is ruling. Ex: In Niger, the President and the government was overthrown. He had De Jure Sovereignty. Military leaders had De Facto Sovereignty. However, if the people accept the coup, the leaders become the De Jure Sovereign.

Answer 119

Popular sovereignty is government based on consent of the people. The government’s source of authority is the people, and its power is not legitimate if it disregards the will of the people.

Answer 120

Latin word "Superanus", which means supreme. The Latin term is further reflected in the French souveraineté, which means much the same.

Answer 121

In medieval political theory, the king has two bodies: a "body natural" (their physical, mortal body) and a "body politic" (a mystical, immortal body representing the king's political authority), which allowed for the continuity of power even after the king's death. Once the king dies, the king's body natural stops functioning, but the body politic is transferred to the king's successor.

Answer 122

Congressional: The Executive Branch, usually a President, is elected separately by the people. Legislators are elected in separate elections. Ex: In the US, people vote for the President and their Congressional Legislators Separately. Parliament: People vote for their legislators called Members of Parliament. In turn, Members of Parliament select a Prime Minister. Ex: In the UK, people vote for their local MP. Then, the MPs in Westminster select a Prime Minister. Usually, the leader of the party with the most MPs becomes the PM.

Answer 123

Free and Fair Elections Respect of Civil Liberties Universal Suffrage Active Participation of Population in Elections Rule of Law

Answer 124

Today, often, political power is concentrated in the hands of a small group of very wealthy people. Even if they are not part of the government, they exhibit strong influence on the government. Their children inherit their wealth and power. Best examples of modern-day oligarchies are Russia and Ukraine.

Answer 125

Religious leaders (or people who are connected to influential members of the clergy) under the guidance of religious beliefs and laws control the government. Ex: Iran, Vatican (The Pope governs the state.)

Answer 126

It is led by a single person (a dictator) who possesses absolute power without any limits. Ex: Adolf Hitler, Isaias Afwerki, Vladimir Putin, Francisco Franco, Juan Peron

Answer 127

Government officials are selected based on expertise. Ex: In Europe, caretaker governments often consist of cabinets where each minister is an expert in their own field. These are not career politicians. https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2011/11/16/so-what-exactly-is-a-technocrat-anyway

Answer 128

To some degree, EU states sacrifice their power to Brussels as a central authority. However, this is not a federalist arrangement. Brussels is not very powerful compared to national governments in other federalist systems like US and Canada. EU states have far more power over their own laws compared to US states. The EU is also very weak in ensuring compliance with EU-level legislation.

Answer 129

It is the concentration of public power in the hands of one person or group, e.g., a small political party Ex: Eritrea, China, Russia

Answer 130

Apathy about politics from the public Support from elites Leader issues commands and mandates when governing. There is no rule of law.

Answer 131

Essentially, any government that is not democratic except totalitarian ones.

Answer 132

Totalitarianism is against democracy. It seeks control over all aspects of citizens' lives. It seeks to indoctrinate citizens with a guiding ideology. (Ex: Racial purity ideology of Nazis) Such regimes also use the secret police to keep citizens in line and crush political dissent. Ex: Nazis, Stalin Russia

Answer 133

Theodemocracy is a theocratic political system proposed by Joseph Smith, the founder of the Latter Day Saint movement. According to Smith, a theodemocracy is a fusion of traditional republican democratic principles under the US Constitution with theocratic rule.

Answer 134

Justifying principles include sacred kingship, a paradigm of royalty which states that the ruler of a kingdom is seen as a deity in their own right, or as an agent of a deity, and divine sanction, the concept that the only authority to which people are accountable is the authority of a god. For the latter principle, if people disobey the government, they may be disobeying God. So, theocracies use this to attain obedience from the public.

Answer 135

One-house legislatures allow representatives to be more closely connected to their constituents and better represent their interests. They foster more cooperation among members. They simplify the law-making process and allow bills to be passed more quickly and efficiently. Unlike in a bicameral legislature, where a conference committee is needed to iron out differences in bills, it isn't necessary in a unicameral legislature. There is more accountability with the members of a unicameral legislature.

Answer 136

There are fewer government access points for citizens to be heard by their government. There is less of a chance for people to be represented by their government with fewer representatives. With one house legislature, there are fewer inner-branch checks on legislative branch, meaning that there is a potential of abuse of power. Because bills are passed more quickly, there is a bigger chance of flawed legislation being passed.

Answer 137

To ensure legislation reflects a variety of viewpoints To serve as a check on power unlike in the case of unicameralism where one house isn't impeded by another house of the legislature.

Answer 138

In 13th century, the Magna Carta created the House of Lords. Later, the House of Commons was formed. During the medieval period, legislatures expanded such as a tricameral system in France until 15th century when concept of divine right of kings emerged. In 17th century Colonial America, bicameral legislatures were established in colonies.

