Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

therio > Companion Animal Theriogenology > Flashcards

Companion Animal Theriogenology Flashcards

1
Q

discuss the type of cycle for a bitch

A
  • non seasonal
  • mono-estrus
  • with spontanous ovulation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

which animals are poly estrus

A
  • queen
  • horse
  • rodents
  • pig
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

which animal is a long day polyestrus

A

horse

spring breeding season

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

which animals are short day polyestrus

A
  • ewe
  • doe
  • elk
  • nanny
  • breed in autumn
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

which animals are monoestrus

A
  • dogs
  • wolf
  • fox
  • bear
  • around march to may
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

when do the dogs have their first estrus?

A

9 mnths(7-14 mnths)

breed and individual variations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

The physiological oestrous cycle of dog

A
  • Non seasonal
  • Mono-oestrous
  • Spontaneous ovulation
  • Domesticated dogs show 1-3 oestrous cycles
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

discuss length of Inter-pro-oestrus interval in dogs

A
  • averages 6 to 7 months
  • Variable between breeds
    – eg. German Shephard (closer to) 4 months to 12 months in the Basenji
  • Variable within breed
  • Possibly individual variation from 1 cycle to another
  • In some breeds and wild dogs: eg. Basenji and Dingo
  • Mono-oestrus = one cycle per year
  • Seasonal - autumn
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

in which breeds are nomoestrus and seasonal

A
  • In some breeds and wild dogs: eg. Basenji and Dingo
    • Mono-oestrus = one cycle per year
    • Seasonal - autumn
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

define Anoestrus

A
  • Commences when the concentration of

plasmatic progesterone is < 1 ng/ml if not
pregnant
• Day of whelping if pregnant
• Until pro-oestrus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

discuss the duration for anoestrus

A

average 90 days (60+)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

discuss endocronology of anoestrus

A
  • steroids- basal
  • FSH rises at end of anoestrus: follicular growth
        =\> subsequent rise of oestrogens 
    =\> inducing pro-oestrus
  • Prolactin still elevated at debut
  • Pseudopregnancy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

discuss events/activities of anoestrus

A

• Phase of uterine and mammary involution and
regeneration
• duration of regeneration of the uterus = 12 weeks
post partum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

discuss the duration of regeneration of the uterus

A
  • 12 weeks post parturm
  • occurs in anoestrus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

discuss the behavioral changes in anoestrus

A
  • Unattractive to males and refuses mounting / mating
  • Maternal (pseudopregnancy)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

discuss Physical changes in anoestrus

A
  • Vulva small
  • Vaginal cytology→Small and non-keratinised cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

factors that do not induce period of anoestrus in a bitch

A

– pregnancy
– lactation / presence of pups
– season
– stress

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

which factor can induce Physiological period of anoestrus
in the bitch

A

pathology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

which hormone is increased at the end of anoestrus

A

the basal plasma FSH
concentration increases, followed by
folliculogenesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

divisions of heat

A
  • proestrus
  • and estrus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

duration for proestrus

A

• Average 9 days (3 to >20 days)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

discuss events in proestrus

A
  • Follicular growth
  • Stimulation with LH and FSH
  • Follicular secretion of oestrogens
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

discuss endocronology of proestrus in a bitch

A
  • Oestrogens
     * Maximum at onset of LH surge
 * Diminution of oestrogens thereafter
  • Progesterone <2 ng/ml
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

bitch behaviour in proestrus

A
  • attracts but refuses the male
  • but variations as to male acceptance
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

physical changes in proestrus

A
  • vulva swollen and turgid
  • sanguineous uterine discharge
  • swelling of vaginal mucosa
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

vaginal cytology in preoestrus

A

• reflects thickening and keratinisation
(cornification) of epithelium
• increasing percentage of larger cells -
“Superficial” cells, also: erythrocytes and
bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

define estrus

A

• from acceptance of mating until the onset of
dioestrus
• acceptance of the male dog

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

duration of diestrus

A

average 8 days (4 - 15 days!)
• problem is that sexual behaviour does not
always correlate with endocrinology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Endocrinology of estrus

A
  • transitional
  • oestradiol
      • increased but declining
  • progesterone
     * produced by luteinized follicular cells
  * increases before ovulation!
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

discuss estrus events and ovulation

A
  • Events (relative to/after LH surge)
  • • 2 days: ovulation → oocytes type I (primary) expulse
  1. 4-5 days: maturation to oocyte II

• fertilization possible after maturation

  • Thus, oocytes are fertilized from 4 to 5 days

after the LH surge onwards

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

discuss behaviour of estrus

A

• accepts male
• sometimes well before the LH surge
• sometimes during early dioestrus
• sometimes only for few days around most fertile
time
• temperament of male and female may cause
variation
• no reliable association with hormones!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

physical changes in estrus

A

vulva less turgid
• discharge becomes serous
• reduction and/or disappearance of sanguineous
discharge
•but not always!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

discuss vaginal cytology in estrus

A

vaginal epithelium now keratinised
• > 90% cells superficial cells
• often less erythrocytes
• bacteria, many

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

clinical parameters due to Increase of plasma oestradiol 17β

A

Vulvar swelling
– Serosanguinous vaginal discharge
– Swelling of vaginal mucosa / increase of the
number of cell layers of the vaginal mucosa:
• Vaginoscopy
• Cytology
– Behaviour?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

what does does mating occur after onset of proestrus

A

day 11

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

defination of diestrus

A

commences when mating is no longer
allowed by the bitch, or
• imprecise!
– commences at the start of a reduction of
≥20% of number of keratinised epithelial
cells in vaginal cytology after oestrus in a
non-pregnant bitch
– until plasmatic progesterone < 1.0 ng/ml
– some use metoestrus for this phase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

discuss endocrinology of diestrus

A

• production of progesterone by the CL lasts
approximately 2 months
– avg. 75 days
– in case of absence of pregnancy
• progesterone increases until around day 30,
then declines
• concentrations similar to pregnancy
• no active luteolysis
• luteotrophic hormones
– prolactin (LH?)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

how long does the production of progesterone lasts in diestrus

A

production of progesterone by the CL lasts
approximately 2 months
– avg. 75 days
– in case of absence of pregnancy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

discuss events of diestrus

A

• early di-oestrus
• vaginal epithelium reduces dramatically in size (“falls off”)
• may still stand (behaviour)
• day 1 of di-oestrus (cytologically)
• useful marker to calculate length of pregnancy
but more T=0 are possible!
eg. ovulation
•optimal time of breeding (retrospectively)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

discuss behavior of bitches during diestus

A

nattractive to the male and refuses mating

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

discuss physical changes in diestrus

A
  • vulva reduces in size
  • reduction and disappearance of discharges
  • may have a white discharge first few days
  • mammary hyperplasia as progresses
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

discuss vaginal cytology of diestrus

A

• early dioestrus:
• reduction in the number of keratinised epithelial cells >
20%
• influx of neutrophils
• less bacteria
• appearance of “Metoestrus” cells and “Foam” cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

discuss luteolysis in bitches

discuss hormones involved

A

• No prostaglandin F2α from the uterus
• First half of the luteal phase: pituitary-independent
• Second half of the luteal phase: prolactin = most
important luteotrophic factor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

discuss pseudopregnancy in bitches

A

Onset usually 4-6 weaks after oestrus
• Pseudopregnancy is physiological
• Plasma prolactin concentration increases in response
to a plasma progesterone decrease
• Mammary development, secretion of milk, digging of
holes, collecting and guarding of “objects”
– sometimes agitated / agressive
– sometimes lethargic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

onset of pseudopregnancy in bitches

A

4-6 weeks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

tx for pseudopregnancy

A
  • dopamine=PIF(prolactin inhibiting factors)
  • Serotonine antagonists
    metergoline
  • dopamine agonists(cabergoline and bromocriptine)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

how do you dx brucella canis

A

serology

  • Important in USA and South America
  • Absent Northern Europe, U.K., Australia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

discuss viginal microscopy in prebreeding exams

A

normal flora
– especially during pro-oestrus and oestrus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

discuss prebreeding culture

A
  • unnecessary
  • – isolation of microbes alone ≠ vaginitis
    – only indicated if bitch has other signs of
    disease
    • inflammation, abnormal discharge
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

• Timing of mating / insemination,
considerations

A
  • fresh sperm can survive in the tract up to 8

days
– oocytes are fertile for 2 to 3 days
fertile mating is possible over a relatively
long period of time
• Target the most fertile period
– 2-3 days after ovulation, oocytes are ready
for fertilisation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

best time for fertilization

A

2-3 days after ovulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

time of cervical closure after ovulation

A

5 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

beggining of luteal phase after ovulation

A

8 days

progesterone levels rise

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

why is timing ovulation the best method for optimum fertilization

A
  • Length of follicular phase is highly variable, therefore:
  • ovulation timing can be necessary, especially if semen quality is impaired such as frozen-thawed semen
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

discuss aim of ovulation timing

A
  • determine period of optimal fertility
  • Monitor during (pro-)oestrus (3 times weekly)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

how to monitor for ovulation

A
  • vulvar swelling,discharge (amount,color)
  • vaginoscopy
  • cytology(vestibulum vaginoscopy)
    • plasma progesterone concentration
      *
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

when does ovulation occur in bitches

A

approximately 7 days after start of proestrus

ealier if known short cycle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

discuss vaginoscopy to determine time of ovulation

A
  • pro-oestrus vs oestrus
       • reflects oestrogen concentrations • pro-oestrus - vaginal oedema • vaginal folds / wrinkling during oestrus – di-oestrus & anoestrus
  • **not accurate enough to determine day of **
  • ovulation

