Comparative Anatomy II Flashcards
Which lever system has the effort between the load and fulcrum?
A. First class lever B. Third class lever C. Second class lever D. Fourth class lever
B. Third class lever
You are a famous fossil hunter working in the deserts of Egypt at a site where early modern humans are thought to have lived. While digging at the site you come across what appears to be a fragment of bone from a human spinal column. From what you can tell, this is a vertebral segment that has a rather large vertebral body, short spinous process, and short laterally facing transverse processes. You most likely found a…
A. Cervical vertebra
B. Thoracic vertebra
C. Lumbar vertebra
D. Sacral fragment
C. Lumbar vertebra
Whn the medial pterygoid (both heads) works bilaterally, what action is seen?
A. Elevation and protraction of mandible
B. Elevation and retraction of mandible
C. Depression and protraction of mandible
D. Depression and retraction of mandible
A. Elevation and protraction of mandible
Which is the best description of humerus of living humans, compared to non-human apes?
A. In humans, the humerus exhibits a higher degree of humeral torsion with very similar distal humeral features, compared to non-human apes
B. In humans, the humerus exhibits a lesser degree of humeral torsion, with very similar distal humeral features, compared to non-human apes
C. In humans, the humerus exhibits a higher degree of humeral torsion with very different distal humeral features, compared to non-human apes
D. In humans, the humerus exhibits a lesser degree of humeral torsion with very different distal humeral features, compared to non-human apes
A. In humans, the humerus exhibits a higher degree of humeral torsion with very similar distal humeral features, compared to non-human apes
Which of the following named arteries contribues to blood supply in the hand?
A. Subclavian artery
B. Axillary artery
C. Brachial artery
D. Radial artery
D. Radial artery
Which of the following groups of features would best be attributed to a suspensory/climbing primate?
A. Long lumbar region, narrow thorax, stable shoulder joint, long digits
B. Long lumbar region, narrow thorax, stable shoulder joint, short digits
C. Short lumbar region, broad thorax, mobile shoulder joint, long digits
D. Short lumbar region, broad thorax, mobile shoulder joint, short digits
C. Short lumbar region, broad thorax, mobile shoulder joint, long digits
_____________ is a standardized way of positioning the skull so that relationships among structures can be measured in a way that allows direct comparisons among different taxa
Frankfurt horizontal
___________ is a term that is used to describe living humans and their direct ancestors
Hominins
____________ refers to a novel characteristic that is unique to a particular species and all of its descendants and can be used as a defining character for a species or group
Apomorphy
______________ refers to the ancestral state; an example would be humans having a spine
Plesiomorphy
______________ refers to a distinctive feature or derived trait that is unique to a particular taxon. AKA it is not shared among descendants, only your species has it
Autapomorphy
_____________ is a shared primitive characteristic
Symplesiomorphy
_____________ is a shared derived characteristic that is assumed to be present in the most recent common ancestor
Synapomorphy
____________ structures are shared characteristics of organisms that were inherited from a common ancestor
Homologous
____________ structures are shared characteristics that arise because of similar selective pressures, through the process of parallel or convergent evolution. These are characteristics that are similar in organisms that have separate evolutionary lineages
Analogous
________________ refers to an evolutionary trend in which selection has exerted similar pressures on two closely related organisms
Parallelism
_____________ refers to an evolutionary trend where selection has exerted similar pressure on two distantly related organisms
Convergence
A ____________ is a character shared by a set of species but not present in their common ancestor. A good example is the evolution of the eye which has originated independently in many different species.
Homoplasy
____________ evolution is the origin of a homoplasy
Convergent
Generally, a more ___________ positioned foramen magnum is associated with orthograde postures and bipedal behaviors
Anterior
Bipedality in humans is related to a relatively ______ lumbar region and a ________ shaped thorax
Short
Barrel
Bipedality in humans is related to a __________ sacral angle and a pronounced _________ curvature
Increased
Spinal (especially lumbar)
Bipedality in humans is related to a _________ coccyx and progressively ________ vertebral bodies that allow weight transmission to lower limb through a columnar structure
Reduced
Larger
Given that Australopithecines had skulls attaching more inferiorly and an S-shaped spine with small, lighter vertebrae that were not likely weight bearing, How would you describe their most likely locomotive behavior?
Likely facultative bipeds, mostly arboreal
Given that Homo ergaster/erectus had the following characteristics:
Barrel shaped rib cage, lumbar lordosis, 5 lumbar vertebrae, and small thoracic vertebrae/vertebral foramina
How would you characterize their most likely locomotive behavior?
Likely habitual, terrestrial bipeds
What are the 4 osteological parts of the human thorax?
