Comp Exam Flashcards
Mission of Social Work
Service Social Justice Dignity and Worth of the Person Importance of Human Relationships Integrity Competence
Ethical Dilemma
A ________ _________ is a predicament when a social worker must decide between two viable solutions that seem to have similar ethical value. Sometimes two viable ethical solutions can conflict with each other. Social workers should be aware of any conflicts between personal and professional values and deal with them responsibly.
Essential Steps in Ethical Problem Solving
- Identify ethical standards, as defined by the professional codes of ethics, that are being compromised (ALWAYS go to the NASW Code of Ethics first – do not rely on supervisor or coworkers).
- Determine whether there is an ethical issue or dilemma.
- Weigh ethical issues in light of key social work values and principles as defined by the NASW Code of Ethics.
- Suggest modifications in light of the prioritized ethical values and principles that are central to the dilemma.
- Implement modifications in light of prioritized ethical values and principles.
- Monitor for new ethical issues or dilemmas.
Ethical Standards
The following _______ _______ are relevant to the professional activities of all social workers. These standards concern (1) social workers’ ethical responsibilities to clients, (2) social workers’ ethical responsibilities to colleagues, (3) social workers’ ethical responsibilities in practice settings, (4) social workers’ ethical responsibilities as professionals, (5) social workers’ ethical responsibilities to the social work profession, and (6) social workers’ ethical responsibilities to the broader society.
CSUSM MSW Foundation and Advanced Practice Behaviors
- Demonstrate Ethical and Professional Behavior.
- Engage Diversity and Difference in Practice.
- Advance Human Rights and Social, Economic, and Environmental Justice.
- Engage in Practice-Informed Research and Research-informed Practice.
- Engage in Policy Practice.
- Engage with Individuals, Families, Groups, Organizations, and Communities.
- Assess Individuals, Families, Groups, Organizations, and Communities.
- Intervene with Individuals, Families, Groups, Organizations, and Communities.
- Evaluate Practice with Individuals, Families, Groups, Organizations, and Communities.
Congress ETHIC Decision Making Model
E - Examine personal, professional, client, agency, societal values.
T - Think about the applicable ethical standards, laws and legal precedents that apply.
H - Hypothesize different decisions, their outcomes and the impact on relevant systems.
I - Identify who will benefit and who will be harmed by these specific decisions keeping in mind the professional values and mission.
C - Consult.
Concept of Boundaries
- A sense of personal identity and self definition that has consistency and cohesion over time.
- This remains constant regardless of emotional ups and downs or external pressures.
- The framework within which the worker-client relationship occurs.
- Provides a system of limit setting.
- The line between the self of client and self of worker.
7 Areas of Concern Dealing with Boundaries
- Over familiarity with clients.
- Personal gain.
- Gift giving and receiving.
- Treatment of family and friends.
- Social contacts.
- Sexual relationships with clients.
- Sexual harassment.
Client Vulnerabilities to Boundary Violations
- Impulsivity
- Borderline personality
- Confused, alone, want sex and caring
- Childhood Trauma
- Low self-esteem
- Needs validation
- Marital problems
- Psychiatric disorders
Danger Zones for Boundaries
- Over-identification with client’s issues
- Strong attraction to client’s personality
- Strong physical attraction to client
- Clients who can potentially reward you with their influence.
- Transference and counter transference
Questions to Ask in Examining Potential Boundary Issues
- Is this in my client’s best interest?
- Whose needs are being served?
- How would I feel telling a colleague about this?
- How would this be viewed by the client’s family or significant other?
- Does the client mean something “special” to me?
- Am I taking advantage of the client?
- Does this action benefit me rather than the client?
Ethical Standards
- Social Workers’ Ethical Responsibilities to Client
- Social Workers’ Ethical Responsibilities to Colleagues
- Social Workers’ Ethical Responsibilities in Practice Settings
- Social Workers’ Ethical Responsibilities as Professionals
- Social Workers’ Ethical Responsibilities to the Social Work Profession
- Social Workers’ Ethical Responsibilities to the Broader Society
The Social Worker’s Role in the Problem-Solving Process
- Consultant
- Advocate
- Case Manager
- Catalyst
- Change Agent
- Counselor
- Broker
- Mediator
- Facilitator
- Instructor
- Mobilizer
- Resource Allocator
Cycle of Violence
Phase I: Tension Building
Phase II: Battering incident – shortest period of the cycle, lasts a brief time
Phase III: “Loving-contrition” (absence of tension or “honeymoon” phase) – batterer offers profuse apologies; assures attacks will never happen again; and declares love and caring.
Impact of Diversity in Styles of Communicating
- Recognize direct and indirect communication styles.
- Demonstrate sensitivity to nonverbal cues.