• Vaginal abnormalities

  • – vaginal bands (septum), vaginitis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

vaginal cytology is useful for the dx of

A

crude cycle stage: “(pro-) oestrus?”
– start di-oestrus
– abnormalities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

vaginal cytology is not used for

A

– determining ovulation or the time of maximum
fertility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

• Small round cells with scanty cytoplasm in vaginal cytology

A

parabasal cells

non keratinised

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

discuss the characteristic for small intermidiate cells

A

cytoplasm larger than parabasal

non kiratinized

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

discuss the characteristics of the large intermidiate cells

A

cytoplasm larger than small interm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

discuss the superficial cells in vaginal cytology

A
  • Keratinised
  • Nuclear and anuclear
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

increase in vaginal epithelial cells increases with ……

A

estrogen increase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

blood cells seen in vaginal cytology

A

rbc

wbc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

discuss the type of cells found with diestrus with viginal cytology

A

• Metoestrum cells
– appear to have neutrophil in cytoplasm
• Foam cells
– lipid inclusions (? macrophages)
– Spermatozoa, <24 h after mating

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

this cells appear to have neutrophil in cytoplasm

A

Metoestrum cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

when is matingg possible after ovulation

A

between day two and 5

cervix close after day 5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

how long is frozen sperm viable

A

12-24hrs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

diferentiate cs of vagina in proestrus and estrus

A
  • pro-oestrus - vaginal oedema
  • • vaginal folds / wrinkling during oestrus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

which test reflects estrogen concentration

A

vaginal cytology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

vaginal cytology is useful for dx of

A

crude cycle stage:pro, estrus?

start of diestrus

abnormalities

it basically gives same info as vaginoscopy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

vaginal cytology is not usful in

A

determining ovulation or the time of maximum
fertility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

when will u see blood cells in vaginal cytology

A

u wont see them in the fertile period n ovulation period

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

u see cells with lipid inclusions in cell cytology

name those cells as well as the stage of estrus cycle the dog is in

A

Foam cells

onset of diestrus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

when do u see sperm in vaginal cytology

A

<24 hrs after mating

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

which ezyme can u measure for timing ovulation

A
  • Measurement of progesterone is necessary to optimise the results

– to estimate LH surge and ovulation
– sample frequency: every 2-3 days

  • Measurement of LH is possible, but

relation to moment of ovulation is less rigid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

disucss progesterone levels at LH surge as well as ovulation when doing ovulation timing

A
  • the time of LH surge:

– ± 2 ng/ml (or rapid augmentation of P4)

  • ovulation:
        – ± 5 ng/ml (4 - 8 ng/ml)
  • fertile period:
     – 10 - 25 ng/ml
  • But, values highly depend on assay used!
  • RIA, ELISA, chemiluminescence assay etc.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
80
Q

benefits of natural breeding

A
  • Always try natural mating first
  • Results with breeding menagement are

good
– sucess rate 90% AI fresh > AI chilled (70-
90%) > AI frozen (20-65%)
– Also ethics concerning use of AI

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
81
Q

discuss cooled semen preservation

A

@ 5 OC
• conservation of 1 hour to 2 days
• dilute with extender and refrigerate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
82
Q

discuss frozen sperm collection

A

Frozen; @ -196 OC, liquid nitrogen (LN)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
83
Q

advantages of using cooled semen

A

easy and relatively cheap
• good results, similar to fresh semen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
84
Q

discuss disadvantages of cooled semen

A
  • logistics are important, not much time – import restrictions

• 2 days (max 3-5 d)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
85
Q

advantagews of frozen sperm

A

long conservation - indefinite
– “gene banking”
• allows international exchange

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
86
Q

disadvantages of frozen sperm

A
  • viability variable after freezing
  • cost of equipment, procedures and exportation
  • administrative complications
  • specialised centres necessary
  • pregnancy rate lower
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
87
Q

discuss insermination dose

A
  • Not clearly defined

– normally whole ejaculate inseminated

  • with fresh / cooled semen

– minimum 100 - 150 million normal sperm or
200 million sperm in total
• corrected for (post thaw) motility and morphology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
88
Q

methods of AI in dogs

A
  • Vaginal
  • Intra-uterine
      Trans-cervical

         endoscopic

         Norwegian catheter

  Laparoscopic / surgical
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
89
Q

advantages of endoscopic insermination

A

Accurate and sure
– Animal conscious

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
90
Q

disadvantages of endoscopic insermination

A

Difficult to learn
– Equipment expensive
– Sedation sometimes necessary
– Risk of perforation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
91
Q

advantages of nowargian catheter

A

inexpensive
– no general anaesthesia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
92
Q

disadvantages of norwaigean catheter

A

sedation
– risk of perforation
– difficult in large, stressed or obese bitches
– performed blindly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
93
Q

advantages of surgical insermination

A

easy / certain: visual inspection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
94
Q

disadvantages of surgical insermination

A

surgical complications
– anaesthesia
– one dose of sperm only
– ethics - questionable, banned in some
countries (eg. The Netherlands)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
95
Q

how long is the primary anoestrus

A

> 18-24 months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
96
Q

discuss the pathological and physiological causes of anoestrus

A
  • congenital disease: disorder of sexual

development
– eg. hermaphroditism, aneuploidy (X0
/XXY / …), ovarian agenesis etc.

  • physiology
  • silent heat / observational flaws
  • exogenous cause

–eg. treatment with progestagens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
97
Q

dx for anoestrus

A

Complete history and gynaecological exam:
– anatomical abnormalities
– cycle stage: (pro-)oestrus?
• Plasma progesterone concentration
• Imaging of the reproductive tract
– ultrasound
• Function test of the hypothalamus pituitary
gonadal axis
– GnRH stimulation test
• Karyotype
• Induction of oestrus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
98
Q

2dary anoestrus

A

Prolonged inter oestrus interval

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
99
Q

interval for interestrous( secondary proestrus)

A

>1 year or

>2x interoestrus interval normal to that
individual

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
100
Q

causes of interestrus(2ndary proestrus)

A
  • inadequate observation

• systemic illness, poor body condition
• endocrinopathies
• prolonged luteal phase (??)
• exogenous cause
–eg. treatment with progestagens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
101
Q

dx for 2dary anoestrus

A

Complete history and physical /
gynaecological exam:
– cycle stage: (pro-)oestrus?
• Plasma progesterone concentration
• T4 / TSH, urinary corticoid/creatinin ratio
• Imaging of the reproductive tract
– ultrasound
• Function test of the hypothalamus pituitary
gonadal axis
– GnRH stimulation test
• Induction of oestrus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
102
Q

how long is persistent (pro) estrus.

A

Definition: > 6 weeks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
103
Q

risk of persistent (pro) estrus

A
  • bone marrow hypoplasia

thrombocytopenia, leucopenia, anaemia

  • prognosis: very grave

– endometritis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
104
Q

discuss cs of persistent (pro)estrus

A
  • Aberrant ovulation; often in young bitch, especially first oestrus
        split heat: (pro-)oestrus stops before ovulation,    often resumes after several days or weeks
  • Ovarian cysts
  • Functional ovarian tumour– Granulosacell tumour
  • Exogenous estrogens
  • Liver disease,– eg. portosystemic shunt
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
105
Q

dx for persistent (pro) estrus

A
  • Complete history and physical /gynaecological exam:

– confirm cycle stage: (pro-)oestrus?

  • Imaging of the reproductive tract

– Ultrasound

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
106
Q

discuss the effect of granulosa cell tumor

  • the stage of estrus they affect
  • their effect
A

(pro)estrus

Relative overrepresentation in remnant
ovarian tissue (ROT)

Most ROT patients present with
unexpected (pro-)oestrus symptoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
107
Q

tests for persistent (pro)estrus due due to ROT

A

1Gynaecological exam

  1. Plasma progesterone concentration
  2. GnRH stimulation test

n.b estradiole should be low.if its high then u know u have ROT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
108
Q

tx for persistent (pro)estrus

A

Immediate surgery in case of
concurrent (stump)endometritis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
109
Q

list the dz of the vagina

A
  • Congenital abnormalities

strictures, bands, rings

  • Vaginitis
  • Edema / hyperplasia
  • Tumours
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
110
Q

which type of viginitis is more common

A

prepurbital

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
111
Q

tx for viginitis

A

r/o anatomical defects

tx of if bitch is severly affected

wait up until the first estrus before overectomy

  • not conclusively proven
    • weigh up against risk of mamary tumeors
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
112
Q

pathogenesis of vaginitis in young bitches

A
  • Hormonal influences (progesterone dominance)
  • Anatomy
  • Age: mostly < 3 jaar
  • Vestibulitis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
113
Q

discuss vaginitis in adult intact bitch

A
  • rare
  • mostly secondary to other problems, eg.