Clavicles
Sternum
Ribs
Scapula
What are the 3 parts of the sternum from superior to inferior?
Manubrium
Body
Xiphoid
Human ribs are only associated with the _______ region. They articulate with the ________ and vertebrae.
Thoracic
Sternum
Ribs 1, 2, 11, & 12 are considered ___________
Atypical
Ribs 1-7 are considered _______ ribs
True (vertebrocostal)
Ribs 8-10 are considered _______ ribs
False (vertebrochondral)
Ribs 11 and 12 are considered _________ ribs
Floating
What does the term hominoid refer to?
Apes and humans
What does the term hominin refer to?
Humans and their direct ancestors
Compare the thorax and lumbar region of an arboreal quadruped vs. suspensory climber
Arboreal and terrestrial quadrupeds have narrow thorax and long lumbar region
Describe general characteristics of cervical vertebrae in terms of size, body shape, foramen size, and characteristics of spinous processes
Smaller, rectangular bodies
Large vertebral foramen
Spinous processes are forked
Describe characteristics of thoracic vertebrae
Facets on transverse processes for ribs
Demi-facets on ribs articulate between the vertebrae
Describe characteristics of lumbar vertebrae
Large bodies (support more weight)
Shorter spinous processes
Shorter transverse processes
Describe features of the atlas
Atlas = C1
Superior articular facet articulates with occipital condyles
What is the identifying feature of the axis?
Axis = C2
Has the dens, aka odontoid process
Which vertebrae appear concave from posterior to anterior?
Cervical and lumbar
Which vertebrae appear convex from posterior to anterior?
Thoracic
Extrinsic muscles of the back are considered ______ and are innervated by the ________ rami of spinal nerves
Hypaxial
Ventral
Intrinsic muscles of the back are considered _______ and are innervated by the _____ rami of spinal nerves
Epaxial
Dorsal
What are extrinsic muscles of the back generally used for?
Movement of the upper limbs and pectoral girdle
What are intrinsic muscles of the back generally used for?
Mainly postural muscles that support and move the vertebral column and head
The erector spinae group and transversospinalis group are considered to be a part of which type of musculature in the back?
Intrinsic (epaxial)
The muscles of the human pectoral region are innervated by the ______ rami of spinal nerves via branches of the _________ _________
Ventral
Brachial plexus
Which cervical vertebrae does not have a body?
Atlas (C1)
How does human thoracic shape compare to other primates?
Overall shape
Position of scapulae
Rib shape
Posterior invagination
What are the 5 primary hypaxial/extrinsic muscles of the back?
Trapezius
Latissimus dorsi
Levator scapulae
Rhomboid major
Rhomboid minor
Serratus posterior superior
Serratus posterior inferior
What is the primary function of the extrinsic back muscles: serratus posterior superior and inferior?
Accessory breathing muscles
What are the erector spinae muscles from most lateral to closest to the spine?
Iliocostalis
Longissimius dorsi
Spinalis
Are the erector spinae muscles intrinsic or extrinsic?
Intrinsic (epaxial)
What are the 3 muscles of the transversospinalis group of the intrinsic (epaxial) muscles of the back?
Rotatores
Multifidus
Semispinalis
What two muscles overlay the musculature of the posterior neck?
Splenius
Semispinalis capitis
What are the 4 primary muscles of the posterior neck?
Rectus capitis posterior major
Rectus capitis posterior minor
Obliquus capitis superior
Obliquus capitis inferior
[these are mainly postural and aid in extension+rotation at atlantoaxial joint]
All muscles of the upper limbs are innervated by the brachial plexus except trapezius. The trapezius muscles is innervated by what nerve?
The spinal accessory nerve (CN XI)
[this nerve also innervates the sternocleidomastoid m.
Name the 4 primary muscles of the abdominal wall from more anterior/superficial to more posterior/deeper?
External obliques
Internal obliques
Rectus abdominus
Transversus abdominus
What two muscles converge to make up the iliopsoas muscle?
Iliacus
Psoas major
What are the 4 primary posterior muscles of the abdominal wall?
Iliacus, psoas major, psoas minor, quadratus lumborum
Iliacus, psoas major (iliopsoas), and psoas minor function primarily as _______ of the trunk and/or hip
Flexors
The pair of muscles known as quadratus lumborum extends the lumbar vertebral region and also contributes to lateral ______
Flexion
What bones make up the pectoral girdle?
