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Large Animal Healthcare > Comparative Anatomy > Flashcards

Comparative Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the vertebrae of the Horse

A 
Cervical - 7
Thoracic - 18 
Lumbar - 6
Sacral - 5
Coccygeal - 15-20
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2
Q

Describe the vertebrae of the Cow

A 
Cervical - 7
Thoracic - 13
Lumbar - 6
Sacral - 5
Coccygeal - 18-20
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3
Q

Describe the vertebrae of the Sheep

A 
Cervical - 7
Thoracic - 13
Lumbar - 6-7
Sacral - 4
Coccygeal - 16-18
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4
Q

Describe the vertebrae of the Pig

A 
Cervical - 7
Thoracic - 14-15
Lumbar 6-7
Sacral - 4
Coccygeal - 20-23
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5
Q

How many sternabrae do horses, cows, sheep and pigs have?

A

Not including the manubrium and the xiphoid process.
Horses, cows and sheep = 5.
Pigs = 4.

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6
Q

Describe the digits of the horse

A

Only has 1 digit. Digit 3. It has a solid hoof at the end of it.

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7
Q

Describe the digits of cows and sheep

A

2 main digits - Digit 3 and 4.

Digits 2 and 5 form dewclaws. Dewclaws have a wall and a small bulb, but no phalanges.

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8
Q

Describe the digits of the pig

A

2 main digits - Digits 3 and 4.

Digits 2 and 5 form dewclaws. Dewclaws have 3 phalanges and a small but well-developed hoof.

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9
Q

What animals have horns? Where do horns form from?

A

Cows and sheep.

Form from cornual process of the frontal bone.

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10
Q

Describe differences in the forelimbs of horses, cows, sheep and pigs.

A

Horses: proximal end of the ulna is well-developed, but fused to the radius. The distal end is absent.

Cows, Sheep and Pigs have a complete ulna, but there is little or no movement between the radius and ulna.

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11
Q

Describe the differences in the carpus (or knee) or the horse, cows, sheep and pigs

A

Pigs have 4 bones in the distal row of carpal bones.
In horses, the first carpal bone, when present, is small and non-weight-bearing.
In cows and sheep, the first carpal bone is not present, and the second and third carpal bones are fused.

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12
Q

Describe the metacarpal bones in horses, cows, sheep and pigs

A

Pigs have 4 metacarpal bones.
Cows and Sheep have the 3rd and 4th metacarpal bones fused to form the cannon bone.
Horses have no 1st metacarpal bone. The 2nd and 4th small metacarpal bones form splint bones and the 3rd one is the large cannon bone.

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13
Q

Describe the digits of the horse, cow, sheep and pig

A

Horses only have 1 digit - digit 3.
Cows have 2 main digits (3 and 4). Digits 2 and 5 are seen as dew claws.
Pigs have same as cow and sheep, but their dewclaws are more fully developed.

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14
Q

What is the fetlock?

A

Metacarpophalangeal joint. Junction between the metacarpals (cannon bone) and the proximal phalanx.

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15
Q

Describe the fibula in the horse, cow, sheep and pig

A

In the pig, it is the same as in dogs. It extends from the proximal end of the tibia to the lateral aspect of the hock.
Horses only have the proximal end of the fibula and a small part of the shaft.
Cows and Sheep only have a vestige proximal end of the fibula.

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16
Q

Describe the lateral malleolus in horses, cows, sheep and pigs.

A

They all have the distal end of the fibula which forms the prominent lateral malleolus of the hock.
Horses’ lateral malleolus is fused to the tibia. In ruminants, its a separate bone that articulates with the distal tibia and the tarsal bones.

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17
Q

Describe the tarsus in the horse, cow, sheep and pig

A

All have the proximal row consisting of 2 bones - the talus and the hock. The central row , and the distal row with 4 bones.

Horses have their central row of tarsal bones reduced to a single central tarsal bone. The distal row of the 4 tarsal bones have the 1st and 2nd fused to a single bone.

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18
Q

List anatomical external points of the horse from nose to tail.