• disorders of sexual development
• urinary problems
• foreign bodies / trauma
• uterine disease
• vaginal neoplasia
• endocrine diseases, such as
hypercortisolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
114
Q

discuss the vaginal tumors seen in intact bitcches

A

they are in old bitches

hormonal dependent

mostly benign-

  • leiomyoma, fibroma
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
115
Q

vaginal tumors are fast growing in which stage

A

(pro)estrus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
116
Q

tx for vaginal tumors

A
  • surgical removal (episiotomy)
  • prognosis is good
  • local recurrence
  • rarely in bitches after ovariectomy at young age

mostly malignant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
117
Q

which tumor is Friable surface: “cauliflower”

A

tvt

No neoplastic transformation of autologous
cells but transmission of a “cell line”
(different number of chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
118
Q

discuss tx for tvt

A
  • Local removal, surgically
  • Chemotherapy / radiation therapy
  • vincristine (weekly, 4-6 weeks)
  • remission in 90%, no relapse
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
119
Q

discuss the signalment of mammary tumors in the dogs

A
  • 42% of all tumours in intact bitches
  • age: 6-10 y, rarely < 4 y
  • often multiple tumours
  • appr. 50% is malignant
  • breeds
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
120
Q

characteristics of mammary tumors in a dog

A
  • Definitely hormone-dependent for initiation
  • . Growth-stimulated by progestins
  • . After malignant transformation loss of hormone dependency (PR- and ER-)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
121
Q

discuss routes of Metastasis of canine mammary
tumours

A
  • Hematogenous

• Lymphatic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
122
Q

discuss the sites of Metastasis of canine mammary
tumours

A
  • Regional lymph nodes
  • Lungs
  • Adrenal gland
  • Kidney, etc…..
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
123
Q

dx for canine mammary tumors

A
  • Physical and rectal examination to assess extent

of disease

  • FNA: difficult to differentiate benign and

malignant tumours

Inflammatory carcinoma and metastasis to

regional lymph nodes

  • imaging techniques for metatstasis
  • TNM system for prognosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
124
Q

tx for the canine mammary tumors

A

Aim: removal of all neoplastic tissue with the
simplest procedure, eg.:
• excisional biopsy: small mass: < 0.5 cm, firm,
superficial, non-fixed
• local mastectomy: centrally located, > 1.0 cm, any
degree of fixation
• Effect of ovario(hyster)ectomy on local tumor
recurrence is controversial
• some effect on benign tumour development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
125
Q

prognosis for mammary tumors

A

poor prognostic factors are
• > 3.0 cm
• ulceration
• histologic grade and type
• always perform histopathology after excision
• Inflammatory carcinoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
126
Q

cs of mastitis

A
  • Classical signs of inflammation: “calor, rubor, dolor, tumor et functio laesa
  • abscessation possible: demarcation
  • Systemic illness: depression, anorexia and
    fever
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
127
Q

dx for mastits

A

Diagnose based on clinical signs
• Cytology of milk
• Bacterial culture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
128
Q

tx for mastitis

A
  • antibiotics
  • weaning of pups often not indicated
  • if pups are weaned: dopamine-agonists
  • surgery mostly not necessary
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
129
Q

length of estrus in dogs

A

9 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
130
Q

length of diestrus in bitches

A

2 mnths

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
131
Q

discuss hormonal levels in diestrus

A

progesterone is declining while prolastin is incresing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
132
Q

source of progesterone in a preg. bitch

A

cl is the sole source

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
133
Q

maternal recognition of preg.

A

Luteal function
– Recognition of “foreign” tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
134
Q

discuss endocrine difference of diestrus and preg.

A

Relaxin is present
• pregnancy specific: secreted by the foetal
placenta

concentration of plasmatic progesterone is
similar
• total production progesterone is increased
• pre-partum luteolysis by PGF2 alpha

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
135
Q

where is the relaxin produced

A

by the foetus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
136
Q

when does progesterone drop in preg.

A

last 36 hrs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
137
Q

discuss the level of progesterone before parturition

A

no increase before parturition
• unlike most other species, eg. cattle

there is a significant decrease before parturition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
138
Q

discuss duration of gestation in bitches

A

56 to 72 days,
– counted from day of mating, highly variable

More accurate alternatives:
– 65 ± 1 day, based on LH surge
• day 0 = day of LH surge
– 61.5 days, mean, if determined after one
mating at the optimal time
– 57 ± 1 day, di-oestrus (cytology)
• Differences relevant in history of
parturition / dystocia cases!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
139
Q

discuss duration of gestation in relation to litter size

A

negatively correlated with litter size
– especially one and two puppy pregnancies
can be prolonged
• indication for elective caesarean section
at D65 / 66 after mating
• breed might also be a factor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
140
Q

when do u decide to do elective cesarian section

A

at D65 / 66 after mating

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
141
Q

when does fertilization occurs

A

0-3 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
142
Q

when does the blastocyte enter the uterus after fertilization

A

8-9 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
143
Q

whaen does implantation occur

A

13-15 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
144
Q

when is preg. ultrasound positive

A

d21

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
145
Q

when can u palpate for preg.

A

days 26-30

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
146
Q

when is relaxin present in plasma

A

d30

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
147
Q

when is ossification visible

A

d49

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
148
Q

when can u start counting the # of puppies with xray

A

7 weeks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
149
Q

when can u see a clear mucus in vagina after mating

A

3-4 wks after mating

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
150
Q

discuss occurance of eclampsia / puerperal tetany

A
  • mostly during first weeks post partum

• small bitches with large litters are at risk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
151
Q

cs of eclampsia / puerperal tetany

A

-behavioural changes
– salivation
– facial pruritus
– stiffness / limb pain / ataxia
– hyperthermia
– tachycardia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
152
Q

how to tx for eclampsia / puerperal tetany

A
  • 10% Calcium gluconate, slowly iv to effect (1-20mL)

– CAVE: arrhythmias, bradycardia
• followed by subcutaneous infusion:
– equal volume diluted 1:1 (v/v), q 6-8 h
• followed by oral supplementation
• improve nutrition
• in severe cases: terminate pregnancy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
153
Q

discuss preg.loss before d30

A

< ± D30: resorption
• common: 1 or 2 / pregnancy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
154
Q

discuss pregnancy loss after d30

A
  • abortion by expulsion, discharge
  • retention, fetal death: mummification
  • neonatal death, risk dystocia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
155
Q

discuss prolonged preg.

A

> 65 days, bitch
– more often in 1 and 2 puppy pregnancies
• Sequelae?
– increased risk prenatal death
• Caesarian operation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
156
Q

discuss uterine tumers

A

very rare

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
157
Q

discuss inguinal hernia of uterine

A

uncommon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
158
Q

list uterine dz of diestrus

A

Mucometra
• Endometritis / Pyometra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
159
Q

discuss causes of Metrorrhagia

A

neoplasia
• cystic follicles
• subinvolution of placental sites
• physiology
• (pro-)oestrus
• parturition / puerperium (sometimes
unknown)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
160
Q

in which cycle stag do u get spontaneous CEH endometritis

A

luteal phase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
161
Q

discuss etiology of CEH-endometritis

A

Hormonal influences:
mainly progesterone preceded by oestradiol-17

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
162
Q

why is the luteal phase a greater risk for CEH endometritis

A

Risk for development of bacterial infection is relatively high
during the luteal phase due to decreased local immunity
• example: high risk for endometritis after transcervical collection of endometrial
biopsy during the luteal phase, not in other cycle stages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
163
Q

experimental tx for CEH-endometritis

A

discontinuation of progesterone treatment or
ovariectomy: regression of endometrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
164
Q

stage 1 of CEH-endometritis

A

uncomplicated CEH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
165
Q

stage 2 of CEH endometritis

A

CEH + plasma cell infiltration, no tissue destruction

166
Q

stage 3 CEH-endometritis

(cystic endometrial hyperplasi)

A

CEH + acute endometritis. Myometrial inflammation in 40% of cases

167
Q

stage 4 of CEH endometritis

A

CEH + chronic endometritis, endometrium is atrophied,
myometrium is hypertrophied / atrophied

168
Q

uncomplicated CEH is stage

A

1

169
Q

CEH + plasma cell infiltration, no tissue destruction is stage

A

2

170
Q

CEH + acute endometritis. Myometrial inflammation in 40%of cases is stage

A

3

171
Q

CEH + chronic endometritis, endometrium is atrophied,
myometrium is hypertrophied / atrophied is stage

A

4

172
Q

cs of cystic endometrial hyperplasia(CEH) endometritis

A

Infertility due to cystic endometrium hyperplasia
– without concurrent symptoms

Mucometra
– mostly w/o any systemic clinical signs
– sometimes difficult to differentiate from endometritis, clinically

CEH-endometritis complex (≈ pyometra)
– open cervix
– closed cervix: pyometra

173
Q

n age for CEM endometritis

A

7 yrs

first estrous possible

Breed predisposition
• Progesteron influence
– intact - recent oestrus (mostly <8 weeks)
– remnant ovarian tissue (stump endometritis)
– treatment with progestogens
• Common disease!