ONLY the clavicle and scapula
Your stylopodium is your _______
Humerus
Your zyogpodium refers to your ______
Ulna and radius
Your autopodium refers to your ______
Hand
The tip of your scapular spine is known as the ____________
Acromion
The glenoid of apes and humans is ___________ to accommodate more shoulder mobility
Rounder
In quadrupedal monkeys, the glenoid is _________ in shape
Pririform (pear-like)
Quadrupeds have a _________ scapula cranially-caudally, but __________ from the vertebral border to axillary border to facilitate movement during quadrupedal locomotion
Shorter
Broader
Climbers and suspensory forms have ________ scapulae with a more __________ oriented glenoid to allow greater mobility and rotational movement
Long
Cranially
In particular, lengthening the infraspinous portion of the ___________ provides greater attachment for muscles that superiorly rotate the glenoid, raising arm overhead
Scapula
Humeral torsion is present early in ontogeny and affects the placement of the bicipital groove on the humerus, which accommodates the tendon of biceps brachii. What is thought to be the purpose of increased humeral torsion in humans?
Related to tool use, which requires laterally oriented shoulders and anteriorly oriented elbows
What type of locomotive behavior is related to limited extension due to longer olecranon process?
Quadrupedalism
What type of locomotive behavior is related to increased extension due to shorter olecranon process?
Climbing/suspensory
Stronger flexion at the elbow joint is accommodated by a higher ___________ ___________ which is the attachment point for the brachialis m., the main elbow flexor, in climbers and suspensory forms
Coronoid process
Describe the olecranon fossa of apes as it relates to preventing hyperextension during weight bearing knuckle walking
Deep olecranon fossa with a strongly developed lateral trochlear ridge
How many bones in the wrist?
8
How many bones in the hand?
5
How many bones in the fingers?
14 bones
[each digit has 3 segments except thumb which has 2]
African ape knuckle walking features include:
Limited degree of wrist ______________
Limited metacarpophalangeal joint ____________
Deeply _________ distal radial surface
___________ expansion of metacarpal heads
Relatively _______ proximal phalangeal segments
Dorsiflexion (extension) Dorsiflexion Concave Dorsal Short
Orangutans (pongo) have the following adaptations to climbing:
_______, very curved phalangeal segments
Metacarpals II and V show a ________ degree of curvature than African apes
_______ bony cortex of all metacarpals
_________ length of the 4th digit relative to other digits
Long
Greater
Thicker
Increased
Of the anterior pectoral girdle muscles, what serves as the upward rotator of the scapula?
Serratus anterior
Of the anterior pectoral girdle muscles, what serves as the downward rotator of the scapula?
Pectoralis minor
Of the anterior pectoral girdle muscles, what 2 muscles serve as depressors of the clavicle?
Subclavius
Pectoralis minor
Of the anterior pectoral girdle muscles, what 2 muscles serve to protract the scapula?
Serratus anterior
Pectoralis minor
Of the anterior pectoral girdle muscles, what 2 muscles flex the humerus?
Deltoid
Pectoralis major
Of the anterior pectoral girdle muscles, what muscle serves to abduct the humerus?
Deltoid
Of the anterior pectoral girdle muscles, what muscle serves to adduct the humerus?
Pectoralis minor
Of the anterior pectoral girdle muscles, what muscle serves in inward (medial) rotation?
Subscapularis
In terms of posterior pectoral girdle muscles, what muscle serves as an upward rotator of the scapula?
Trapezius
In terms of posterior pectoral girdle muscles, what 3 muscles serve as downward rotators of the scapula?
Levator scapulae
Rhomboids
Latissimus dorsi
In terms of posterior pectoral girdle muscles, what 2 muscles serve to retract the scapula?
Rhomboids
Trapezius
In terms of posterior pectoral girdle muscles, what muscle elevates the scapula?
Levator scapulae
In terms of posterior pectoral girdle muscles, what 3 muscles act as extensors of the humerus?
Deltoid
Pectoralis major
Latissimus dorsi
In terms of posterior pectoral girdle muscles, what 2 muscles serve as abductors of the humerus?
Deltoid
Supraspinatus
In terms of posterior pectoral girdle muscles, what 3 muscles serve as adductors of the humerus?
Deltoid
Latissimus dorsi
Teres major
In terms of posterior pectoral girdle muscles, what 2 muscles serve in external (lateral) rotation?
Infraspinatus
Teres minor
In terms of posterior pectoral girdle muscles, what 2 muscles serve in inward (medial) rotation?
Latissimus dorsi
Teres major
What 4 muscles make up the rotator cuff?
Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Teres minor
Subscapularis
[Remember SITS!]
What 3 muscles make up the anterior (flexor) compartment of the arm?
Biceps brachii (long and short heads)
Brachialis
Coracobrachialis
What 2 muscles make up the posterior (extensor) compartment of the arm?
Triceps brachii (long, lateral, and medial heads) Anconeus
What are the 4 superficial muscles of the anterior forearm?