A 
Nose
Forehead 
Poll
Crest
Withers
Back 
Loins
Croup
Dock
Tail
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19
Q

Name the external points of the forelimb (proximal to distal) including foot

A 
Elbow
Chesnut (on inside)
Knee
Ergot
Fetlock Joint
Pastern
Coronet
Hoof
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20
Q

Name the external points of the hindlimb (proximal to distal)

A 
Flank (on body)
Stifle joint
Gaskin
Hock
Cannon
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21
Q

Name the bones of the forelimb in the horse(proximal to distal) including foot and joints

A 
Scapula
Shoulder joint
Humerus
Elbow joint
Ulna (with olecranon - point of elbow)- fused together
Radius
Knee/ Carpus joint
Proximal row of carpal bones and accessory carpal bone - pisiform
Distal Row of Carpal bones
Cannon Bone and 2 splint bones (metacarpals)
Proximal sesamoid bone 
Fetlock Joint
Proximal Phalanx (long pastern)
Pastern Joint
Middle phalanx (short pastern)
Coffin Joint - with small navicular bone)
Distal Phalanx (pedal bone)
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22
Q

Name the bones of the hindlimb in the horse(proximal to distal) including foot and joints

A 
Pelvis
Hip Joint
Femur
Stifle Joint and Patella
Tibia and top part of fibula(almost vestigial) 
Tarsus/ Hock Joint:
1st row tarsal bones: talus and calcaneous
2nd row: central tarsus
3rd row: 1st and 2nd fused, 3 and 4
Splint Bones (2) and cannon bone 
Proximal sesamoid bone
Fetlock Joint
Long pastern
Pastern Joint
Short Pastern
Coffin Joint
Pedal Bone
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23
Q

What is the guttural pouch in horses

A

Cavity that extends back under the atlas and forwards over the opening of the throat.

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24
Q

Describe the suspensory ligament of the horse

not the mechanism - yet!

A

Modified muscles that is more elastic than other ligaments. Lies between the digital flexor tendon and the cannon bone. It is often mistaken for the splint bone as it feels rigid when the horse weight bears.
It splits into two parts at the level of the sesamoid bones and joins with the common digital extensor tendon (CDET) at the front of the pastern. Longest ligament in the lower leg.

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25
Q

What is the function of the suspensory ligament ?

What is the purpose of the suspensory apparatus?

A

To suspend and prevent over extension of the fetlock joint.

Part of the stay apparatus which supports the fetlock and prevents it falling to the ground.

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26
Q

Describe the Stay Apparatus

A

Combined action of muscles, tendons and ligaments which allow the horse to stand for long periods of time without fatigue.

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27
Q

Describe the hind leg locking mechanism and its purpose

A

Alleviates muscular fatigue, whilst standing.
In order to lock the hindleg, the patella is raised and is hooked over the top of the trochlear ridge of the femur. The system is unlocked by contraction of the quadriceps femoris and the biceps femoris, which lifts the patella off the ridge.

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28
Q

Describe the structure of the horse’s hoof

A

Have a good solid hoof at the end of the third and only digit.

Diamond shaped frog with a central cleft. Sits just in front of the bulbs of the heel. On either side of the frog is the buttress of the heels which move forward to the lateral clefts which join to either side of the frog. The rest is circled around by the wall and the front part is the toe. The sensitive area between the wall and the frog is called the sole.

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29
Q

Describe the key differences between the horse, cow, sheep and pig hooves.

A

Horses have one digit with a solid hoof. The bulb of their hoof is replaced by a v-shaped frog which is harder than the bulb found in other animals. In horses, most of their weight is carried on the wall and the toe.

Cows sheep and pig have 2 digits ( 3 and 4) and 2 dewclaws (2 and 5).
Even-toed ungulates carry more weight on their lateral digit. The weight is carried on the sole and the bulb of the foot.
In pigs, the bulb is particularly large and as such provides a proportionally larger weight bearing surface.

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30
Q

Describe the dew claws in cows sheep and pigs. Horses don’t have any.

A

Digits 2 and 5.
In cows and sheep, they do not have well-developed phalanges, but they do have a small bulb and a wall. They do not weight bear.
In Pigs, they do have 3 small phalanges and a small, but well-developed hoof.

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31
Q

What are chesnuts and where are they found?

A

Horn-like growths. Thought to be vestigial metatarsal and metacarpal footpads.
Found proximal to the carpus and slightly distal to the hock in horses.

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32
Q

What are ergots?

A

Small projections of cornified epithelium in the centre of the palmar and plantar aspects of the fetlock of the horse,

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33
Q

What is a diastema?

A

Gap in the teeth between the incisors and the cheek teeth.

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34
Q

Define Heterodont

A

Have various types of teeth that are specialised for different functions

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35
Q

Define Dihypodont

A

Set deciduous which fall out and are replaced by permanent teeth.

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36
Q

What is the dental formula for a foal?

A

1 3/3 C0/0 PM 3/3 = 24

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37
Q

What is the dental formula for a male horse?

A

I 3/3 C1/1 PM 3or4/3 M3/3 = 40 (or 42)

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38
Q

What is the dental formula for a female horse?

A

I3/3 C0/0 PM 3or4 M3/3 = 36 (or 40)

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39
Q

What is the main difference between the male and female horse dental formulas?

A

Mares’ canine may not be present or may be vestigial.

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40
Q

Describe the incisors and cheek teeth in horses

A

They are hypsodont meaning that they have a covering of folded enamel on either side to increase the wearable surface, but have no enamel covering on the top of the tooth where it contacts the opposing tooth.

41
Q

What is the temporary dental formula for cows?

A

I 0/4 C 0/0 PM 3/3 = 20

42
Q

What is the permanent dental formula for cows?

A

I0/4 C0/0 PM 3/3 M3/3 = 32

43
Q

What is unique about bovine dental formula?

A

Cows have no canines. The lower canines have developed into incisors.
The upper incisors and canines are absent and in their place is a hard pad made of dense keratinised mucous membrane.

44
Q

What type of teeth are bovine incisors? What does it mean?

NOTE: Think the rest of the teeth are hypsodont?

A

Brachydont:
Short crown
Enamel only covers the crown
Crown and Root separated by a distinct ‘neck’

45
Q

Why must a cow chew side to side for mastication to occur?

A

Because the upper teeth are more wide spread than the lower.

46
Q

What Is the ovine dental formula?

A

Same as cows:
Temporary I 0/4 C 0/0 PM 3/3 = 20
Permanent I 0/4 C 0/0 PM 3/3 M 3/3 = 32

47
Q

What is the temporary porcine dental formula?

A

I 3/3 C 1/1 PM 4/4 = 32

48
Q

What is the permanent porcine dental formula?

A

I 3/3 C 1/1 PM 4/4 M 3/3 = 44

49
Q

What is unique about the canine teeth of pigs?

A

They are very large - called tusks
Bottom tusks are larger than upper tusks
Tusks are open-rooted

50
Q

What is unique about the pig’s teeth?

A

The enamel is continually growing and replaced.

51
Q

State the ‘normal’ order of the digestive system.

A 
Mouth
Pharynx
Oesophagus
Stomach (Cardia, fundus, pylorus)
Small Intestine (D,J,I)
Large intestine (caecum and colon)
Rectum and Anal Canal
52
Q

Describe the differences in the lips in horses, cows, sheep and pigs

A

Horses and sheep have very mobile lips in order to help them pick up food.
Lips are stiffer and harder in cattle.

Horses and cows lack a philtrum (medial cleft on upper lip). Sheep and pigs do have one.

53
Q

What is unique about the horse’s soft palate?

A

Very long in the horse, making them obligate nose breathers. They are uniquely able to lift their soft palate to direct air from the oral cavity to the larynx.

54
Q

Name the 3 parts of the tongue

A

Apex, body and Root

55
Q

What animal uses their tongue as a prehensile organ?

A

Cow

56
Q

What is different about a horse’s tongue?

A

Feels velvety due to the filiform papillae being shorter and softer.

57
Q

Which animal has a specialised pharynx? What’s special about it ?

A

Pigs have a pharyngeal diverticulum that opens into the dorsal wall of the pharynx near the beginning of the oesophagus.