Answer 139

Previous German-annexed regions were given away to bordering countries. WWI victors decided to create a democracy in Germany in the aftermath of the Treaty of Versailles.

Answer 140

Frederich Ebert, president from 1919-1925 Paul von Hindenburg, president from 1925-1934 and a prominent general Philipp Scheidemann, chancellor of Germany in 1919, resigned in protest of the Treaty of Versailles

Answer 141

The most significant action the Weimar government pursued was creating the Dawes Plan. Germany began to experience a period of hyperinflation after the government decided to print large amounts of money to pay back the war reparations. This caused the German currency to become worthless. The Dawes Plan slowed the reparation payments and gave the country the economic space needed to begin to grow again.

Answer 142

Before the Great Depression, the US lent money to Germany to pay reparations to France and the UK. The UK and France paid the US, continuing the cycle. The Depression broke the cycle. As the cycle broke, France and the UK demand payments of reparations from Germany. Unemployment also rose in Germany. Bad economic conditions led to Hitler's rise.

Answer 143

Weaknesses: Nationalists in government who opposed Treaty of Versailles, Weak Economy due to Reparations, Lack of faith of German public in democracy. Strengths: Freedoms for citizens, Government ran effectively, Dawes Plan

Answer 144

Can dissolve Parliament, but cannot veto legislation. If president's party wins majority of seats in National Assembly, President appoints Prime Minister

Answer 145

President and PM are of different parties. This occurs when the President's Party is in the minority in the National Assembly. Prime Minister makes major policy decisions while President focuses on foreign policy.

Answer 146

The National Assembly.

Answer 147

By regional and local legislatures

Answer 148

In France's "two-round plurality" system, candidates win in a National Assembly election if they obtain at least 50% of the vote. If no candidate gets 50%, a second round is held in which all candidates who obtained at least 15% of the vote can participate.

Answer 149

French Revolution led to a liberal government and overthrow of the monarchy. Jacobins then took over and enacted a reign of repression and terror. Napoleon took over and declared himself emperor. He ruled until defeat in Russia in 1814. After Napoleon's fall, France experienced political instability: France's governmental system changed several times between 1814 and 1871, from monarchy, to presidential democracy, to an empire. Only after a Revolution in 1871 did France become a permanent democratic republic. After WWII, French governments were often unstable and were toppled under no-confidence votes. In 1958, Charles De Gaulle formed a government and strengthened the power of the executive branch, forming the "Fifth Republic".

Answer 150

Bicameral legislatures often include upper and lower chambers, with the former being regarded as more elite. Members of this chamber often hold their positions for longer terms than those in the lower chamber, which tend to be directly elected by constituents.

Answer 151

The House and Senate work on drafting the legislation sent to the President for approval. A policy idea known as a bill can be introduced into either chamber to begin law-making. Next, the bill moves through the chamber's standing committee system. In committee, the bill is researched, revised, and rewritten. The bill is then sent to the full chamber for a vote. Because the U.S. has a bicameral legislature, it must then go through the same process in the other chamber when a bill passes one chamber. The committees in each chamber bring various perspectives to the legislation based on the interests of committee members, political party agendas, and the influence of lobbyists. This means that the bill exists in two different forms at this point in the process. To reconcile the bill into a unified piece of legislation, it must be sent to a conference committee, including members from both chambers. Once the two bills are revised into one compromise bill, it is sent to both chambers for a vote. If passed by both chambers, it is sent to the President for final action. The President can sign the bill into law or veto it, and it is returned to both chambers for a possible veto override.

Answer 152

an electoral system in which the share of seats a party obtains is proportional to its vote share

Answer 153

Legislature is divided into districts. The candidate that receives the highest share of votes becomes the elected representative for that district.

Answer 154

Majoritarian system in which candidate who wins most votes wins. Ex: UK parliamentary elections

Answer 155

In a majority system, a candidate needs 50% of the vote to get elected. If no candidate wins 50% of the vote, a runoff election is held between two top candidates. This system is used in the US states of Georgia and Louisiana.

Answer 156

Advantages: Multi-party system, better representation of demographic minorities, higher electoral turnout, Gerrymandering is more difficult Disadvantages: Extremist parties can be represented in legislature, more unstable governments because of the need to build stable coalitions, difficult to decide who to vote for because there are multiple parties to choose from, weak connection of legislators to citizens (Ex: In US, Representatives represent individual districts and cater to their constituents in those districts. That's harder in PR systems.)