Pronator teres
Flexor carpi radialis
Palmaris longus
Flexor carpi ulnaris
What is the intermediate muscle of the anterior forearm?
Flexor digitorum superficialis
What are the 3 deep muscles of the anterior forearm?
Flexor digitorum profundus
Flexor pollicis longus
Pronator quadratus
What are the 3 muscles that make up the superficial lateral compartment of the posterior forearm?
Brachioradialis
Extensor carpi radialis longus
Extensor carpi radialis brevis
What 3 muscles make up the superficial layer of the posterior forearm?
Extensor carpi ulnaris
Extensor digitorum
Extensor digiti minimi
What 5 muscles make up the deep layer of the posterior forearm?
Supinator Abductor pollicis longus Extensor pollicis longus Extensor pollicis brevis Extensor indicis
What muscle group of the hand attaches to tendons of the flexor digitorum profundus?
Lumbricles
What muscle group of the hand adducts the fingers?
Palmar interosseous muscles
What muscle group of the hand abducts the fingers?
Dorsal interosseus muscles
Is the long hand musculature (tendons from forearm) more developed and stronger in apes or humans?
Apes
Is the short hand musculature (intrinsic hand muscles) more developed in apes or humans?
Humans
What important thumb muscle is absent as its own muscle in African apes and orangutans?
Flexor pollicis longus
What are the two major blood supplies to the posterior shoulder?
Subclavian arteries
Axillary arteries
The pectoral region is supplied by branches of the ________ artery
Axillary
The arm is supplied by the ______ artery and its branches
Brachial
The forearm is supplied by what two arteries?
Radial and ulnar
What are the 2 main blood supplies to the hand?
Radial and ulnar arteries
Which layer of the skin contains large vessels and nerves?
A. Epidermis
B. Dermis
C. Hypodermis
D. Dermal papillae
C. Hypodermis
What are the 2 layers of the dermis?
Papillary layer (pain, heat, cold, pain receptors) Reticular layer (fat+lymph, oil+sweat glands, hair)
The thick epidermis is only found on palms and soles. All 5 epidermal strata occur in thick skin. Which epidermal strata is missing in thin epidermis?
Stratum lucidum
____________ are sebaceous glands associated with hair follicles and secrete oil that adds to the skin’s protective barrier
Holocrine
_______________ are a type of sweat gland that is made up of cellular filtrate which promotes bacterial growth. These are found diffusely on horses but only in axillary and pubic regions in humans
Apocrine
___________ are another type of sweat gland that produces watery perspiration through filtration of plasma. It is a very dilute solution containing waste products like urea
Eccrine
What type of sweat gland is considered metabolically more expensive but better at removing body heat and is less wasteful?
Eccrine
Apocrine are considered wasteful bc losing cellular filtrate
What is another name for the dermal ridges that act as friction pads? Aka fingerprints
Dermatoglyphs
A __________ refers to a hoof or nail
Ungula
A ________ refers to a sharp curved claw
Falcula
A __________ refers to a claw-like nail found in some primates
Tegula
The arrector pili muscle is responsible for raising the hair on the body and is under control of what nervous system?
Sympathetic
What permits humans to efficiently sustain metabolically expensive, potentially heat-producing behaviors such as long-distance running for relatively long periods of time?
The ability to efficiently cool the body through evaporation (sweating) over large areas of the body
What are the trade offs to more efficient evaporative cooling in humans?
Fluid lost must be replenished
Must consume more energy and maintain thicker layer of fat to make up for lack of insulation d/t hair loss
Darker skin has a form of melanin called ______ while lighter skin has a form of melanin called _______
Eumelanin
Pheomelanin
What is the vitamin D hypothesis as it relates to human skin pigmentation?
Humans migrating from lower latitudes to high latitudes will have shortage of vitamin D3 unless melanin production is reduced
What is the solar protection hypothesis as it relates to human skin pigmentation?
Habitat and climate variable appear to account for 80% of observed variation in skin color [K wright thinks this is best supported]
What are 6 other hypotheses regarding human skin pigmentation?
Camoflauge Protection of nutrients Protection against cold Protection against tropical disease Thermoregulation Sexual selection
What are the 4 cell types associated with epidermis?
Keratinocytes
Melanocytes
Langerhans cells
Merkel cells
Cutaneous mechanoreceptors include merkel disks, meissner’s corpuscles, pascinian corpuscles, ruffinis corpuscles, end-bulbs of krause, root hair plexus, and nociceptors. What is the specific function of each of these?
Merkel disks = fine touch + pressure Meissners = light tough (most sensitive) Pascinian = vibration Ruffini = heat End-bulbs = touch+pressure Root hair plexus = touch Nociceptor = pain
What are some hypotheses explaining hair reduction in humans?