174
Q

symptoms of CEM endometritis

A

Vulvar discharge 85% (purulent or sanguineous)
• Depression, prostration 62%
• Anorexia 42%
• PU/PD 28%
• Vomiting 15%
• Nocturnal incontinence 5%
• Diarrhoea 5%
• Abdominal distension 5%
• Others: - Pain
- Fever – inconsistent (!)

175
Q

sequela of Sequelae of bacterial infection: in CEM endometritis

A
  • -endotoxaemia
  • – bacteraemia, septicaemia

• renal dysfunction PU/PD
–tubular insensitivity to ADH, mostly reversible
–immune mediated glomerulonephritis, might induce chronic renal failure
• Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS)
–in > 50% of patients
–poorer prognosis, longer hospitalization

176
Q

discuss haemotological and biochemistry of CEM endometritis

A
  • –Haematology:

• leucocytosis, slight anaemia (Ht: 30-35%)

  • –Biochemistry:

• hyperproteinaemia – dehydration
• alkaline phosphatase increased – very
aspecific
• urea and creatinine – renal dysfunction
–azotaemia, often pre-renal, mostly
reversible

177
Q

effeciency of ultrasound in detecting CEM endometritis complex

A

CEH – if present poor prognosis for fertility
• important if pyometra (closed cervix) is
suspected but abdominal palpation is not
diagnostic
• characteristics of fluid in uterus
– muco- or pyometra: differentiation not always
possible
• complications present?
–rupture
–peritonitis (pre perforative)

178
Q

CEH-endometritis complex therapy

A

Ovariohysterectomy
• after stabilization
• mostly: treat these cases as an emergency
–SIRS

–Medical treatment
•Only in selected cases
– no contra-indications
– valuable breeding bitches – reduced fertility and
recurrence possible

179
Q

discuss CEH-endometritis complex medical tx

A
  • Antimicrobial• preferably culture concomitant to start of treatment
  • Evacuation of uterus

• induce uterine contraction: PGF2α
– eg. dinoprost: 100-250 μg/kg bw, q 12 h, side effects / LD50!

  • Progesterone : antagonist / luteolysis

–Aglépristone : EU market, Australia etc, not USA/Canada
–Antibiotics alone are not sufficient

180
Q

tx for Acute puerperal (endo-)metritis

A

medical treatment is often curative with a good prognosis
–antibiotic
–uterine evacuation
• PGF2α
• oxytocin (??)
–IV fluids, if indicated

ovariohysterectomy

181
Q

list the congenital penile dz of a dog

A
  • Hypospadia(inadiquate fusion of urethral folds)
  • Penile frenulum
  • Phimosis (penis wont potrude from the skin
182
Q

functional Diseases of the penis

A

Paraphimosis
– Priapism
– Urethral prolapse
• Breed: Engl. Bulldog
• Surgical treatment

183
Q

most common tummer of the penis

A

tvt

others are rare

184
Q

discuss inflamation of the penis

A
  • therapy is hardly necessary with inflamation
  • Balanitis and balanoposthitis (induce by testesetone castrate)mmation
185
Q

causes of inflamation on the testes

A

environmental / chemical
– parasites
– allergic reaction / immune mediated
disorder
– infectious agents
• Neoplasia

186
Q

dz of the testicle

A

Congenital
– Cryptorchidism
• Neoplasia
• Trauma
• Inflammation
• Torsion

187
Q

Persistent Müllerian Duct Syndrome

A

(partial) presence of uterus in XY males
– Miniature Schnauzer, Basset hound

188
Q

dicsuss discending of the testicles

A

3 stages:
– abdominal translocation
– transinguinal migration day 3-4 p.p.
– inguino-scrotal migration day 35 p.p.
• ** **

189
Q

most common tumer of retained tests

A

sertoli cell tumor

44% of testicular tumours

Size: 1-12 cm, typically solitary
• Metastasis is rare: 2-6%

190
Q

cs of sortoli cell tumor

A

Hyperoestrogenism common (19%)
• Feminization
• Pendulous prepuce
• Attractive for male dogs
• Bilateral alopecia
• Gynaecomastia
• Atrophy of the contralateral testis
• If severe: bone marrow hypoplasia (irreversible!)

191
Q

most important thing to remember about seminoma

A

• no endocrine disruption

192
Q

discuss seminoma

A

31% of testicular tumours
• benign
• local metastasis: 15%
• distant ,, : 6-10%
• palpable mass / incidental finding
• no endocrine disruption-_-dnt produce estradiole_

193
Q

discuss leydig cell tumor

A

= i_nterstitial cell tumour_
• 25% of testicular tumours
• mostly benign
• hyperoestrogenism (5%)
• often small (< 1 cm), often multiple
• atrophy of contralateral testis
• Paraneoplastic syndrome similar to SCT

194
Q

specific cause of orchitis

A

brucella canis

it is zoonotic

195
Q

discuss the acute phase of orchitis

A

lymfocytic orchitis / epididymitis
possible

196
Q

discuss chronic orchitis

A

infertility

197
Q

discuss transmission of brucella canis

A

entry oro-nasally and vaginal
• Intracellular multiplication in macrophages

198
Q

tx for orchitis

A

antibacterial treatment often not successful
castrate infected animal

199
Q

methodes for testing for B.canis

A

Blood cultures
• positive for 2 to 4 weeks after infection and for 30
weeks (sometimes years)
• PCR
• Serology–• 8 weeks + post infection (Antibodies)
• RCAT (rapid card agglutination test)
• sensitive but not specific thus false positives are
frequent (40% true positives)
• 2-mercaptoethanol eliminates some cross reaction
• hardly any false negatives
•AGID (agar gel immunodiffusion test) 12 weeks +
• more specific than RCAT but + if exposed to B. ovis,
abortus or suis
• less sensitive than the RCAT

200
Q

discuss risk level 1 for b.canis

A

situation:Mating or insemination, no suspicion of B. canis and no reproductive disturbances

recommendation:Blood sample for antibody
analysis

201
Q

discuss risk level 2 for B.canis

A

situation:Mating or insemination with dog with previous reproductive disturbances, import of dogs without
reproductive disturbances

recommendations:Serology: 2 samples 4-6
weeks apart

202
Q

discuss level 3 of b.canis

A

situation:Import of or mating/insemination with dogs
with previous reproductive disturbances, infection with B.
canis suspected

recommendations:Serology, 2 samples 4-6
weeks apart, blood culture
and culture or PCR from
semen or vagina

203
Q

discuss level 4 of b.canis

A

situationImport of or
mating/insemination with dog
from kennel with endemic
infection of B. canis

recommendation:Dissuaded from mating or
import.

204
Q

predisposing factors for testicular tortion

A

its rare

testicular neoplasia
• retained testes

205
Q

cs of testicular tortion

A

“acute abdomen” in cryptorchid male

206
Q

tx for testicular tortion

A

shock
• surgery

207
Q

which hormone causes protate tumor

A

DHT

208
Q

discuss dx for prostate abnormalities

A

Physical examination
Diagnostic imaging
Cytology / culture
Urine sediment
Ejaculate
Aspiration biopsy (FNAB)
Suction biopsy (via a catheter)
Histopathology
Large needle biopsy (percutaneous, Tru-cut needle)
Incision biopsy (surgical)

209
Q

list the prostate dz of dogs

A

Benign prostate hyperplasia
Prostatitis
Prostate cysts
Paraprostate cysts
Prostate abcesses
Prostate tumours

210
Q

discuss effect of benign prostate hyperplasia

A

put pressure on the colon which causes difficult defecation and pain

211
Q

predisposing factor for prostatis

A

Benign prostate hyperplasia(BPH)

212
Q

discuss prostatis

A

Diffuse infection and inflammation
Related to BPH en LUTI
Acute and chronical form

E. coli
Staphylococcus sp.
Proteus sp.
Klebsiella sp

213
Q

discuss prostate cysts and abscesses

A 
Paraprostatic cysts
(embryonic remnants mesonephros / Wolffian ducts)
2. Prostatic cysts as sequelae to BPH or metaplasia
214
Q

tx for prostatic cyst

A
  • cyst therapy is castratioon
  • drain the abscess by surgery
  • about 18% of the prostate cysts contains urine
215
Q

primary neoplasia of the prostate

A

adenocarcinoma

216
Q

secondary neoplasia of the prostate

A

mainly tcc

217
Q

discuss predisposing factor for prostate neoplasia

A

Castration increases risk
Breed
eg. Bouvier des Flandres

Not dependent on androgens!