- Generate a wide variety of verbal and nonverbal responses and strategies.
- Use language that is culturally appropriate.
- Identify his or her own professional style and recognize limitations and strengths.
- Identify and reduce barriers that will inhibit engagement with persons who are culturally different.
ADDRESSING Framework
A - Age and generational differences
D - Disability status (developmental disability)
D - Disability status (acquired physical / cognitive / psychological disabilities)
R - Religion and spiritual orientation
E - Ethnicity
S - Socioeconomic status
S - Sexual orientation
I - Indigenous heritage
N - National origin
G - Gender
Cultural Competency VS. Cultural Humility
The approach of cultural humility goes beyond the concept of cultural competence to encourage individuals to identify their own biases and to acknowledge that those biases must be recognized. Cultural competency implies that one can function with a thorough knowledge of the mores and beliefs of another culture; cultural humility acknowledges that it is impossible to be adequately knowledgeable about cultures other than one’s own.”Humility denotes a willingness to accurately assess oneself and one’s limitations, the ability to acknowledge gaps in one’s knowledge, and an openness to new ideas, contradictory information, and advice.
Why is Cultural Humility Important?
- Cultural humility means not pigeon-holing people. Knowledge of different cultures and their assumptions and practices is indeed important, but it can only go so far,
- Cultural humility is also an important step in helping to “redress the imbalance of power, and
- Approaching each encounter with the knowledge that one’s own perspective is full of assumptions and prejudices can help one to keep an open mind and remain respectful of the person (s) seeking involvement.
Cultural Sensitivity
The ability to be open to learning about and accepting of different cultural groups.
Internalized Oppression
A subconscious belief in negative stereotypes about one’s group that results in an attempt to fulfill those stereotypes and a projection of those stereotypes onto other members of that group.
Heterosexism
A belief in the inherent superiority of one pattern of loving over all and thereby the right to dominance.
Multiculturalism
The recognition and acknowledgment that society is pluralistic. In addition to the dominant culture, there exists many other cultures based around ethnicity, sexual orientation, geography, religion, gender, and class.
Culture
A body of learned beliefs, traditions, principles, and guides for behavior that are shared among members of a particular group.
Ethnocentrism
To judge other cultures by the standards of one’s own, and beyond that, to see one’s own standards as the true universal and the other culture in a negative way.
Primary Dimensions of Diversity
______ ______ are aspects of ourselves that we cannot change They are things people know about us before we even open out mouths because they are physically visible (except sexual orientation). When people feel they are being stereotyped based on primary dimension, they can be very sensitive about it.
Secondary Dimensions
______ ______ are elements we have some power to change. People are less sensitive about ______ ______. We also have the choice of whether to disclose this information or not; we can conceal these characteristics.
Intersectionality
According to an ________ perspective, inequities are never the result of a single, distinct factors. Rather, they re the outcome of intersections of different social locations, power relations and experiences.
Ways to facilitate communication across cultural boundaries
- Recognize differences
- Build your self-awareness
- Describe and Identify, then Interpret
- Don’t assume your interpretation is correct
- Verbalize your own non-verbal signs
- Share your experience honestly
- Acknowledge any discomfort, hesitation, or concern
- Practice politically correct communication
- Give your time and attention when communicating
- Don’t evaluate or judge
Individual’s Path to Cultural Competency
- Ethnocentricity
- Awareness
- Understanding
- Acceptance / Respect
- Appreciation / Value
- Selective Adoption
- Multi-culturation
Community Organizing
______ ______ is focused on harnessing the collective power of communities to tackle issues of shared concern. It challenges government corporations, and other power-holding institutions in an effort to tip the power balance more in favor of communities.
______ ______ enhances participatory skills of local citizens by working with and not for them, thus developing leadership with particular emphasis on the ability to conceptualize and act on problems. It strengthens communities so they can better deal with future problems; community members can develop the capacity to resolve problems.
Social Planning
______ ______ is defined as the process by which a group or community decides its goals and strategies relating to societal issues. It is not an activity limited to government, but includes activities of the private sector, social movements, professions, and other organizations focused specifically on social objectives.
Family
- to control and regulate sexual behavior
- to provide for new members of society
- to provide for the economic and emotional maintenance of individuals
- to provide for primary socialization of children
Religion
- to provide solutions for the unexplained
- to support the normative structure of the society
- to provide a psychological diversion from unwanted life situations
- to sustain the existing class structure
- to promote and prevent social change
Techniques to Inform and Influence Organizational And Social Policy
- knowledge / innovation
- social, political, and economic conditions / resources
- legal issues / laws
- institutional influences
- external influences
Cooptation
______ has many meanings, but may be used as a strategy to influence social policy as leaders will try to quiet dis-sention or disturbances not only by dealing with immediate grievances, but by making efforts to channel the energies and angers of dissenters into more legitimate and less disrupting activities. When ____ing, incentives are offered and other efforts are made aimed at complacency.