Body size Aquatic habitat Parasites Sexual attraction Clothing+culture
What is the sequence of blood as it moves through the primitive heart?
Sinus venosus
Atrium
Ventricle
Conus arteriosus
The following characteristics refer to what group:
Reduced number of aortic arches
Pulmonary circulation
Tetrapods
The following characteristics refer to what group:
Pulmonary and systemic circuit chambers completely isolated from each other
Aortic arch on left
Involvement in regulation of body temp
Mammals
The following characteristics refer to what group:
Blood cells contain hemoglobin
Closed circ. System
Heart compartmentalized
Aorta positioned in front of spinal column
Vertebrates
The following characteristics refer to what group:
Increased efficiency in keeping the brain cool
Humans
What is the difference between an open vs. closed circulatory system?
In an open system, blood is pumped into body cavities where tissues are bathed in blood (hemolymph)
In a closed system, blood is inside vessels at all times and does not fill body cavities
What valves in the heart function most similarly to veins?
Semilunar valves because the force of blood from ventricles forces the valves open and a slight backflow pushes them closed
What valves of the heart are tricuspid?
Right AV valve
Semilunar valves
What valve(s) of the heart are bicuspid?
Left AV valve (mitral valve)
The circumflex artery and anterior interventricular artery are branches of what artery?
Left coronary artery (aka left anterior descending a.)
The right coronary artery branches into which 2 arteries?
Posterior interventricular a.
Right marginal a.
The ductus arteriosus is a fetal structure that later becomes what?
Ligamentum arteriosum
The foramen ovale is a fetal structure that eventually becomes what?
Fossa ovalis
The ductus venosus is a fetal structure that later becomes what?
Ligamentum venosum
The umbilical vein is a fetal structure that eventually becomes what?
Ligamentum teres
The umbilical arteries are fetal structures that later become what?
Medial umbilical ligaments
Blood supply to the head and neck originates from the aortic arch. The right side comes from the ______________ ___________ and the left side comes from the __________ and ___________
Brachiocephalic trunk (R. Common carotid and R. Subclavian)
Left common carotid; left subclavian
Internal arterial supply to the brain is supplied by what 2 arteries?
Vertebral arteries
Internal carotid arteries
External arterial supply to the head is from what artery?
External carotids
External arterial supply to the neck is due to what 2 arteries?
External carotid arteries Thyrocervical trunks (from subclavians)
The following arteries are branches of what major artery?
Superficial temporal a. Posterior auricular a. Occipital a. Maxillary a. Facial a. Ascending pharyngeal a. Lingual a. Suprahyoid a. Superior laryngeal a. Superior thyroid a.
External carotid artery
What provides venous drainage for the brain?
Dural sinuses to internal jugular veins
What 3 veins provide venous drainage of the head?
Internal jugular veins
External jugular veins
Vertebral veins
What 2 veins provide venous drainage of the neck?
Internal jugular
External jugular
The circle of willis is an important anastomosis of arteries around the sella turcica (sphenoid bone). What is the primary purpose of the sella turcica?
Equalizes blood pressure in brain and can provide collateral channels if a vessel becomes blocked
What aspect of the circle of willis is absent in macaques?
Anterior communicating artery
What is the bovine pattern of the aortic arch?
The brachiocephalic trunk gives rise to the L. Common carotid, R. Common carotid, and R. Subclavian arteries
The normal human arch has the R. Carotid and R. Subclavian coming off the brachiocephalic trunk, but the L. Carotid branches directly off the aortic arch itself
The true bovine arch has everything coming off the brachiocephalic trunk, including the left subclavian
What are the 3 main digestive system branches of the circulatory system?
Celiac trunk (foregut) Superior mesenteric (midgut) Inferior mesenteric (hindgut)
What are the 3 branches of the celiac trunk?
Common hepatic a.
Left gastric a.
Splenic a.
These are all foregut derivatives
What are the 4 main components of the hepatic portal system?
Hepatic portal vein
Splenic vein
Superior mesenteric vein
Inferior mesenteric vein
Name some of the many characteristics of the human reproductive system that make us distinct from other mammals and primates
No baculum Enlarged external genitalia Heavy menstrual flow Menopause Hemochoral placenta Constricted birth canal d/t bipedalism Fetal head fits tightly thru F pelvis Fetus has characteristic passage thru Longer labor Assistance to mother required Relatively altricial infants High carb maternal milk Permanent enlargement of F breasts
Humans, rodents, and haplorhines have what type of placenta?
Hemochorial
Dogs and cats have what type of placenta?
Endotheliochorial
Cows, pigs, horses, and strepsirhines have what type of placenta?