218
Q

reliable dx for prostate adenocarcinoma

A

Cytology of a FNAB usually gives a reliable
diagnosis (80%)

219
Q

method of choice of gonadoctomy

A

Ovariectomy / Ovariohysterectomy
‒ ovariectomy is the method of choice unless
uterine pathology is present or a late
pregnancy
‒ Goethem et al. Vet Surg 35 (2006) 136-43
‒ even after ovariohysterectomy some
endometrium is left behind
‒ stump endometritis in case of remnant ovarian
tissue (ROT)

220
Q

OVX versus OVHX

A
  • risk for development of CEH-endometritis

after OVX = OVHX, provided:
• no oestrogens / progestagens are
administered after the procedure

  • incidence of urinary incontinence after

OVX = OVHX

221
Q

advantages of gonadectomy in femal dogs

A

Incidence mammary tumours ¯
• bitches
– appr. 50% is malignant
– 0.5% if < 1st oestrus
– 26% if > 2 or more (Schneider et al. 1969)
• cats
–> 90% is malignant
– 7 times less likely

No CEH-endometritis
– Diabetes mellitus ¯
• bitches, cats
– Acromegaly ¯
• bitches

222
Q

advantages of gonadectomy n male dogs

A

Prevention of disease, male dogs
– Testosterone dependent disease
• Prostatic disease
– BPH
» prostatic cysts, prostatitis, prostatic
abcess, perineal hernia
• Perianal adenoma
– Testicular tumour
– Balanoposthitis (mainly social problem!)
• Effect on lifespan?

223
Q

disadvantages of gonadectomy

A

Irreversible
• Anaesthetic – surgery risk
• Urinary incontinence
– bitches, breedpredisposition
• Changes in coat
– bitches, breedpredisposition, eg. Cocker
Spaniel, New Foundland, Afghan hound etc.
• Obesity

224
Q

discuss Urinary incontinence after ovx
in bitches

A
  • Urinary Sphincter Mechanism Incompetence (USMI)

– urine leakage usually during rest / sleep
• Onset mostly within 2-3 years after
OVX, sometimes < 6 months

225
Q

causes of Urinary incontinence after ovx
in bitches

A

decreased plasma oestradiol
concentration after OVX (RF Nickel, PhD Thesis)
• treatment with oestriolum (Incurin ®)
sphincter function
– increased gonadotrophin
concentrations
(Ponglowhapan et al. Theriogenology. 76(2011)1284-92, Reichler et al
Theriogenology. 63(2005)2164-80)
• treatment with GnRH-agonist (slow release)
extracellular matrix of the bladder wall

226
Q

discuss age predisposition of Urinary incontinence after ovx
in bitches

A

most evidence: negative correlation between
age at ovariectomy and incidence of USMI

227
Q

discuss breed predisposition with Urinary incontinence after ovx in bitches

A
  • larger breeds > 20kg

• Boxer, Briard, Bouvier des Flandres etc.

228
Q

disadvantages of Disadvantages of gonadectomy

A
  • Increased incidence

– joint disease (dog)
• HD, Rupture of the cranial cruciate
ligament (CCL)
– several cancers (dog)
• eg. lymfosarcoma

229
Q

common castration procedure in cats

A
  • Mostly OVX

oestrous behaviour
• risk unwanted pregnancy
• hardly any contraindications
• Age: before first oestrus

230
Q

gonadectomy of male cats

A

behaviour
• hardly any contraindications
– no increased risk for FLUTD
– persistent penile frenulum if young
• Age: before puberty,
mostly < 6 months

231
Q

advantages of medical oestrus prevention

A
  • Increased anaesthetic risk
  • Reversibility

‒ eg. short term postponement of oestrus in
breeding animals

  • ‒Non-invasive alternative for ovariectomy

‒Cost

232
Q

LIST DIFFERENT MEDICAL TX OPTIONS

A
  • Sex steroids
    ‒ Progestagens
  • ‒ Androgens
  • ‒ GnRH agonists
    ‒ Slow release formulations
  • ‒ Immunocontraception
      ‒ GnRH  ‒      Zona pellucida
  • ‒ Intratesticular injections
     ‒ Zeuterin™/EsterilSol™
233
Q

LIST THE SEX STEROIDS USED FOR MEDICAL CONTROL OF ESTOUS

A

PROGESTERONE

ANDROGENS

234
Q

LIST THE 2 IMMUNOCONTRACEPTIONS

A

GnRH
‒ Zona pellucida

235
Q

HOW DOES GnRH works

A

ecreases the production of the hormone estrogen

stops menstrual cycles

236
Q

discuss Mechanism of contraceptive activity
of progestagens

A

Direct inhibition of pituitary release of gonadotrophins?
→ as yet unknown

237
Q

oral progesterones

A 
Medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA)
– Megestrol acetate (MA)
238
Q

parental progestagens

A

Proligestone (PROL)
– Medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA)

239
Q

discuss the disadvantage of parental progestorones

A

Proligestone (PROL)
– Medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA)

240
Q

when is parental progesterones adm.

A

Administration during late anoestrus

•Interval to first oestrus following treatment

241
Q

discuss use of oral progesterone in queen

A
  • Fewer side effects than parenterally

administered progestagens
• Only for temporary use (breeding animals)
• Duration of action of parenteral
formulations is unpredictable
• Administration can easily be stopped in
case of pregnancy

242
Q

why shouldnt the progesterones be given to queens b4 the first estrus

A

increased risk of
•Fibroadenomatous hyperplasia
•Endometritis

243
Q

Progestagens, side-effects

A

Cystic endometrial hyperplasia
• Diabetes mellitus
• Acromegaly (GH excess)
• Neoplasia of mammary tissue
• Pseudopregnancy
• Prolonged pregnancy

244
Q

how to tx Cystic Endometrial Hyperplasia

A
  • Bitch: use weak progestagen

– proligestone

  • Bitch (and queen):
          never before first oestrus

      not during oestrus

      risk of endometritis

      effect dubious or not
245
Q

Progesterone / progestagens

(dog)

A

GH secretion
–originating from the mammary gland
–cause of a number of side-effects

246
Q

discuss the side effects of pregesterone

A

Hypersecretion of GH may lead to acromegaly

247
Q

discuss how progesterone causes diabetes

A

1) growth hormone excess of
mammary origin (bitch)
2) intrinsic glucocorticoid
properties of progestagens
(bitch and queen)

248
Q

discuss the mechanism in which the androgens stops estrus

A

19-nortestosterone derivatives (mibolerone)
‒ Mechanism: inhibition of gonadotrophins

249
Q

side effects of anrogens

A

Behaviour
‒ Clitoral hypertrophy
‒ Vaginitis

Not available for use (in most countries)

250
Q

list the short acting GnRH agonists

A

Buserelin (Receptal ®)
• Gonadorelin (Fertagyl ®

251
Q

list GnRH with sustained release formulations

A

Leuprolide
• Azagly-nafarelin (Gonazon ®)
• Deslorelin (Suprelorin ® / Ovuplant ®)

252
Q

GnRH agonist implants

A
  • Initial induction of oestrus, flare-up(may make prostate cancer worse)
  • – Possible preventive measures:
  • Age, prepubertal
  • Cycle stage, metoestrus
  • Medical strategies to prevent induction
  • Duration of action, highly variable
  • – Return to fertility
253
Q

reproductive dz after GnRH administration

A
  • persistent induced heats
  • metropathy(endometritis)age as risk factor
254
Q

disadvantages of GnRH implants

A

Often oestrus induction initially,
– even in metoestrus, if combined with
progestagens or upon re-implantation
• Risk for medical problems
• Return to fertility?
• No real alternative for progestagens

remember that GNRH agonist works by increasing LH and FSH release to depress receptors in the pituitary

255
Q

disadvantages of GnRH implants

A

A disadvantage of the GnRH agonist approach to
suppress reproductive activity is that initial administration
in males and females typically causes an initial temporary
increase in follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and
luteinizing hormone (LH). In females, this increase may
result in inducing estrous. In males, the increase in LH
causes an increase in testosterone that does not express
itself clinically. (When GnRH agonist implants are used
for treatment of human prostate cancer, the stimulation of
testosterone aggravates the condition, causing increased
bone pain from metastatic tumors and a stimulation of
tumor growth. This initial stimulation is called a “flare.”)
It is important to understand that the mechanism of action

256
Q

duration of action of GnRH

A

16 - 37 mo (4.7 mg)

placement at retrievable site (eg. umbilical area)