58
Q

Describe the stomach of the pig

A 
Simple stomach - monogastric - only 1
Made up of:
1. Cardia
2. Fundus- smaller pouch in pigs, called the diverticulum near top of stomach.
3. Body 
4. Pylorus
59
Q

Describe the stomach of the horse

A

Simple stomach - monogastric - only 1
Made up of:
1. Cardia - cardiac sphincter in horse is very strong and usually makes it impossible for a horse to vomit.
2. Fundus - enlarged in the horse to form a blind end sac called the saccus cecus.
3. Body
4. Pylorus

60
Q

How long can the jejunum be in horses?

A

Up to 28m

61
Q

Describe the caecum of the pig

A

Moderately large sac

Mostly lies to the left of the midline

62
Q

Describe the caecum in the horse

A

Comma-shaped structure which extends from the pelvic inlet to the floor of the abdominal cavity.
Primary site of fermentation
Capacity approx. 33L

63
Q

What is unique about the large intestine of the horse? (not in depth description of anatomy)

A

It is the largest and most complex LI of any domestic animal. As it does not have a complex stomach, the fermentation of food only takes place once it reaches the caecum. Horses are therefore sometimes called post-gastric fermenters.

64
Q

Describe the large intestine of the pig

A

Ascending colon is composed of spirals and coils arranged in cone shapes.
Transverse and Descending colon runs from the spiral loop across to the left of the abdomen, descends and then becomes the rectum

65
Q

Describe the large intestine of the horse

A 
Ascending colon:
-highly modified and very large
- has many different sections
- final part called the right dorsal colon which will then become the transverse colon.
Transverse colon:
- crosses to left of abdomen
Descending colon:
- Arranged in undulations within the mesentery
- end in rectum
66
Q

Name the 3 main salivary glands in all domestic animals

A

Sublingual, mandibular and parotid

67
Q

What is the reticulorumen?

A

The first chamber of the alimentary canal made up of the rumen and the reticulum. The lining of the rumen is covered in papillae and the lining of the reticulum is lined with ridges which form a hexagonal pattern.
It makes up 84% of the volume of the stomach.

68
Q

What species have a gall bladder? What is its function?

A

All species except horse.

Storage of bile.

69
Q

What is different about the salivary glands of ruminants?

A

They are very active. They produce over 100L of saliva per day - important for the fermentation process in the rumen.

70
Q

List the make up of the ruminant digestive system in order

A 
Mouth
Pharynx
Oesophagus
Stomach : Rumen, Reticulum, Omasum, Abomasum
Small intestine
Large intestine
Rectum and anal canal
71
Q

What is the function of the abomasum?

A

It is the last part , the ‘true’ stomach where proteins are digested and anything that couldn’t be broken down by the rumen is broken down here. On right side.

72
Q

Describe the rumen

A

Largest part of stomach where microbial digestion takes place of plant material.
occupies most of the left side
‘Chewing the Cud’ -forces food back into the mouth for further chewing.

73
Q

What side does the small intestines lie in ruminants?

A

Right side, due to large rumen on the left

74
Q

Describe the caecum in ruminants

A

Blind ending

75
Q

Describe the structure of the ascending colon in ruminants

A

Modified into a series of 3 loops

76
Q

If you were to travel through the digestive system of the cow, list the structures you would come across in order

A 
Mouth 
Oesophagus
Rumen
Reticulum
Omasum
Abomasum
Liver
Gall Bladder
Pancreas
Small intestine 
Caecum
Large Intestine
Rectum 
Anus
77
Q

List the structures of the standard male reproductive system. ‘Both species have…’

A 
2 testes
2 epididymis
2 ductus deferens
Scrotum
Accessory sex glands
urethra
penis 
prepuce
78
Q

Describe the testes/scrotum in the bull

A 
Elongated and pendulous
The long axis of each testes is almost vertical
Larger than those in stallion
Located near (just cranial) the sigmoid flexure
79
Q

Describe the testes/scrotum in the boar

A

Located just ventral to the anus and described as being perineal (not hanging down)
Caudal to the sigmoid flexure
Relatively large

80
Q

Describe the testes/scrotum in the ram

A

testes lie cranial to sigmoid flexure

Pendulous

81
Q

Describe the testes/scrotum in the stallion

A

Long axis of each testis is virtually horizontal
Testes are held close to abdominal wall ( between the hind legs)
There is no sigmoid flexure in the stallion.

82
Q

Describe the location of the:

  1. Epididymis
  2. Ductus deferens
  3. Inguinal canal
A
  1. Formed on ventral surface of the testes and closely attached to the testes.Location same across species
  2. Goes up towards inguinal canal and lies in the caudal spermatic cord.Location same across species
  3. Location same across species
83
Q

Name and describe the 4 main accessory sex glands (need to know)

A
  1. Ampullae - enlargement of the last part of the ductus deferens
  2. Vesicular gland - paired
  3. Prostate gland
  4. Bulbourethral gland
84
Q

Describe the differences between species for the ampullae

A

Well developed in Bull, Stallion and Ram.

No ampullae present in boar

85
Q

Describe the vesicular glands in the four species

A

Bull: Lobulated and of considerable size. Have irregular surface.
Boar: Lobulated and of considerable size. Have irregular surface. Extend into abdominal cavity
Ram: Lobulated and of considerable size
Stallion: Pear-shaped, hollow and have smooth surface.

86
Q

Describe the prostate and the differences between the species

A

Unpaired Gland
Surrounds the urethra and has multiple ducts that empty into the urethra.

Bull - chesnut shaped prostate. Composed of corpus prostate and disseminate prostate.
Boar - heart-shaped, made up by mostly disseminate prostate
Stallion - H-shaped. only possess the corpus prostate (body)
Ram - has disseminate prostate only

87
Q

Describe the bulbourethral gland in the four species

A

Boar - very large
Ram - normal size and shape
Stallion - normal size and shape
Bull - normal size and shape - smaller than stallions

88
Q

Describe the urethra in the four species

A

Bull - Pointed and twisted urethral process
Boar - Lacks a projecting urethral process
Stallion - Urethral process projects beyond the glans penis.
Ram - Urethral process extends beyond the glans penis for approx 4cm and is long and twisted.

89
Q

Describe the penis of the stallion

A

Free End and has a distinct mushroom shape.
No Os Penis
Musculocavernous penis
(means its made up of blood sinuses instead of connective tissue - means the penis is flaccid when not erect)

90
Q

Describe the penis of the Boar

A 
Fibroelastic Penis 
(means it is firm even when not erect)
No True glans at tip
Glans penis is small with a twisted end
No urethral process
1/2 metre in length
Has a preputial diverticulum or 'pouch' - contains urine and some decomposing cells
91
Q

Describe the penis of the Bull

A 
1 metre in length
Similar structure to Boar
Consists of fibroelastic tissue meaning its relatively rigid before its erect.
Helmet shaped glans penis
Pointed and twisted urethral process
Urethra opens into a twisted groove
92
Q

Describe the penis of the Ram

A 
Similar structure to Bull
Free end is still distinctive
Fibroelastic penis also
Has free portion - urethral process
Helmet shaped glans penis
93
Q

Describe the prepuce in the 4 species

A

Bull - Long and narrow. Opening is small and is surrounded by long hairs.
Boar - has preputial diverticulum ‘pouch’. Relatively long
Stallion - double fold so 2 layers surround the penis when its retracted .
Ram - sheath conceals the penis

94
Q

Name the time when the onset of puberty occurs in Mares, cows, ewes and sows

A

Mare - 18m
Cow - 1-2 years
Ewe - 8m
Sow - 7m

95
Q

Name the age of first service in Mares, cows, ewes and sows

A

Mare - 2-3 years
Cow - 1-2 years
Ewe - 1-1.5 years
Sow - 8-10 months

96
Q

Name the length of the oestrus cycle in Mares, cows, ewes and sows

A

Mare - 21 days
Cow - 21 days
Ewe - 17 days
Sow - 21 days

97
Q

Name the length of oestrus in Mares, cows, ewes and sows

A

Mare - 6 days
Cow - 18 hours
Ewe - 1-2 days
Sow - 2 days

98
Q

Name the length of gestation in Mares, cows, ewes and sows

A

Mare - 336 days
Cow - 282 days
Ewe - 150 days
Sow - 114 days

Large Animal Healthcare (1 decks)

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