Epitheliochorial
Define reproductive success
Having as many offspring as possible survive into adulthood
What subclass of mammals utilizes the following reproductive strategy:
Laying eggs
Prototherians
What subclass of mammals utilizes the following reproductive strategy:
Retaining egg in uterus for entire ovulatory cycle, fetus flushed out with endometrial lining, underdeveloped fetus emerges from birth canal and stays in pouch
Metatherian
What subclass of mammals utilizes the following reproductive strategy:
Endometrium is retained, placenta supplies fetus, extended gestation, more developed fetus at birth
Eutherian
What type of pelvis has a round pelvic inlet, shallow pelvic cavity with short ischial spines, and is thought to be the most suitable for childbirth?
A. Platypelloid
B. Gynecoid
C. Android
D. Anthropoid
B. Gynecoid
What type of pelvis has a narrow inlet from front to back, with a very shallow pelvic cavity, a shape which makes it difficult for the infant’s head to engage the birth canal?
A. Platypelloid
B. Gynecoid
C. Android
D. Anthropoid
A. Platypelloid
What type of pelvis has triangular or heart-shaped inlet and is narrow anteriorly, has prominent ischial spines, and tends to be present in taller individuals. This pelvis can make childbirth more difficult.
A. Platypelloid
B. Gynecoid
C. Android
D. Anthropoid
C. Android
What type of pelvis has an oval shaped inlet that is large from front to back, and transversely narrow, with a larger outlet but relatively small inlet overall. The infant head tends to engage normally, but it is associated with a slower process.
A. Platypelloid
B. Gynecoid
C. Android
D. Anthropoid
D. Anthropoid
Known pelvic material for Australopithecus afarensis suggests a birth canal that is wide from side to side but narrow from front to back, probably due to locomotor requirements than obstetric constraints. Bipedalism requires having an SI joint as close to the _____________ as possible. A wider pelvis supplies better support for hip abductors (small gluteal muscles). Australopiths likely had small brains and small heads. Homo erectus had a relatively larger brain than A. Afarensis and further adaptations to obligate bipedalism. Similar pelvic dimensions with a medium sized head, compared to modern humans would have made for a relatively easy journey through the birth canal
Acetabulum
_______ _______ is defined as the sequence of anatomical, physiological, and behavioral changes and events that an organism experiences over the course of its lifetime, from its conception to its death
Life history
What are the 6 primary stages of mammalian life history?
- Fetal
- Infancy
- Juvenile
- Subadult
- Adult
- Post-reproductive (females)
Minimal investment in individual growth and a high reproductive output is indicative of what type of strategist?
R strategist
Maximum investment in individual growth and a low reproductive output is characteristic of what type of strategist?
K strategist
An increase in animal body size and complexity are indicators of a trend toward what type of strategist?
K
Anatomically, CN I is made up of numerous olfactory axons that are collectively called the ______ _________
Fila olfactoria
Olfactory info is carried from the MOB to what part of the brain?
Paleocortex - phylogenetically oldest portion
All vertebrates except aquatic mammals have an MOB. An AOB is present in most vertebrates but not OWM or humans. What is the AOB associated with?
The VNO
The MOE/MOB senses volatile, airborne stimuli. What is the function of the VNO/AOB?
Receives nonvolatile aromatic stimuli called pheromones
The ____________ is the moist, naked surface surrounding the nasal openings/nostrisl of most mammals; it is sensitive to touch but lacks olfactory receptors
Rhinarium
Note that it also probably assists in delivering pheromones to VNO
Which primates are considered wet-nosed?
Strepsirrhines
Which primates are considered dry-nosed?
Haplorrhines (including platyrrhines and catarrhines)
Which primates are considered dry-nosed and have downward facing nostrils?
Catarrhines
Which primates are considered dry-nosed and have side-facing nostrils?
Platyrrhines
What is the trade-off hypothesis as it relates to special senses?
Idea that specialization of one sensory function will impair another. Increased reliance on vision –> decreased reliance on olfaction
Which group had a spiracle (primitive opening to inner ear)
Early tetrapods
Early therapsids were the first to have the articular, quadrate, and stapes involved in sound conduction. What did each of these eventually become in terms of inner ear bones?
Articular –> malleus
Quadrate –> incus
Stapes remains
The original jaw joint was made up of the quadrate-articular, which later complexed with what would eventually become the sole jaw joint. What bones made up this addition?
Dentary-squamosal
Pharyngeal arch 1 gave rise to which bone(s) of the inner ear?
Malleus and incus
Pharyngeal arch 2 gave rise to which bone(s) of the inner ear?
Stapes
What was the early Jurassic mammal that shows the beginnings of modern therian mammal inner ear anatomy?