Practical point: sedation is not necessary
to place the implants

257
Q

a real reversible alternative to surgical castration

A

Deslorelin (Suprelorin ®)

is highly effective in male dogs

258
Q

% of unwanted mating followed by preg

A

40%

259
Q

tx options for Termination of unwanted
pregnancy

A

ovariohysterectomy
– no treatment
• check for pregnancy later
– medical termination of unwanted pregnancy

260
Q

Medical termination of unwanted pregnancy

A
  • Interfere with progesterone influence:

– progesterone-receptor antagonists
– prostaglandine F2a , luteolysis, contractions
– ergoline derivatives, inhibit prolactin release: luteolysis

  • Interference with embryo transport / implantation
      – oestradiolbenzoate: not registered anymore in Europe
261
Q

discuss Progesteron receptor antagonist aglépristone for preg. control

A

Competitive receptorblockage: average: 6 d

262
Q

tx protocol for Progesteron receptor
antagonist aglépristone

A

use between day 0-45

263
Q

side effects of Aglepristone(prog. receptor antagonist)

A

< 23 days: resorption
> 23 days: expulsion of foetuses within 4-7
days
– mostly mucous discharge, symptoms
resembling parturition if treated > 40 days
– local irritation of injection site
– keep injected volume low / site

264
Q

Aglepristone effect on the estrus cycle

A

Progesterone concentration basal within 8-34
days:
– shortening of the luteal phase: 52 versus 75 days
• Plasma prolactin concentration ­
– sometimes overt pseudopregnancy
• Shortening of interoestrus interval: 155 versus
199 days: anoestrus shortened as well as luteal
phase!

265
Q

discuss Ovarian progesterone
production

A
  • half of luteal phase:

– independent of pituitary support

  • 2nd half of luteal phase:

– prolactin is main luteotrophic factor

266
Q

discuss the most important point concerning bromocriptine concerning luteolysis

A

Bromocriptine does not induce luteolysis during
the first half of the luteal phase

267
Q

when is PGF2A effecient as abortificient

A

Only in second half of the luteal phase
– ideally start around day 28

268
Q

disadvantages of pgf2@

A

contraction of all smooth muscle
– short lived, usually < 2 h

269
Q

pgf2@ dosage and effect

A

Dosage: potency of available agents differs
• Effect only after 4-7 days
• Hospitalization is advisable

270
Q

which drug can pgf22 be combined with

A

Combination therapy with dopamine-agonist
– increases effectivity
– allows lower dosage of PGF 2T
• If aglepristone is available: don’t use PGF2T for
this indication

271
Q

when should Dopamine-agonists
as abortificient be used

A

Only in second half of the luteal phase
– ideally start around day 28, confirmed pregnancy

272
Q

side effects of Dopamine-agonists
as abortificient

A

emesis

Effect often late: about 7 days after start of
treatment
• Combination therapy with PGF2T
– increases effectivity
• If aglepristone is available: don’t use dopamine
agonistsPGF2T for this indication

273
Q

discuss mechanism of estrogen in preventing unwanted preg

A

Interference with embryo transport / implantation?

274
Q

when should estrogen be used in preventing unwanted preg

A

Treatments on days 3 and 5 after mismating
– relation with ovulation?

275
Q

side effects of estrogen when used to control unwanted preg.

A

Side effects can be serious
– prolonged (pro-)oestus, might develop endometritis
– bone marrow hypoplasia, virtually irreversible

Not recommended anymore and not available in
many countries

276
Q

1st choice of preventing unwanted preg. medically

A

progesterone

277
Q

discuss the type of cycle in a cat

A

sesonal

polyestrus

induced ovulation

278
Q

when do cats reach puberty

A

5-6 mnths

depends on light/season

279
Q

gow long does estrus lasts in a cat

A

7 days

280
Q

how long does post estrus last in a cat

A

10 days

281
Q

how long does proestrus last in a cat

A

1 day

u cant see it

282
Q

signs of estrus in cat

A
  • Mainly behavioural

– call to males (owners can think cat is ill)
– reflexes with posture- lordosis
– Restless

  • hardly any physical signs
283
Q

Melatonin in cats

A

•suppression of oestrus has been shown with
melatonin implants
•interoestrus: ± 113 d (a), ± 64 d (b)
•oestrus: ± 61 d (a)
•no postponement of puberty

284
Q

factors that may cause spontaneous ovulation in cats

A

•Behavioural stimulation
•Excitation
•Relation with their owners
•> 30% of cats living in colony may
ovulate spontaneously

285
Q

when does ovulation occur in cats

A

Ovulation 24 to 36 h post-coitus

286
Q

vaginal dz of cats

A
  • Vaginitis is not found in cats
  • Vaginal tumours are very uncommon
287
Q

what actions should be taken in prolonged preg.in cats

A

Duration 65 days (52 to 74)
• no action in cases of prolonged pregnancy, as in
bitches
• Litter size 4,5 (median, range 1-9)
• Breed variation

288
Q

discuss presentation of kittens during parturition

A

Anterior and posterior presentation are
normal
• 69% anterior
• Mean birth weight: 98 g (range 35-167 g)
• Stillbirth: 5 % (n=887)
• no correlation with presentation
• Interkitten time: 30 min (median, range 2-
343 min)
• 95% < 100 min after preceding kitten

289
Q

the type of tumer that developes in young queens due to mammary progesterone

A

fibroadenomatous
hyperplasia (FAH)

290
Q

the type of tumer that developes in older queens due to mammary progesterone

A

adenocarcinoma

291
Q

how to prevent development of mammary tumors

A

Ovariëctomy before progesterone
influence reduces chance on mammary
tumour development 7-fold

292
Q

Fibroadenomatous hyperplasia in the
queen

A
  • Young queens, < 2 y:
       – progesterone /progestagens
  • Proliferation of themammary gland epithelium and stroma
  • Prognosis is good!
293
Q

discuss efficiency of fibrosarcoma therapy in cats

A
  • Most therapies not effective,

– including often ovariectomy!
• Clear and lasting effect within 1-2 weeks in 22 cats
after aglépristone administration

294
Q

side effects of tx of fibroadenomatous tissue

A
  • endometritis in pregnant queens
  • Treatment of pregnant animals with FAH:

– Veterinary supervision important!
• abortion complications/incomplete
abortion?
–Higher dose of aglépristone necessary
• 1st: 30 mg / kg sc
• repeat as often as necessary: 15 mg/kg

295
Q

semen collection in tomcats

A

Electro-ejaculation
• The most certain way of collecting a semen sample in cats
• Sedation obligatory
• Representativity of sample
• Urine admixture
• Retrograde ejaculation

296
Q

discuss oxytocin concentrations
during parturition in dogs

A

• Low during late gestation, sign. elevated
during parturition
• Increase around the time of expulsion, but
also in the absence of expulsive efforts
–Suckling of pups?
• Sometimes absent during a prolonged
period of straining

297
Q

– inter-pup intervals during parturition

A

appr.45 mins

298
Q

anterior presentation of fetus

A

situs

299
Q

discuss events of dystocia in 30 minutes

A

Forceful and frequent abdominal straining without
progress

45 mins. first puppy

300
Q

discuss events of parturition/dystocia in 1-2 hrs

A

now and then weak abdominal straining
without progress

301
Q

iscuss events of partution/distocia in • 2 - 3

A

no abdominal straining with puppies in
utero

  • Bitch is acutely ill (systemically)
  • Abnormal discharge
302
Q

Therapeutic options with uterine inertia

A

• Medical rather than obstetrical
– Oxytocin 0,1 I.U./ kg SC (max 3 I.U. per
injection)
– (Calcium: hypocalcaemia??
• 0,2 ml/ kg IV (Ca borogluconaat, 1:1; diluted with
saline
• monitor ECG!)
• Surgical

303
Q

sings of Subinvolution of placental sites

A

– persistent hemorrhage following whelping (> 6 weeks)
– few inflammatory cells in the discharge
– hyperechoic area(s) in the uterus

estrogen and progesterone levels low
• self limiting; as late as after the next
oestrus

304
Q

tx for Subinvolution of placental sites

A

low dose progestagen treatment
(Voorhorst MJ et al. Reprod Domest Anim 48(2013)840-3)
• rarely OVHX is necessary

305
Q

sips

A

subinvuluted sites causing chronic vaginal hemorrages after welping

306
Q

The effect of uterine contractions
on the fetus during parturition

A

→ reduced blood flow in uterus
→ short period of fetal hypoxia
→ = mainly respiratory
→ 1e fetal response is a decrease of the
FHR
→ after the uterine contraction FHR
returns to normal

307
Q

causes of neonatal mortality

A

Dystocia: asphyxia
• Congenital problems
• Trauma
• Infection
• Low birth weight
– Relatively small liver: small glycogen storage
– Hypoglycaemia may develop quickly followed by
hypothermia

308
Q

discuss colostrum

A

iGg is reduce 12h and afterwards

309
Q

optimal day of breeding is measured by

A

LH

diestrus cytology

ovulation

310
Q

constants for measuring gestational length

A

the LH surge,

ovulation,

optimal breeding data

or the onset of diestrus

311
Q

discuss endocrinology of proestrus

A

Estrogen concentrations rise to peak and start to decline at the onset of the LH surge, usually at end of proestrus
• Progesterone concentrations low (<2 ng/ml)
• FSH has already decreased

