Comp 8: Fluency: Role in Reading Development and Factors that Affect the Development of Fluency

Question 1

Bottom-up approach

Answer 1

refers to a kind of processing in which meaning is derived from the accurate, sequential processing of words. The emphasis is on the text rather than the reader’s background knowledge or language ability.

Question 2

Top-down approach

Answer 2

refers to deriving meaning by using one’s background knowledge, language ability, and expectations. The emphasis is on the reader rather than the text.

Question 3

Text-dependent questions

Answer 3

are those in which the answer can be found directly stated in the text, can be inferred from information in the text, or can be inferred from information in the text combined with the reader’s knowledge.
* The question cannot be answered solely from the reader’s knowledge.

Question 4

Close reading

Answer 4

means that the reader closely analyzes the text and how the author uses language and literary devices to convey information or a message.
* Readers respond to questions about the text by citing evidence from the text rather than using personal experiences or connections.

Question 5

_____ hold the theoretical position that reading involves processing _____ and using one’s _________ and _______.

Answer 5

interactionists hold the theoretical position that reading involves processing text and using one’s background knowledge and language ability.

Question 6

Transaction refers to the relationship between

Answer 6

the reader and the text in which meaning is created as the text is conditioned by the reader and the reader is conditioned by the text.

Question 7

Reader response is a literary theory in which reading is viewed as a …

Answer 7

transaction between the reader and the text. The subjective response of the reader is an integral part of the process.

Question 8

Miscue

Answer 8

means an oral reading response that differs from the expected (correct) response. The term miscue is used because miscue theory holds that errors are not random but are the attempts of the reader to make sense of the text.

Question 9

_____ literacy consists of the reading and writing behaviors that evolve from children’s _____ experiences with _____ and ______ that gradually grow into _______ literacy.

Answer 9

Emergent literacy consists of the reading and writing behaviors that evolve from children’s earliest experiences with reading and writing and that gradually grow into conventional literacy.

Question 10

Monitoring

Answer 10

is being aware of or checking one’s cognitive processes.
* In reading comprehension, the reader monitors his or her understanding of the text.

Question 11

Previewing

Answer 11

is the process of using text features and illustrations to get an overview of a text or to predict its content.

Question 12

Reciprocal teaching is a form of _______ learning in which students learn to use 4 key _____ strategies in order to achieve improved ________
1.
2.
3.
4.

Answer 12

is a form of cooperative learning in which students learn to use four key reading strategies in order to achieve improved comprehension:
1. predicting
2. question generating
3. clarifying
4. summarizing.

Question 13

Fluent Reading
1.
2.
3.

Answer 13

1. reading accurately (accuracy)
2. at an appropriate rate (rate)
3. with an appropriate expression (prosody)

Question 14

Automaticity Theory: reading requires the reader to perform 2 tasks which are ?

Answer 14

to decode words and understand the meaning of the text

Question 15

The 3 Key Indicators of Reading Fluency?

Answer 15

Accuracy, rate, prosody

Question 16

Accuracy

Answer 16

pronouncing words correctly while applying knowledge of phonics skills, sight word knowledge, structural analysis, syllabic analysis skills and orthographic knowledge

Question 17

Rate

Answer 17

1. The ability to quickly decode words
   o Not too fast, not too slow
2. Speedily read phrases and sentences
   o Different types of text are read at different rates (instructions vs. fiction)

Question 18

Prosody

Answer 18

(The ability to read like you are talking)
o Emphasis of certain words, variation in pitch (intonation) and pausing
o Prosody reflects the readers ability to understand sentence structure, punctuation and the author’s purpose

Question 19

The Role of Fluency in All Stages of Reading Development Promote automaticity with
1.
2.
3.
4.

Answer 19

1. Accurate and swift letter naming
2. Fluency with single-syllable words with regular letter-sound correspondence with high frequency sight words
3. Swift multisyllable word accuracy using structural analysis skills, syllabic analysis skills and orthographic knowledge
4. Fluency with words with irregular spelling and content-area words

Question 20

Interrelationships Among Fluency and Word Analysis Skills, Background Knowledge and Comprehension

Answer 20

o Automaticity Theory: reading requires the reader to perform 2 tasks: to decode words and understand the meaning of the text
o Prosody is important to understand more complex texts
o If student cannot decode, they lack understanding

Question 21

Factors that Can Disrupt Fluency

A. Weak Word Analysis Skills, Which Leads to Stopping Frequently to Decode Unrecognized or Unfamiliar Words

early grade problems:
upper grade problems:

Answer 21

o Children who take time to decode an unfamiliar word, often “forget” what they are reading about and fail to understand
o Early grades: problem could be poorly developed phonic skills and sight word knowledge
o Upper grades: problem could be structural analysis and syllabic analysis skills

Question 22

Factors that Can Disrupt Fluency

B. Lack of Familiarity with Content Vocab

Answer 22

o Two types of content words present challenges: one-use words and multisyllabic content words
o Some one-use words are only used once while other content words can have multiple meaning (core vs. lithosphere)
o Multisyllabic words can be lengthy (amphibian and photosynthesis)

Question 23

Factors that Can Disrupt Fluency

C. Lack of Background Knowledge

Answer 23

o Even if you can identify all the words you read, your lack of background knowledge can lead to a show, confused reading

Question 24

Factors that Can Disrupt Fluency

D. Lack of Familiarity with More Complex Syntactic Structures

Answer 24

o As structure complexity increases, reading can slow down (independent and dependent clauses)
o More expository texts with more academic language can slow down reading

Question 25

The Role of Decodable Text in Fluent Reading:
In order to transition into more difficult decodable texts, students must acquire complete knowledge of …

Answer 25

• high-frequency words
• expand their knowledge of content-related sight words
• master advanced letter-sound correspondences
• develop solid structural analysis and syllabic analysis

Question 26

The Role of Systemic, Explicit Instruction in Promoting Fluency Development

Answer 26

Is proven to be extremely beneficial to promote fluent reading

Question 27

The Limitations of Using Independent Silent reading to Promote Fluency

Answer 27

o There’s no guarantee the child is reading fluently while silently reading and could be repeating inaccurate, slow and non-expressive reading
o Explicit, Direct teaching may require more oral reading activities

Question 28

How to Make Independent Silent Reading More Effective in Supporting Fluency Development

Answer 28

o Books at appropriate reading levels
o Hold student accountable for comprehension (reading logs, book reports, oral presentations, partner reading/discussion and individual conferences

Question 29

Instructional Strategies for reading fluency

Answer 29

· Close Reading
· Choral Reading, Paired Reading, Repeated Reading
· Pattern Approach
· Embedded
· Systematic
· Word Sorting
· Word Banks
· Think Alouds