Dryloestes
What area of the brain is specialized for speech recognition and comprehension?
Wernicke’s
The incudomalleolar joint is between which two bones of the middle ear?
Incus and malleus
The incudostapedial joint is located between what two bones of the middle ear?
Incus and stapes
The tensor tympani muscle inserts on which bone of the middle ear?
Malleus
__________ are swellings at the base of semicircular canals
Ampullae
________ ________ is the sensory organ of angular acceleration and deceleration in each ampulla
Crista ampullaris
__________ are the gelatinous components of the crista ampullaris in ampullae
Cupula
The __________ is the otolith organ within the macula that is oriented horizontally and senses linear acceleration
Utricle
The _______ is the otolith organ within the macula that is oriented vertically and senses linear acceleration
Sacculus
What type of lever system has resistance between the fulcrum and applied force?
Second class
What type of lever system has the force between the resistance and the fulcrum?
3rd class
What type of lever system has a fulcrum in the middle, between force and resistance?
First class
In terms of lever systems in the body, a long bone acts as a _______, a joint serves as the ______, and the ________ is generated by the muscle attached to the bone
Lever
Fulcrum
Effort
The nuchal musculature is an example of what type of lever system?
First class
Lifting a dumbbell with the biceps is an example of what type of lever system?
Third class
Standing on the ball of the foot is an example of what type of lever system?
Second class
What anatomical difference is seen in the forearm of bears, resulting in very strong but relatively slower flexion?
The biceps tendon inserts further down (distally) on the forearm
**So the longer the effort is relative to the load arm, the more efficient the lever system is
What anatomical difference in chimps and apes results in their waddle-like gait when walking bipedally?
Their small gluteal musculature is not in the same placec as ours, so in order to stabilize themselves they have to center their weight on either leg with each step
The femoral angle is an example of what type of lever system?
First class
The mandible is an example of what type of lever system?
Third class
What are the 2 paired cranial bones?
Parietal
Temporal
What are the 4 unpaired cranial bones?
Frontal
Occipital
Sphenoid
Ethmoid
How many cranial bones do we have?
8
How many facial bones do we have?
14
What are the 6 paired facial bones?
Zygomatic Lacrimal Nasal Palatine Maxillae Inferior nasal conchae
What are the 2 unpaired facial bones?
Vomer
Mandible
What are the 4 paranasal sinuses?
Frontal
Sphenoid
Ethmoid
Maxillary
What suture of the skull is straighter in lower primates and has become progressively more curvevd in humans and our more recent ancestors?
Squamous
Chewing involving significant lateral motions of the mandible and expansion of the brain and braincase are characteristics of which particular group from the Langdon table?
Hominins
Anterior protrusion of the skull, development of mastoid process, flexion of the basicranium and retraction of the face, and forehead replacing the supraorbital tori are characteristics of what group from the Langdon table?
Modern humans
What are the 4 primary muscles of mastication?
Temporalis
Masseter
Medial and lateral pterygoids
The primate gluteus maximus extends much further down the femur in chimps than in humans. What function does the gluteus maximus serve in other primates that it does not do much of in humans?
Abductor
The muscle that contributes the most in our gluteal region is the ________, while in chimps and gorillas it is the ___________
Gluteus maximus
Gluteus medius
What part of the pharynx is intimately tied into both respiratory and gustative function?
Oropharynx
According to Langdon, what respiratory adaptations are specific to humans?
Decoupling of breath from locomotion
Elimination of thermoregulatory breathing
Enlargement of pharynx and its use in speech
Enlargement of spinal canal for increased motor control of breathing
Protruding nose
What are the 3 primary theories as to why the Neanderthals had a pneumotized face?
- Cool body
- Warm incoming air
- Simply due to relatively large face
The posterior nasopharynx wall houses a single pharyngeal tonsil, commonly called __________
Adenoids
___________ tonsils are on the lateral wall between the anterior palatoglossal arches and posterior palatopharyngeal arches
Palatine
__________ tonsils are at the base of the tongue
Lingual
Order the following from superior to inferior: bronchi, trachea, larynx
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi
What are the 6 major components of the digestive tract as well as the 4 accessory organs?
Esophagus Stomach Small intestine Large intestine Rectum+anus
Associated organs: spleen, pancreas, liver, gallbladder
What are the 3 divisions of the small intestine in order?
Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum
What are the components of the large intestine in order?
Cecum Ascending colon Transverse colon Descending colon Sigmoid colon
What are the dietary adaptations for fruit eaters?
Broad incisors
Low, rounded molar cusps
Long small intestine
What are the dietary adaptations for gum eaters?
Stout incisors
Claws for clinging
Long cecum
What are the dietary adaptations for leaf eaters?