312
Q

discuss events of proestrus

A
  • Follicles grow and development
  • Reproductive tract enlarges and is prepared for mating and conception
  • Vaginal wall thickens and epithelium becomes keratinized
313
Q

discuss vaginal cytology in proestrus

A

Increasing percentage of keratinized vaginal epithelial cells (“superficial cells”)

314
Q

discuss vaginal appearance under vaginoscopy

A

Pale edematous appearance, no folds

315
Q

definition of estrus

A

Preferred: LH surge is first day of estrus (average duration = 8 days)
• Traditional: Behavior, the bitch stands to be mounted (average duration = 9 days)

316
Q

discuss endocronology of estrus

A

LH surge
• At start of estrus
• Lasts 24 hours (range 12 to 96 hours)
• Estrogen declines to basal levels
• Progesterone, increases before ovulation, pre-ovulatory luteinization of the follicles
• Rising concentrations + decreasing estrogen after LH surge usually causes sexual behavior

317
Q

when does fertilization occur after lh surge

A

4 -5 days

its 2-3 after ovulation

318
Q

when does fertilization occur after the first day of proestrus

A

10-12 days

319
Q

behaviour of bitch in estrus

A

Accepts male but variable
• Some dogs start standing (show behavioral estrus) well before the LH surge or estrogen peak
• Some dogs continue standing for 10 to 12 days after LH surge, while others refuse to stand after less than a week post-LH
• Some will stand in diestrus
• Temperament of male and female may cause variation
• Thus no reliable association with hormones

320
Q

discuss vaginal cytology in estrus

A

Cytological definition: superficial cells ≥ 90% (“cornification”)
• Cytological estrus ranges from 6 days before LH to 4 days after
• Thus not reliable association with hormones

321
Q

discuss viginal cytology in estrus

A

Pale appearance
• Folds appear in vagina and increase in size as progesterone concentrations rise
• Useful association with hormones but takes practice

322
Q

definition of diestrus

A

Preferred: Based on vaginal cytology, dramatic decrease in the number of cornified cells (>20%)
• Alternative - behavioral when refuses male but variable

323
Q

duration of diestrus

A

around 60 days (approximately the length of gestation)
•diestrus is Luteal phase but terminology for luteal phase is confusing in the dog
• Some investigators still name diestrus (as well as other phases) as metestrus
• This is inconsistent with other species

324
Q

discuss endocrinology of diestrus

A

Luteal phase with estrogen concentrations basal
• Progesterone concentrations increased (>1.0 ng/ml)
• Progesterone peaks 30 days after LH surge
• Gradual decline for 4 to 6 weeks
• Progesterone concentrations similar in pregnant, unmated, & hysterectomized bitches
• No active luteolysis with uterine prostaglandins
8
• LH and prolactin increase during 2nd half of diestrus and are luteotrophic
• Relaxin only high in pregnant bitches (relaxin is primarily of placental origin in the dog)

325
Q

discuss progestrone peak,and decline in diestrus

A

Progesterone peaks 30 days after LH surge
• Gradual decline for 4 to 6 weeks

326
Q

discuss events of diestrus

A
  • First few days of diestrus
  • Vaginal epithelium is reduced in size
  • Uterus is prepared for implantation in early diestrus
  • Chance of conception greatly reduced due to closed cervix but may stand for mating
  • • Day 1 of diestrus
  • Used retrospectively to evaluate timing of breeding
  • Can be used to predict day of whelping (in 57 days)
327
Q

discuss cytology of diestrus

A

Day 1 of “cytological” diestrus
• Sharp decrease in the % of superficial cells >20%
• Neutrophils in vaginal smear
• Metestrus cells and foam cells

328
Q

definition of diestrus

A

From end of luteal phase (or pregnancy) to proestrus
• Anestrus usually lasts around 3 months (up to 9 months (Basenji) or even longer)
• Add the 2 months of luteal phase or pregnancy to get the usual inter-proestrus interval of 6 to 7 months)

329
Q

discuss endocronology of anoestrus

A 
Progesterone basal (\< 1 ng/ml)
• FSH and estrogens rise during last 2 months before estrus
330
Q

events of anoestrus

A

Quiescent phase of cycle behaviorally and clinically
• Endometrium regenerates during 12 weeks of anestrus
• Pseudopregnancy (galactorrhoea) commonly occurs at end of luteal phase (early anestrus) and is a normal phenomenon

331
Q

vaginoscopy of anoestrus

A

Pink and thin epithelium

332
Q

the best test for brucella canis

A

serology

333
Q

Fertile time Female considerations

A

Ovulation occurs 2 days after LH surge
• Oocytes are ready to be fertilized 4 to 5 days after LH surge for 2 to 5 days

334
Q

Best time to mate

A

4-5 d after lh surge

335
Q

the best hormone for breeding management

A

LH is a good piece of information for breeding management as events can be timed from the LH surge including ovulation
• LH surge lasts 12 to 36 hours normally

336
Q

days of gestation after LH surge

A

65+/- 1

337
Q

day of parturition from day of conception

A

60 ±1

338
Q

day of parturition from diestrus cytology

A

57+/-1

339
Q

gestational length of small pups

A

Long

340
Q

gestational length of big pups

A

shorter

341
Q

Differential diagnosis for ovarian dz

A

Cysts
• Tumor
• Hypoplasia/dysgenesis

342
Q

ost important cyst clinically

A

follicular cyst

343
Q

cs of follicular cysts

A

Hyperestrogenism
• Prolonged estrus
• Vulvar discharges (Metrorrhagia)
• Vulval swelling
• Alopecia
• Bone marrow aplasia
• Vaginal prolapse & tumors
• Irregular cycles
• CEH/ Pyometra

344
Q

occurence of Tumors of reproductive tract

A

Mammary 80 to 85%
• Vagina & vulva 10 to 16%
• Ovary 3.5 to 5%
• Uterus 1%
• Cervix < 1 %

345
Q

ost common and important tumor of the reproductive system

A

Granulosa most common and important

346
Q

cs of reproductive tumors

A
  • Often few until large
  • Abdominal enlargement
  • Weight loss
  • Ascites
347
Q

which tumor causes hyperestrogenism

A

granulosa cell tumor

348
Q

congenital abnormalities of the vagina

A

Strictures, bands, rings
• Cause problems with mating / parturition

349
Q

discuss prepubitial viginitis

A

Common
• Rule out anatomical causes!
• Treatment
• Only if bitch is severely affected
• Wait until after the first estrus before ovariectomy
• Not proven
• Weigh up against risk of mammary tumors

350
Q

discuss vaginitis in Adult

A

uncommon

351
Q

discuss causss of primary vaginitis in adults

A

b.canis

herpes

352
Q

secondary causes of vaginitis in adults

A

Anatomical problems
• Intersex
• Foreign body
• Androgens

353
Q

discuss vaginal hyperplasia

A

=Prolapse, hypertrophy, estrual hypertrophy, vaginal eversion, vaginal protrusion
• Excessive edema and swelling of vagina
• Origin just cranial to urethral orifice
• Mild to severe forms : pear shaped or doughnut shaped (minority)
• Can get ulceration
• Most often associated with proestrus and estrus
• Cause is estrogen concentrations are high
• In most cases, swelling regresses spontaneously after estrus
• Surgery may be necessary

354
Q

discuss vaginal hyperplasia

A

Usually benign
Leiomyoma, fibroma (sometimes leiomyosarcoma)
• Slow growth under influence of estrogen
• Often localized
• If malignant, metastasis by local invasion
• Tumors versus Hyperplasia
• Diestrus versus Pro/estrus

Vaginal orifice lateral versus central orifice
• Hard versus soft

355
Q

onset of pseudopregnancy

A

2-3 mnths after estrus

356
Q

causes of pseudopregnancy

A

Decline of progesterone concentrations
• Increase in prolactin concentrations
• Natural
• Iatrogenic
• After ovariectomy in late diestrus

357
Q

consequences of pseudopregnancy

A

Does not predispose to pyometra
• Associated with mammary tumors
• Repeated cycle effects
• Possibly allowed subordinate wild dogs to feed pups of dominant bitches
• Can last 6 weeks

358
Q

dx for pseudopreg

A

Physical exam
• Exclude a pregnancy

359
Q

tx for pseudopregnancy

A

Spontaneous remission, often not necessary to treat
• Medication
• Antiprolactinic agents
• Dopamine agonists
• Cabergoline (Galastop 5 microg/kg PO SID for 7 days), best choice
17
• Bromocriptine 20 microg/kg/day PO for 7 days
• Serotonin antagonists
• Metergoline (Contralac) 0.1 mg/kg PO BID for 7 to 10 days
• Androgens and estrogens have adverse effects
• Progesterone causes temporary relief by decreasing prolactin but can get relapse of pseudopregnancy as prolactin concentrations rebound