What are the three prevention strategies?
- Primary prevention
- Secondary prevention
- Tertiary prevention
Primary Prevention
The goal is to protect people from developing a disease, experiencing an injury, or engaging in a behavior in the first place.
Examples:
- immunizations against disease
- education promoting the use of automobile passenger restraints and bicycle helmets
- screenings for the general public to identify risk factors for illness
- controlling hazards in the workplace and home
- regular exercise and good nutrition
- counseling about the dangers of tobacco and other drugs
Since successful ______ ______ helps avoid the disease, injury, or behavior and its associated suffering, cost, and burden, it is typically considered the most cost-effective.
Secondary Prevention
______ ______ occurs after a disease, injury, or illness has occurred. It aims to slow the progression or limit long-term impacts. It is often implemented when asymptomatic, but risk factors are present. ______ ______ also may focus on preventing rein jury.
Examples:
- telling those with heart conditions to take daily, low-dose aspirin
- screenings for those with risk factors for illness
- modifying work assignments for injured workers
Tertiary Prevention
______ ______ focuses on managing complicated, long-term diseases, injuries, or illnesses. The goal is to prevent further deterioration and maximize quality of life because disease is now established and primary prevention activities have been unsuccessful. However, early detection through secondary prevention may have minimized the impact of the disease.
Examples:
- pain management groups
- rehabilitation programs
- support groups
Filtered resources
- systematic reviews
- critically-appraised topics
- critically-appraised individual articles
Unfiltered Resources
- randomized controlled trials
- cohort studies
- case-controlled studies, case series, and case reports
Levels of Evidence Pyramid
In order of best:
- systematic reviews
- critically-appraised topics
- critically-appraised individual articles
- randomized controlled trials
- cohort studies
- case-controlled studies, case series, and case reports
- background information / expert opinion
F.L.A.I.R.
F - Formulate an answerable question based on a client or organizational need
L - Locating the best available evidence to answer the question
A - Assess the quality of the evidence as well as its applicability
I - Integrate the evidence with client / social context, practitioner experience and judgment
R - Review and evaluate the effectiveness and efficacy of the solution
Evidence-Based Practice (EBP)
______-______ ______ is a process in which the practitioner combines well-researched interventions with clinical experience, ethics, client preferences, and culture to guide and inform the delivery of treatments and services.
Mission Statement
A ______ ______ is a general, concise statement outlining the purpose guiding the practices of an organization.
Goals
______ are broad, general statements of what the program intends to accomplish.
Objectives
______ are brief, clear statements that describe the desired outcomes. They are distinguished from goals by the level of specificity.
Outcomes
______ may be knowledge, abilities (skills), and / or attitudes (values, dispositions) that have been obtained. ______ are achieved results.
Needs Assessment
A ______ ______ is a systematic process for determining and addressing gaps between current and desired conditions.
Perceived Need
______ ______ are defined by what clients think about their needs, with the standard set by each client.
Expressed Need
______ ______ are defined by the number of clients who have sought help, thus taking action to address their problems.
Relative Need
______ ______ are concerned with equity – comparing the needs of clients with the goal of ranking them.
The effects of program evaluation findings on services
One of the most significant benefits that a ______ ______ communicates is the need to make service improvements. Some examples of improvements that may need to be made include:
- eliminating services that do not achieve program outcomes
- adding services that are better designed to achieve outcomes
- acquiring more adequate resources to support effective services
- targeting a different group of participants to receive services
Methods to evaluate agency programs
- cost-benefit analysis
- cost-effectiveness analysis
- outcome assessment
Cost-benefit Analysis
A ______-______ ______ determines the financial costs of operating a program as compared with the fiscal benefits of its outcomes. A ______-______ ratio is generated to determine whether, and the extent to which, the costs exceed the benefits. Program decisions can be made to eliminate or modify the program (by reducing program expenditures) based upon the findings.
Cost-effectiveness Analysis
A ______-______ ______ is similar to a cost-benefit analysis, but distinct. It considers the benefits that are not measured in monetary terms, such as illnesses prevented and / or lives saved. It does not produce a cost-benefit ratio, but may focus on the most financially efficient way to achieve a defined outcome or the cost for producing a specific non-monetary outcome.
Outcome Assessment
An ______ ______ is the process of determining whether a program has achieved its intended goal(s). It involves collecting evidence through assessment, analyzing the data, and then using the findings to make programmatic changes if needed. It is an iterative process with continual feedback loops.
Types of research
- Experimental
- Quasi-experimental
- Pre-experimental
Experimental Research
- Randomized experiments, also called ______, are the most rigorous.
Quasi-Experimental Research
When randomization of subjects or groups is neither practical nor feasible, ______-______ approaches can be used.
Pre-Experimental Research
______-______ studies contain intervention groups only and lack comparison / control groups, making them the weakest.
Single-Subject Research Design
______-______ ______ aims to determine whether an intervention has the intended impact on a client, or on many clients who form a group. The most common ______-______ ______ is pre- and post-test or single-case study (AB) in which there is a comparison of behavior before treatment (baseline; denoted by “A”) and behavior after the start of treatment (intervention; denoted by a “B”). The reversal or multiple baseline (ABA or ABAB) is also commonly used.
In ______-______ ______, a client is used as his or her own control. The focus differs from experimental research, which looks at the average effect of an intervention between groups of people.
______-______ ______ is ideal for studying the behavioral change a client exhibits as a result of some treatment. When done correctly and carefully, single-subject research can show a causal effect between the intervention and the outcome.
Internal Validity
______ ______ addresses the extent to which causal inferences can be made about the intervention and the targeted behavior.
External Validity
______ ______ addresses how generalizable those inferences are to the general population.
Descriptive Statistics
Once entered into the computer, ______ ______ are used to describe the basic features of the data. They provide simple summaries about the sample and the measures. Together, with simple graphics analysis, they form the basis of virtually every quantitative analysis of data. ______ ______ describe what the data shows.
Inferential Statistics
______ ______ used to answer research questions or test models or hypotheses. In many cases, conclusions from ______ ______ extend beyond the immediate data. For instance, ______ ______ determine the probability that an observed difference between groups is a dependable one or not that might have happened by chance.
Reliability
(dependability, stability, consistency, predictability): Can you get the same answer repeatedly?
Validity
(accuracy): Is what is believed to be measured actually being measured or is it something else?
External Validity
Can the results be generalized?
Internal Validity
Is there confidence in cause / effect?
Interrater or Interobserver Reliability
Assesses the degree to which different raters / observers give consistent estimates of the same phenomenon.
Test-Retest Reliability
Assesses the consistency of a measure from one time to another.
Parallel Forms Reliability
Assesses the consistency of the results of two tests constructed in the same way from the same content domain.
Method for evaluation
How will progress be measured?
Schedule for evaluation
When, how often, and on what dates or intervals of time will progress be measured?
Formative Evaluations
______ ______ are ongoing processes that allow for feedback to be implemented during service delivery. These types of evaluations allow social workers to make changes as needed to help achieve program goals. Needs assessments can be viewed as one type of formative evaluation.
Summative Evaluations
______ ______ occur at the end of services and provide an overall description of their effectiveness. ______ ______ examines outcomes to determine whether objectives were met. ______ ______ enable decisions to be made regarding future service directions that cannot be made during implementation. Impact evaluations and cost-benefit analyses are types of ______ ______.
NASW Evaluating Practice
- Obtaining voluntary and written informed consent from clients, when appropriate, without any implied or actual deprivation or penalty for refusal to participate; without undue inducement to participate; and with due regard for participants’ well-being, privacy, and dignity.
- Page 260 in textbook.
Tools for Ethical Decision Making
Ethical Rules Screen
Ethical Principles Screen
Essential Steps for Ethical Problem-Solving
- Determine
- Identify
- Rank
- Develop
- Implement
- Reflect
Strengths Perspective
Everyone has this - this approach allows social workers to identify client ______ and building upon them to increase client functioning. In utilizing this approach, clients may live a more meaningful and satisfying life.
Multiethnic Placement Act
Prohibits states from delaying, or otherwise discriminating against adoption placement based on the prospective adoptive parent’s race, color, or ethnicity.
Cultural Hegemony
The all-concompassing dominance of particular structures in society. Not limited to political control, but includes a way of seeing the world that includes cultural and political dominance.
First Generation Human Rights
Civil and political rights that focus on the prevention and protection of human rights violations. Protecting the rights of political prisoners, deportation of refugees. Social workers work to protect these rights by advocating for their protection.
Second Generation Human Rights
Focus on the protection of Economic, and cultural human rights. Social workers can deliver direct practice and challenge policy and social action in favor of clients.
Multiculturalism
Society is pluralistic. This is important to keep in mind with micro settings, such as, clinical work where the client may have a different understanding of their their presenting symptoms based on their cultural background. On a larger level, it behooves social workers to promote policies and legislation that are tolerant of the various cultures in society.
Environment Theory
Focuses on social function problems, environmental problems, mental health problems, and physical health problems. This theory allows social workers to better understand the unique circumstances of every client without de-contextualizing their lived experiences to inform treatment in collaboration with the client.