Well developed molar shearing crests
Small incisors
Large cecum
What are the dietary adaptations of insect eaters?
Sharp cusps
Short and simple gut (chitin from exoskeleton easily passes through)
What evolutionarily adaptive behavior led to the ability to detoxify food before eating it?
Cooking
According to Langdon, what are the mammalian characteristics of the excretory system?
Loop of Henle enhances conservation of water
Ureter separates from the female vagina; common cloaca lost
According to Langdon, what are the human characteristics of the excretory system?
Urine concentrating ability is slightly less than that predicted for body size
Eccrine sweat glands supplement the nephrons in filtration and excretion of wastes
What are the components of the urinary system as well as the major accessory organ(s)
Kidneys
Ureters
Urinary bladder
Urethra
Accessory organ = adrenal glands
What are the 4 major regions of the brain?
Cerebrum
Diencephalon
Brainstem
Cerebellum
What are the 5 lobes of the brain?
Frontal Parietal Temporal Occipital Insula
Which lobe of the brain contains the primary motor cortex and motor speech area (Broca’s)
Frontal
What cerebral lobe contains the primary visual cortex?
Occipital
What cerebral lobe contains the primary gustatory cortex?
Insula
What cerebral lobe contains the primary somatosensory cortex as well as part of Wernicke’s area?
Parietal
What cerebral lobe contains the primary auditory cortex as well as olfactory areas and part of Wernicke’s area?
Temporal
What is the one cerebral lobe that cannot be seen from the surface?
Insula
__________ _________ are paired irregular masses of gray matter buried deep within central white matter
Cerebral nuclei
CN I
Olfactory
CN II
Optic
CN III
Oculomotor
CN IV
Trochlear
CN V
Trigeminal
CN VI
Abducens
CN VII
Facial
CN VIII
Vestibulocochlear
CN IX
Glossopharyngeal
CN X
Vagus
CN XI
Accessory (spinal accessory)
CN XII
Hypoglossal
What CN supplies all extraoccular eye muscles except superior oblique and lateral rectus, as well as ciliary muscles and constrictor pupillae?
CN III - Oculomotor
What CN supplies the superior oblique m. of the eye?
CN IV - Trochlear
What CN supplies the lateral rectus muscle of the eye?
CN VI - Abducens
What CN supplies the intrinsic and extrinsic tongue muscles except the palatoglossus?
CN XII - Hypoglossal
Palatoglossus is controlled by CN X
What CN is responsible for supplying taste to the anterior 2/3 of the tongue?
CN VII - Facial (via chorda tympani which carries preganglionic parasympathetics - piggy backs on V3)
What CN provides general sensation and taste to the posterior 2/3 of the tongue?
CN IX - Glossopharyngeal
What CN provides sensation to the anterior 2/3 of the tongue?
CN V - Trigeminal (V3 branch)
The chambers of the eye are located within the anterior cavity, with the _______ as the partition between the two chambers
Iris
What are the 4 types of papillae on the tongue?
Filiform
Fungiform
Vallate
Foliate
What type of papillae are the least numerous yet the largest, are arranged in an inverted V shape on posterior tongue, and most of our taste buds are housed in their walls?
A. Filiform
B. Fungiform
C. Vallate (circumvallate)
D. Foliate
C. Vallate (circumvallate)
What type of papillae are distributed on the anterior 2/3 of the tongue surface and do not house taste buds, so they have no sensory role in gustation?
A. Filiform
B. Fungiform
C. Vallate (circumvallate)
D. Foliate
A. Filiform
What type of papillae are primarily located on the tip and sides of tongue, and contain only a few taste buds each?
A. Filiform
B. Fungiform
C. Vallate (circumvallate)
D. Foliate
B. Fungiform
What type of papillae are not well developed on the human tongue and extend as ridges on the posterior lateral sides? These only house a few taste buds during infancy and childhood
A. Filiform
B. Fungiform
C. Vallate (circumvallate)
D. Foliate
D. Foliate
What are the 5 basic taste sensations the human tongue can detect, and what chemical stimuli are these in response to?
Salty Sweet - glucose Sour - acidity Bitter - alkalinity Umami - glutamic acid (savoriness)
What are the 3 salivary glands, specify which is the largest and which produces the most saliva.
Parotid - largest
Sublingual
Submandibular - most saliva
Infants have 20 deciduous teeth. How many teeth do adult humans have?
32
What is the dental formula of humans and catarrhines?
2:1:2:3
Salivation is a parasympathetic function. What CN’s contribute to the 3 salivary glands?
Parotid = CN IX (glossopharyngeal)
Sublingual and Submandibular = CN VII (Facial) via chorda tympani