Answer 157

The most popular type of proportional electoral system is list PR. Under this system, each party submits a list of candidates corresponding to the number of representatives elected from the list. Let's consider a district electing 10 representatives. To run in such a district, each party would have to submit a list of 10 candidates. Let's then imagine that Democrats obtained 52% of the vote in this district, Republicans 30%, and Libertarians 9%. In this case Democrats would elect five top candidates from their list, Republicans three, and Libertarians one, etc. The precise method of transferring vote share into the number of seats depends on a mathematical formula used.

Answer 158

Closed: Voters vote for a party. Whoever gets elected is determined by an ordered list of names created by the party. The higher up on the list, the greater priority one will be given, depending on how well the party does in the elections. Open: Voters vote for party and preferred candidates on the list of that party.

Answer 159

a multi-winner electoral system in which each voter casts a single vote in the form of a ranked ballot STV uses multi-member election districts, usually electing between three and six members. Depending on their popularity, parties submit between one and three candidates in each district. On the ballot, voters mark their preferences from the first to the last, depending on the number of candidates on the ballot.

Answer 160

List PR: Counting votes is simpler, Easier to understand for voters, prevents gerrymandering, very little influence over candidates they want to elect STV PR: Better reflects voters' preferences, enables greater accountability of legislators to constituents, Complicated voting process, Allows for gerrymandering

Answer 161

Oil oligarchs often have very heavy influence on Nigerian politics.

Answer 162

Religion can be a fissure point between Christian voters in the South and Muslims in the North.

Answer 163

The problem of fairly dividing the seats in the national legislature among states, provinces, or other political subdivisions in a country based on size and population of each subdivision. Ex: Apportioning congressional seats to each state.

Answer 164

Take the national population and divide by 435. This number is around how many people a congressional seat should have. Divide each state's population by the above calculation. After rounding, you attain each state's apportioned number of seats.

Answer 165

Parliamentary Democracy: Political parties choose candidates and then, the public votes. PM and Cabinet are members of Parliament. The process of passing a bill is shorter. Congressional Democracy: Voters elect candidates. President and Cabinet are not members of Congress. A bill takes a longer time to be law: Bill is proposed, it goes through committee, it gets voted on in committee and then in the house as a whole, and after passing both chambers, the bill goes to the President for signature or veto.

Answer 166

Pass laws Oversight of functioning of government Debate political issues Monitor and appropriate government spending

Answer 167

The English Parliament was created by the Magna Carta in 1215. In 1707, the Treaty of Union unified Scotland, Wales, Ireland, and England into one state. After that, the English Parliament became the British Parliament.

Answer 168

Membership criteria: Be at least 18, a commoner (not a lord), a British citizen Duties: Pass laws, Appropriation of money, Oversight of the functioning of the executive branch

Answer 169

Membership criteria: Appointment by the monarch, Some lords are hereditary peers who can pass down their membership to children (They are the vast minority of members of House of Lords) Duties: Can suggest revisions to laws, but it cannot block the will of the House of Commons, Conducts oversight of functioning of executive branch

Answer 170

In the past, there were two groups of people who were allowed to sit in the House of Lords. One was hereditary peers. A hereditary peer is a baron, viscount, earl, marquess, or duke. The most senior-ranking bishops of the Church of England could also serve.

Answer 171

Largely ceremonial executive role in a state Signs bills into law Commands the armed forces Participates in Ceremonial Functions Meets with foreign leaders and dignitaries Makes appointments of individuals to key government offices

Answer 172

Unlike head of state, it actually leads the government Forms a cabinet Responsible for passage of legislation in legislature Conducts foreign policy Advises Head of State on appointments to key government offices

Answer 173

PM of Spain. Post was created in 1978 Constitution after fall of Franco dictatorship. Commands armed forces. Signs legislation. Conducts foreign policy and meets foreign leaders. Runs government.

Answer 174

Though the king may technically nominate whichever leader he pleases, he has always nominated the leader whose party wins either a majority or plurality of the seats in the Spanish Cortes' lower house, the Congress. After the king's official nomination, the president still must give a long speech to Congress detailing his plans for governing. Afterward, the Congress votes on whether to place their confidence in the president; the president must win a majority of the votes to be placed in office.

Answer 175

Ministers in Cabinet of Spain. Cabinet meets once a week to coordinate government policy across ministries and to advise PM on policy.

Answer 176

Head of State of Germany Largely ceremonial role. No veto power, but ceremonially signs legislation. Ensures decisions of the government conforms with German Constitution. Meets with other states' Heads of State. Can serve two 5-year terms. Elected by Bundestag and members of Germany's state governments.

Answer 177

Head of government Forms Cabinet (per negotiations with coalition partners) Sets government policy Represents Germany at functions attended by other heads of state

Answer 178

Vote against the ruling government in legislature. Happens in parliamentary systems. If such a vote passes, new elections are held.

Answer 179

The EOP is an important part of the executive branch and is filled with many advisors, experts, and civil servants who assist the president in governing the state. The National Security Council, the Homeland Security Council, the Office of Budget and Management, and the White House Office are key parts of the EOP.

Answer 180

The President appoints the PM. The PM is usually the leader of the majority party. The PM forms a government and presents it to the President for approval. Both Houses of Parliament must give a vote of confidence to the new government.

Answer 181

Cabinet of Italy The Council also determines goals, policies, regulations, and programs that help the various parts of the nation's political and administrative systems work smoothly and efficiently. Further, it can make decrees that carry the force of law when allowed by Parliament or when unforeseen circumstances require immediate action.

Answer 182

The Parliament keeps close tabs on the Council, regularly scrutinizing its actions, asking questions of the prime minister and council members, and issuing motions, recommendations, and resolutions to guide the Council's decisions and actions. Plus, of course, Parliament can always give its vote of no-confidence to the government.

Answer 183

PM must be elected MP. PM is usually present during Parliamentary sessions. Answers PMQs.

Answer 184

Does not have power to strike down unconstitutional laws passed by Parliament. Judges are appointed by independent commissions. Has the power to rule government regulations and decisions unlawful if the law or Constitution does not allow it. (Ex: For example, in September 2019 the British Supreme Court ruled that the prime minister's decision to suspend the parliament (when the latter was unable to agree on Brexit terms) was unconstitutional and unlawful. Hence, PM Boris Johnson had to reconvene it.)

Answer 185

Appoints government officials Sits on Cabinet Committees Serves as liaison between Cabinet and Monarch. He or she also recommends candidates for the monarch to appoint to the House of Lords, the judicial bench, and the clergy of the Church of England.

Answer 186

Cabinet creates government policy. It meets with the prime minister weekly to discuss major issues and make decisions about how the government should respond to them. Members then take their decisions to the House of Commons for further debate and support as necessary. Its members form committees to more closely examine certain issues and suggest legislation.

Answer 187

when the Cabinet makes a decision about an issue or a policy, all the members must support and defend that decision or policy before Parliament. In doing so, the Cabinet presents a united front. If a Cabinet member decides that he or she cannot or will not support or defend a decision or policy, he or she would have to resign from the Cabinet

Answer 188

a body whose task is to elect a candidate to a particular office such as the President.

Answer 189

Voters rank candidates from first to last choice.

Answer 190

People vote for multiple candidates for a specific office. Ex: Mount Olive Town Council or BOE elections

Answer 191

Single voting: Each voter selects one candidate Block voting: Voters to choose as many candidates as available seats for a particular office. Ex: Mt. Olive BOE elections Cumulative voting: It's like block voting, but you can vote for a particular candidate multiple times. For example, voters get seven votes to fill seven seats for a particular office, but one person wants to make sure a particular candidate is on the committee so they select that candidate seven times.

Answer 192

1830s to early 1900s Lots of corruption in US politics State legislators took bribes to vote for specific candidates for Senator before the 17th Amendment passed. Democrats and GOP traded power back and forth. During the Civil War, strong parties emerged and there was lower turnover in seats.

Answer 193

The committee era of Congress lasted approximately from the early 1900s through the 1960s. Lame duck reforms were made to ensure that congressmen who lost re-election bids who neither had the time nor the mandate to deal with national crises were replaced quicker. One such reform was the Twentieth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. This amendment changed the date in which Congress and the President took office after an election was held. This enabled the new office holder to take fresh action quicker rather than having to wait to deal with a potential crisis. For the first half of this era, the Republicans mainly dominated the Congress. During the second half, the Democrats retained most of the power over Congress. There was a high level of patriotism and hard work during this era, and the seniority system emerged.

Answer 194

1970s to present Lots of partisanship among members of Congress The press and social media have raised citizens' awareness of the negative and political positions of congresspeople, which has contributed to the low public opinion of these politicians. During this era, more powers were given to the Speaker and sunshine reforms emerged, such as open hearings and more publicly-recorded votes. The Federal Election Campaign Act of 1971 established the Federal Election Commission, which imposed restrictions on monetary contributions by individuals, parties, and political action committees to candidates running for Congress.

Answer 195

The formative era of Congress lasted from approximately the 1780s to the 1820s. Second Constitutional Congress Articles of Confederation Constitutional Convention During most of this time, the Democratic-Republicans dominated the Congress over the Federalists and had more power. There was high turnover in seats and very little leadership and direction. The committee system emerged and standing committees were created.

Answer 196

Labour: Vote by members and trade unions Conservative: Vote by members

Answer 197

Also called "First past the post"; Legislature is divided into single-member districts. Candidates run in each district. Candidate who wins a plurality of votes wins right to represent that respective district. Ex: Most US House of Reps Elections

Answer 198

Multi-member districts do a better job of reflecting a wide swath of political views since multiple legislators get elected on the basis of proportional representation. More accountability for elected representatives in Single-member district system since one person gets elected. More diversity of citizens in MMDs than SMDs. SMDs tend to favor two-party systems while MMDs favor multi-party systems. SMDs face the unique problem of gerrymandering compared to MMDs.

Answer 199

widely accepted expectations of behavior that are particular to a specific place, time, or society Ex: Shooting fireworks on 4th of July, taking off shoes before going into person's house in Japan

Answer 200

laws are purposively established, whereas customs tend to grow naturally over time within a society law needs a special agency for enforcement and often involves formal punishment for non-compliance; custom does not Laws are written down and recorded while customs are not. You learn customs by virtue of living and growing up in a society. You merely observe others and their actions to learn the customs of a society. Customs can also fade and disappear without formal removal or recognition by a society. Laws, however, only disappear when formally abolished by a recognized authority such as through a legislative act. Laws tend to be put in place to deal with matters important to society's well-being and functioning. Ex: Environmental laws, Traffic laws

Answer 201

The presidential system is a democratic form of government in which a singular head of government/state, generally though not always known as a president, presides over an executive branch that is distinct from a legislature and judiciary. No early elections. Elections happen on a fixed schedule aside from special elections. Separation of Powers between branches of government President can only be removed from office via an impeachment process.

Answer 202

Head of State Chief Diplomat of the US (Face of US Foreign Policy) Chief Executive (Responsible for running executive branch and enforcing laws passed by Congress) Chief Policymaker (Seeks to set up and pass their own legislative agenda) Chief of Party (They head their own political party and set the party's election programme and strategy) Chief Guardian of the Economy (Ensure that the economy runs well) Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces

Answer 203

Pros: Citizens can directly choose the President Strong separation of powers (President cannot dissolve legislature) Government is more stable than in parliamentary systems. Cons: Hard to remove a President via impeachment Gridlock between President and Congress if opposing parties control each.

Answer 204

In the former, judges, even when a statute is in question, rely on stare decisis to issue rulings. In the latter, judges rely on a comprehensive system of laws that instructs them how to rule in a particular situation. Stare decisis is not really a thing in civil law systems. Judges in civil law system have very little room to interpret the law. They merely go by the book and follow the letter of the law to issue rulings. Ex: So in our bank robbery example, if you robbed a bank in an area whose legal system was organized under a civil law system, the judge would look to the exact laws that were written down regarding what types of procedures need to be followed to handle the crime of robbing a bank and also to the laws that dictate what type of punishment should be meted out as a result.

Answer 205

Trial by jury is less common Laws of a country are codified. Civil code systems are also mainly inquisitorial rather than adversarial. That means that courts are there to track down the truth and not to be a forum where two sides battle to demonstrate to a judge or jury who is right and who is wrong. Judges in civil code trials are more active in questioning witnesses, challenging evidence, and in some cases, directing investigations.

Answer 206

Stronger property rights Less emphasis on agriculture Less corruption Less emphasis on informal economy Better quality of life

Answer 207

In England, from the times of the Normans, judges would make rulings on legal disputes based on past rulings on similar disputes. Much of American law has a significant basis in English Common Law.

Answer 208

William Blackstone compiled past rulings in various areas of English Law. This played an important role in the development of American Law.

Answer 209

Different lower courts depending on area of law and severity of offense. There are labor law courts, tax law courts. There are also criminal law courts, but different courts will handle different criminal cases, depending on how severe the punishment is for the offense in question. There are no juries in Germany. These decisions can be appealed in appeals courts.

Answer 210

Determines whether laws comply with German Basic Law, Germany's Constitution.

Answer 211

President, the Chancellor, 1/3 of the Bundestag or the Bundesrat, or any of the ministries of the federal German government. Regular citizens can also appeal.

Answer 212

Court contains 16 judges. For each case, the judges are divided into panels of 8. One panel examines a case and decides it by simple majority. Then, it goes to the other panel who examines and decides by simple majority. If the two panels disagree on the issue, all judges must meet and deliberate and then, vote again.

Answer 213

By two-thirds majority in Bundestag and Bundesrat. 12 years; however, even if judge is in middle of term, at age of 65, they must retire. Age 40.

Answer 214

Government regulation protects the public from harm to their health and environment like environmental protection, food safety, child labor laws, and more.

Answer 215

Governmental regulation of the economy such as antitrust laws, macroeconomic policy, minimum wage laws, and more.

Answer 216

Transferring ownership of companies or property from public to private ownership Privatization of government-owned monopolies boosts competition. If a company is privatized, it can be managed in a more cost-efficient manner. By transferring an entity to private ownership, the government can reduce its expenditures and tax the now-privatized entity. Partial privatization can increase participation of the public in the management of government property or enterprises.

Answer 217

No Cost-of-Service Regulation No Cross-Subsidization

Answer 218

Judges are appointed within the judicial system. Parliament has no say in judicial appointments. Italy has a mix of an adversarial and inquisitorial system in the courtroom. Many laws conflict with one another, which makes the judicial system very slow.

Answer 219

Ministry of Justice High Council of the Judiciary, which is responsible for appointing judges in judicial systems, and managing them.

Answer 220

Italy has different lower courts that specialize in different areas like criminal law, labor law, financial matters, and land disputes

Answer 221

Type of Italian lower Court that hears serious criminal cases. 2 judges and jury of 6 to try case and punish defendant if latter is guilty.

Answer 222

Lower Courts First Level of Appeals: Court of Appeals hears appeals for civil, labor, and criminal cases Court of Appeals of Assizes hears appeals from Courts of Assizes Supreme Court Level: Court of Cassation Constitutional Court

Answer 223

Highest Appeals Court in Italy.

Answer 224

It determines whether or not state and regional laws are in line with the Italian Constitution. It decides whether or not to hold referendums on various issues. It hears indictments issued by Parliament. It resolves conflicts between government ministries, between the nation and its regions, and between regions.

Answer 225

a form of government regulation where prices for a service, like electricity or water, are set based on the actual costs incurred by the company providing that service

Answer 226

a pricing strategy where a business charges more for one product or service to offset the cost of a lower-priced product or service.

Answer 227

Civil law system

Answer 228

China modeled its legal system after Germany in 1954 Constitution. Constitution was amended in 1975, 1978, 1982, and 2004.

Answer 229

Family Friends Education Political Parties Media Professional Organizations (Trade Unions, Industry Associations etc.) Religion

Answer 230

Imitation: Copying political behavior of others Instruction: Being told that a certain political behavior is acceptable. Motivation: Being rewarded or punished for engaging in a particular political behavior.

Answer 231

Religiously orientated individuals supporting leaders, policies and organizations that align with their religious beliefs. (Ex: Evangelicals voting for pro-Israel GOP politicians) Religious organizations attempting to influence key decision-makers on policy issues that concern their religious beliefs. (US Conference of Catholic Bishops opposing the U government's decision to invade of Iraq) Transnational organizations spreading their movement across borders through recruitment, fundraising, humanitarian aid and even militant actions. (Ex: Islamic Terror Groups, Khalistan Movement) Religious organizations that have, or basically have, diplomatic-like power to participate directly in international organizations and international relations. (Ex: The Roman Catholic Church has its own country, the Vatican City, which conducts diplomacy with other countries and participates in international forums such as the UN.) Intergovernmental religious-based organizations that provide a forum for discussion and unified action for their member states to advance their religious-based agendas. (Organization of Islamic States advancing blasphemy laws)

Answer 232

Group of 22 Arab-Speaking States to advance the interests of Arabs. Founded in 1945 in Cairo.

Answer 233

It is pretty weak, but gives hope to aspirations for a unified Arab state.

Answer 234

Opposed Israel in its War of Independence Egypt's Nasser briefly unified Egypt and Syria for 3 years. Civil War in Yemen was a proxy war between Egypt and Saudi Arabia. Some countries have normalized relations with Israel. Arab League has played a role in the Israel-Palestine peace process. During the Arab Spring, it imposed a no-fly zone in Libya. it also suspended Syria's membership during its civil war.

Answer 235

the original inhabitants of a region before settlers arrived

Answer 236

Culture is transmitted via oral tradition Culture is deeply connected to their ancestral land.

Answer 237

Language extinction Loss of access to ancestral lands and natural resources Loss of their cultures Environmental justice Government oppression Human trafficking

Answer 238

Regulates the treatment of indigenous peoples and protects their rights

Answer 239

Global movement dedicated to the cause of indigenous peoples and their rights

Answer 240

Started in US in 19th Century. Communities formed organizations to overcome the problems of the day. In the 20th century, Americans were accustomed to forming extra-governmental organizations to build hospitals, libraries, and other institutions for the public good. In Europe, many NGOs, with some definitions including trade unions, developed in retaliation to perceived excesses of capitalism. They included social service organizations with a mission to provide services and support to the poor or disabled, and advocacy groups aiming to change laws and government budget allocations to improve working conditions and provide additional social services.

Answer 241

Public: Almost exclusive funded through government grants Private: may be run by a dedicated group or a single family; a portion of whose assets are allocated to the work of their private non-profit organization

Answer 242

focused on international development and providing services to people suffering from poverty, natural disasters, conflict, public health crises, the effects of climate change, and other challenge Ex: Red Cross, Rotary International

Answer 243

NGOs that are involved in advocacy work. Ex: Amnesty International, Greenpeace

Answer 244

Members of European Economic Community inducted the beginning of the European Union. Wanted to expand inter-state cooperation beyond the area of economics

Answer 245

Set the stage for the creation of the euro Stated the goal of the EU was to promote employment and human rights in member states.

Answer 246

First introduced in 1999 for electronic transactions. In 2002, euro bank notes and coins were first printed.

Answer 247

2004: Czech Republic, Slovenia, Lithuania, Latvia, Hungary, Estonia, Slovakia, Poland, Malta, and Cyprus enter EU. 2007: Bulgaria and Romania enter EU. 2013: Croatia enters EU.

Answer 248

Reformed EU institutions

Answer 249

Many states like Greece and Spain were in financial trouble, and needed to be bailed out with the help of other states. This has caused resentment and anti-EU sentiment to rise.

Answer 250

Exists to promote security, economic development in Africa.

Answer 251

First, it was Organization of African Unity, founded in 1963. In 2002, African Union replaced it.

Answer 252

1. The AU satisfies Western interests at the expense of Africans. 2. Lax commitment towards human rights 3. Poor peacekeeping efforts

Answer 253

Saudi Arabia, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, and Venezuela

Answer 254

Unanimous approval from current members

Answer 255

Member states have often fought over the setting of prices for their oil. Some members are okay with lower prices while others want higher prices.

Answer 256

Saudi Arabia, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, and Venezuela founded it in 1960 to increase their leverage against the U.S.'s demand for cheap oil at their expense.

Answer 257

OPEC successfully raised oil prices for US consumers in the 60s. An increase in oil production in the 1970s lowered prices until the OPEC Embargo in response to US support for Israel in the Yom Kippur War. This created oil shortages and price shocks for Americans. In the 80s, US looked for other countries for oil. This played a role in lowering oil prices. In the 90s and 2000s, OPEC began to cooperate with non-OPEC oil-producing countries, and sought to improve relations amongst the member states.

Answer 258

Excessive government spending OPEC Embargo Gold standard US Dollar was a fixed-rate currency.

Answer 259

Tried to cut welfare, but welfare spending grew. Lowered taxes on the wealthy. Price and wage controls Converted the dollar from a fixed-rate regime to a floating rate regime Ended gold standard

Answer 260

Initially, they worked to manage stagflation, but after the OPEC embargo, stagflation spiraled out of control.

Answer 261

Americans consumed more coal and less oil.

Answer 262

violent action undertaken by a non-state actor against civilian targets for the purpose of achieving a political objective

Answer 263

Constitutional Law Civil and Commercial Law Economic Law (Property Law and Taxes) Administrative Law (Pertains to matters of state administration) Social law (Workers’ rights) Criminal Law Procedural Law (Governs lawsuits and other legal actions with standardized procedures like civil procedure in civil court)

Answer 264

First Level: Supreme People’s Court (hears appeals) Second Level: Higher People’s Court (Hears appeals and high-profile criminal cases) Third Level: Intermediate People’s Court (Hears high-profile criminal cases with death penalty or life imprisonment) Fourth Level: Basic People’s Court (Hears criminal cases without death pernalty or life imprisonment, and also hears civil cases) Four Special Courts: Tribunal Courts (handle minor court cases in rural China), Military Court (Hears cases related to military), Railway Transportation Court (cases related to railroad industry), Maritime Court (commercial shipping cases)

Answer 265

Corporate tax cuts Nationalization of certain industries like oil

Answer 266

The Russian economy stagnated due to the Great Recession, to which Russia was vulnerable due to its excessive dependence on oil. Sanctions after the annexation of Crimea further hurt Russia’s economy.

Answer 267

Protests in May 2012 against authoritarianism in Russia. Was suppressed by the government.

Answer 268

Censorship of LGBT activism and “propaganda” State-funded TV outlets, like Russia Today, promote a biased view of the government and the news. Groups that receive funding from abroad must register as “foreign agents”. They are consistently audited.

Answer 269

Once a very agricultural society that exported products abroad, it shifted to the oil industry. As people moved to cities for jobs in the oil industry, this weakened agriculture by leaving a shortage of farm workers. This hurt Nigeria’s economy and created a food shortage.

Answer 270

Resource Curse (Excessive focus on the oil industry rather than diversifying the economy) Government corruption (Oil revenues go into the pockets of politicians and government officials instead of being used to help average Nigerians) Boko Haram

Answer 271

Stagnating economy. Too much emphasis on military spending. Manufacturing declined.

Answer 272

Market-driven reforms of Soviet command economy under Gorbachev Allowed farmers and manufacturers to sell and price goods based on market forces. Allowed for creation of privately owned companies Loosened restrictions on foreign trade, especially with the West. Encouraged investment from the West into the USSR.

Answer 273

Democratic reforms under Gorbachev 1. Allowed freedom of expression and greater media freedom 2. Allowed ⅔ of legislature seats to be democratically elected, which severely weakened the Communists.

Answer 274

A speech in Leningrad in may 1985

Answer 275

Decline of Communist Party, and eventual collapse of communism across the Warsaw Pact. Economic decline. Greater inflation, including higher food prices. Higher government spending and government debt

Answer 276

After the disastrous Great Leap Forward, Mao decided to consolidate his power against the Communist Party bureaucracy by utilizing the young Red Guard to consolidate fealty to Communism as an ideology among broader Chinese society. This led to purges of his political opponents, including Deng Xiaoping.

Answer 277

He came back after a failed coup in 1971. After Mao died, he was succeeded by Hua Guofeng. Deng Xiaoping represented pragmatism whereas Hua represented the Maoist wing of the party. Eventually, Deng won over the latter to lead the Communist Party.

Answer 278

Collectivization of farms in the Great Leap Forward. Closing the Chinese economy from the rest of the world.

Answer 279

Four Modernizations (Agriculture, Industry, National Defense, Science and Technology) Created Four Special Economic Zones used to attract foreign investment with low labor costs and taxes Allowed people to earn profit for economic activity (Responsibility System)

Answer 280

Increased farmer incomes and surplus agricultural production Widened urban-rural inequality Urbanization

Answer 281

Integrating into the Global Economy Decentralization (Deng Xiaoping gave more power to local leaders to come up with innovative economic ideas) Gradual economic reform in China in contrast to the shock therapy implemented in many Communist Bloc countries. The latter led to much short-term economic suffering in the Communist Bloc.

Answer 282

Quickly transitioning a country’s economy from communism or socialism to capitalism via privatization, austerity, and lifting of price controls.

Answer 283

Democracy Wall Movement in 1978, which eventually was suppressed. Led by Wei Jingsheng. Tiananmen Square Protests and Massacre

Answer 284

Liberty, Equality, Democracy, Individualism, Patriotism

Answer 285

Participant: Citizens are not only aware of the political system but are active participants in politics. Ex: Modern Western democracies Subject: Citizens have knowledge of the political system, but either don't participate in politics much or are given little to no right of political dissent. Ex: Azerbaijan Parochial: Citizens have limited awareness about the existence of their central government. This results in little interest in politics.

Answer 286

In participant political cultures, public opinion matters very much in policymaking. In subject and parochial political cultures, not so much.

Answer 287

He stated his belief that in the future there would be wars that would be fought based on culture. He divided the world into eight categories: Western Civilization: Europe, North America Japanese Civilization: Japan Islamic Civilization: Arabian Peninsula, North Africa, Iberian Peninsula, Central Asia Hindu Civilization: India Orthodox Civilization: Russia Latin-American Civilization: Central and South America African Civilization: many parts of Africa Sinic Civilization: China, Chinese communities in Southeast Asia, Korea, Vietnam

Answer 288

Moralistic political culture: Government exists to improve society. Individualistic political culture: Emphasizes individual rights. Government exists to maintain order and protect individual freedom rather than to promote societal good. Citizens are focused on individual self-interest for themselves rather than common good. Traditionalist: Political decisions are made for the benefit of the elites to maintain their status at the top of society. Less civic participation is encouraged because such benefits the elites.

Answer 289

Parliament Assembly (Heads of state and government across Africa) (Governing Body of AU) The African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights has jurisdiction over all cases submitting to it concerning the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights and related human rights laws and protocols adopted by the states in the African Union. The Peace and Security Council is charged with promotion of peace and security for and among member-states.

Answer 290

Culture of Society External Influence and Pressure from Other Countries or International Organizations Social issues can trigger transition to democracy Social media and media influences Education Natural Resources Strong opposition leaders to authoritarian regime

Answer 291

Economic prosperity and equality among citizens

Answer 292

Governments coming together to form organizations to formulate policies of mutual benefit. Ex: European Union, NATO, IMF

Answer 293

There are longstanding ethnic tensions between the Han, and other ethnic groups like the Uyghur and Tibetans. Steps towards democracy may empower separatist movements like Gorbachov did with Glasnost. Laborers will demand greater rights, including not being forced to work in sweatshop-like conditions.

Answer 294

Younger generations are more educated and greater economic power, which will allow them to demand a greater say in governance. China’s middle class is growing. These people may want a greater say in government. The youth are circumventing internet restrictions.

Answer 295

Purging political enemies in Communist Party, often accusing them of corruption. Repealing term limits for Presidency.