comparative git anatomy and physiology between animal classes

Question 1

what is a carnivore?

Answer 1

an animal who’s diet consist of meat

Question 2

what is an omnivore?

Answer 2

an animals who diet consist of meat and vegetation

Question 3

what is a herbivore?

Answer 3

an animals who’s diet consist of just vegetation

Question 4

what are the two types of herbivores?

Answer 4

fore-gut fermentors (ruminants)

hind gut fermentors (horses, rabbits)

Question 5

who has a simpler digestive tract carnivores or herbivores?

Answer 5

carnivores

Question 6

what are the adaptations of carnivores?

Answer 6

expandable stomach
short intestinal tract
high rate of passage

Question 7

what are the three main muscles in the mammalian skull?

Answer 7

masseter
temporalis
pterygoid

Question 8

comparison of saliva

Answer 8

carnivore- no digestive enzymes
omnivore- no digestive enzymes
herbivore- no digestive enzymes
human- starch digesting enzymes (Amylase)

Question 9

comparison of stomach acidity

Answer 9

carnivore- less than or equal to pH 2 with food in the stomach
omnivores- less than or equal to pH 3 with food in their stomach
herbivore- pH 4 to 5 with food in the stomach
human- pH 4 to 5 with food in the stomach

Question 10

comparison of stomach capacity

Answer 10

carnivore- 60% to 70% of total volume of digestive tract
omnivore- 60% to 70% of total volume of digestive tract
herbivore- less than 30% of total volume of digestive tract
human- 21% to 27% of total volume of digestive tract

Question 11

comparison of Small Intestine

Answer 11

carnivore- 3 to 6 times the body length
omnivore- 4 to 6 times body length
herbivore- 10 to more then 12 times body length
human- 10 to 11 times body length

Question 12

comparison of colon structure

Answer 12

carnivore- simple, short and smooth
omnivore, simple, short and smooth
herbivore- long, complex. may be sacculated
human- long, sacculated

Question 13

dietary requirements

Answer 13

requirement based on the key nutrient groups e.g carbohydrates, protein and fats

Question 14

fish GIT anatomy

Answer 14

vary in function

vary in location: jaw, lounge, pharynx, gill rakers

Question 15

reptiles

Answer 15

varied mouth structures:

beak, teeth, extendable tongue and jaw

Question 16

carnivorous reptiles

Answer 16

stomach: tubular 
larger in crocodilians
muscular pylorus
stomach pH 1
generally longer foregut and shorter hindgut

Question 17

herbivorous reptiles

Answer 17

foregut fermentation
hindgut fermentation
have a longer hindgut 
fermentation in the caecum and colon:
may have many mucosal folds, increase absorptive surface area

Question 18

digestive tract in birds

Answer 18

modifications for flight: absence of teeth, reduction of the jaw bone, less jaw muscle
beak structure: cannot grind food, gizzard

Question 19

digestive tract of a chicken

Answer 19

proventriculus- glandular portion:
HCI
pepsin
mucus
Gizzard- muscular portion:
keratin plates 
mechanical breaking down of food
sand and stones present will assist grinding

Question 20

adaption in the birds digestive tract

Answer 20

highly developed salivary glands
crop
proventriculus
gizzard: not all birds have these adaptations, size and modifications vary with the diet
crop- smaller in omnivores generally
gizzard- smaller and less muscular in carnivores and nectar, fruit, or pollen feeders.
larger, muscular in herbivores
most birds have a short midgut and a hindgut that consist of a short, straight colon and paired caeca

Question 21

amphibians: toads, salamanders

Answer 21

digestive tract
larval forms- often herbivorous
adults carnivorous
extendable jaw