360
Q

average age for mammary tumors

A

Average age of detection 9 to 11 years

be careful with ages when answering tq

361
Q

what type of lesions do you see in mammary tumors

A

Often lesions pre-cancerous

362
Q

most common mammary tumor

A

adenocarcinoma

363
Q

which mammary tumors are inflamatory

A

mostly malignant ones

364
Q

characteristics of inflamatory mammary tumors

A

Tumor associated with acute inflammation
• Often malignant tumors
• Acute onset
• Infiltration / lymphatic and vascular edema
• Often rapid extension of carcinoma associated with neo-vascularization
• Very painful
• Skin is inflamed
• Rapid necrosis→ abscess

365
Q

tx for inflammatory mammary tumors

A

Surgery Immediately once diagnosed
• Prognosis extremely poor

366
Q

1 risk for mammary tumors

A

progesterone

367
Q

clinical findings of mammary tumors

A

Often the two caudal pairs (Gland 5- 41%)
• In 50% of bitches, there are mammary tumors on several glands
• Independent tumors generally
• Local metastasis possible but less common
• Multiple tumors can be observed on the same mammary chain or 2 different chains
• Especially when bitch has received repeated injections of progestogens

368
Q

tx for mammary tumors

A

prolactin inhibitors

Reduces size of mammary tissue and stops lactation
• Makes surgery easier
19
• Clinical image much clearer of the tumor and the surgery site
• Small lesions (<2 cm) can disappear
• In some animals small nodules (0.5 to 1.3 cm) not previously detected are observed on the day of the surgery
• Recommended in all cases with pseudopregnancy (or bitches with ovaries) to pre-treat with prolactin inhibitors for 7 to 14 days before the surgery

369
Q

which method do u use to remove mammary tumers less than 10 mm

A

nodulectomy

370
Q

which method do u use to tx tumors greater than 10 mm

A

simple mastectomy

371
Q

adv. of simple mastectomy in tx mammary tumors

A

Many tumors are benign or of low malignancy
• Quick and cheaper
• Less traumatic for the bitch

372
Q

disadvantages of simple mastectomy

A

Does not eliminate the risk of new tumors in the other mammary glands
• Lymph nodes not removed
• Possibility of second surgery if tumor malignant to remove the lymph nodes

373
Q

overectomy prevents

A

Pyometra
• Pseudopregnancy
• Mammary hyperplasia
• Cycling (so no more MPA!)

374
Q

describe levels of preogesterone during preg.

A

With the exception of the abrupt decline just before parturition, concentrations during pregnancy similar to diestrus
• Total production increases during pregnancy but increased blood volume dilutes so that blood concentrations are similar to those of diestrus

375
Q

discuss levels of relaxin during preg.

peak levels

A

Produced by fetal placenta,
• Not detectable in males, non-pregnant diestrus & anestrus bitches
• Peaks 2 to 3 weeks before parturition in pregnant bitches

376
Q

discuss levels of prolactin in preg

A

Low in first half of diestrus; elevated in late pregnancy and lactation

377
Q

Abdominal palpation for preg.should be done when

A

24-32 days after mating

378
Q

radiographic imaging should be done when

A

fetal calcification 43 to 46 days after LH surge

379
Q

when should ultrasound be performed in preg.

A

fluid-filled vesicle first observed 20 days after LH surge

380
Q

dz encounted throughout preg.

A

Metrorrhagia
• Diabetes mellitus

381
Q

viruses in preg

A

Canine Herpesvirus
• Relation with abortion is controversial
• Canine Parvovirus type II
• Canine Parvovirus type I (Canine Minute Virus)
• Canine Distemper Virus

382
Q

non infectious dz causing problems in preg.

A

Poorly defined but probably more common cause
• Hypothyroidism and hypoluteism
• Talked about a lot
• Poorly defined
• ? Immunological, genetic, nutritional, environment

383
Q

types of uterine tumors

A

Leiomyoma
• Leiomyosarcoma

384
Q

tx for uterine tumors

A

Ovariohysterectomy if no metastasis

385
Q

how do u tx SIPS, if > 6 weeks post partum

(subinvolution of placental sites)

A

low dose progestagen treatment

386
Q

your ddx if a bitch develop pyometra < day 20 of Diestrus

A

CEH

387
Q

discuss dopamine agnists in tx for pyometra

A

Dopamine agonists (combination is a good idea like abortion, only if luteolysis is a partial goal of this treatment, not necessary in case of treatment with progesterone receptor blocker))

a) Cabergoline 5microg/kg SID
b) Bromocriptine 10 to 25 microg/kg BID or TID

388
Q

discuss use of Aglepristone (Alizin) in tx for pyometra

A

Injection
• Blockage of receptors of progesterone (24 hours)
• Luteolysis not immediate (reduction of Progesterone), but immediate reduction of progesterone influence, so first choice if available.
• Results variable when used alone, always combine with at least antibiotics, preferably also with PGF2alpha in order to evacuate the uterus

389
Q

patient monitoring during pyometra tx

A

Progesterone
• Obligatory!
• Attention with incomplete luteolysis as can get rebound of progesterone!
• Aim <1 ng/ml constant
• Ultrasonography
• ± Hemogram + biochemistry if very ill
• After luteolysis and no fluid in the uterus
• Re-examine the bitch 1 and 2 weeks after
• Two to five days before amelioration
• Vaginal discharge
• Starts quickly or increases then changes, becomes serous and stops
• Bitch can deteriorate very quickly
• Uterine rupture possible
• Leads to severe peritonitis
• DIC possible
• If no better after 7 to 10 days or deteriorates: perform ovariohysterectomy

390
Q

management of pyometra the following season

A

Pyometra is possible again
• Mate at the first season after the treatment
• Plan ovary(ohyster)ectomy after end of breeding career or after last litter.

391
Q

discuss balanitis and balano-posthitis

A

Discharge completely normal
• Thus penis must be inflamed for diagnosis
• Exteriorization of penis to check for neoplasia or foreign bodies
• Penis and prepuce - Balanitis and balanoposthitis
• Bacteria usually
• Usual varieties
• CHV (canine herpesvirus)
• Blastomycosis

392
Q

tx for Balanitis and balano-posthitis

A
  • Antiseptic irrigation
  • Cortisone antibiotic cream in the prepuce
  • Antibiotics and NSAIDS
393
Q

urethral prolapse are common in which breed

A

english bulldog

394
Q

sings of urethral prolapse and tx

A

Sometimes prolapse only when has erection
• Surgical treatment
• Excision of the prolapse + Elizabethan collar
• Castration controversial

395
Q

Extended penis will not return to the preputial sheath

A

paraphimosis

emergency

396
Q

causes of paraphimosis

A
  • Neurological problem
  • Excitement
  • Idiopathic, Trauma, Phimosis
  • → Ischemia, drying, excoriation & edema
397
Q

tx for paraphimosis

A

Clean and lubricate, reposition purse string + Elizabethan collar
• Surgical (medical failure or penis compromised)
• Enlargement of prepuce
• Amputation of penis

398
Q

cs of penial trauma

A

Clinical signs may include dysuria and hematuria

399
Q

=Prolonged erection

A
  • propism
400
Q

causes of propism

A

Neurological or vascular

401
Q

Penis will not extend through preputial sheath

A

phimosis

402
Q

Urethral opening in abnormal location

A

Hypospadias

Often intersex

403
Q

y shouldnt u give progesterone during (first few days) of proestrus as birth control

A

increases risk for endometritis

404
Q

mechanism of action of steroid hormones

A

Mechanism of action of steroids is presumed to be negative feedback at the pituitary and hypothalamus, suppressing estrus by suppressing GnRH, LH and FSH release, although this has not be proven scientifically yet.

405
Q

when are Testosterone propionate injection used in birth control.

A

Used in racing greyhound females every 14 days
• Various testosterone preparations available

406
Q

problem with GnRH analogs

A

Problem is that they initially induce estrus and bitches can become pregnant but later abort. Prolonged estrus can be followed by endometritis (with age as an important risk factor). Therefore, probably not a safe alternative

407
Q

mechanisms of estrogens in preventing preg.

A
  • Movement of ova through oviduct is impaired
  • Estrogen delays the uterine gland production of proteins necessary for embryo survival (normally, progesterone would be the main steroid influencing uterine function)
  • Estrogen impairs implantation
408
Q

after how many days after estrus will u see a reaction with pgf2alpha

A

Rx days 5 to 8 of diestrus causes decline in progesterone

409
Q

best options to terminate preg. in cats

A

Progesterone receptor antagonists (best option)

410
Q

aglepristone

A

progesterone antagonist

411
Q

causes of persistent (pro)estrus

A

Ovarian cysts

Functional ovarian tumour– Granulosa cell tumour

Exogenous estrogens

Liver disease,– eg. portosystemic shunt

therio (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions