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Disaster Nursing > Community Preparedness (Under UE2) > Flashcards

Community Preparedness (Under UE2) Flashcards

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1
Q

Who should be the cornerstone of an emergency programme.

A

Community members
Resources organization
Administration

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2
Q

REASONS FOR COMMUNITY PREPAREDNESS

A
  • Members of the community are the most to lose from being
    vulnerable to disasters and the most to gain effective and
    appropriate emergency preparedness programmes.
  • Those who respond first to an emergency come from within the
    community. When transport and communication are disrupted, an
    external emergency may not arrive for days.
  • Resources are most easily pooled at a community level, and every
    community possesses capabilities. Failure to explore these
    capabilities is poor resource management.
  • Sustained development is best achieved by allowing emergency affected communities to design, manage and implement internal and external assistance programmes.
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3
Q

Sustained Development is best achieved by

A

allowing the emergency affected community to design, manage and implement internal and external assistance programme

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4
Q

AN EXAMPLE OF REDUCED DAMAGE DUE TO PREPAREDNESS

A

On 12 November 1970, a major cyclone hit the coastal belt of
Bangladesh at 223 km/hr. with a storm surge of six to nine meters
in height, killing an estimated 500,000 people.
* Due to the Cyclone Preparedness Program, the April 1991 cyclone
with a wind speed of 225 km/hr. killed only 138,000 people, even
though the coastal population had doubled by that time.
* In May 1994, in a similar cyclone with a wind speed of 250 km/hr,
only 127 people lost their lives.
* In May 1997, in a cyclone with a wind speed of 200 km/hr, only 111
people lost their lives

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5
Q

It is “the formal statement of a course of action.”

A

Policy Development

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6
Q

Policy is strategic in nature and performs the following
functions:

A

a. Establish long-term goals.
b. Establish recommended work practices.
c. Assign responsibilities for achieving goals.
d. Determine criteria for decision-making

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7
Q

The form of emergency preparedness policies varies from place to place. Six (6) sectors are required for response and recovery
strategies. These are:

A
  1. Communication
  2. Health
  3. Police and security
  4. Search and rescue
  5. Social welfare
  6. Transport
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8
Q

GENERAL MEASURES DURING AN EMERGENCY

A
  • Do not use telephone except call for help so as to leave telephone
    lines free for the organization to respond.
  • Listen to the messages broadcast by radio and various media so as
    to be informed of the development.
  • Carry out the official instructions given over the radio or by
    loudspeaker.
  • Keep a family emergency kit ready
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9
Q

HOME EMERGENCY KIT

A
  1. Ready-to-eat and high-energy foods for 3 days
  2. Battery-operated radios, batteries
  3. Extra warm clothing and blankets
  4. Bottled water
  5. Alternate heat sources
  6. Extra prescription medications
  7. Baby supplies
  8. Cash
  9. Special needs items
  10. First aid kit
  11. Lanterns, flashlights, lightsticks
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10
Q

PERSONAL PROTECTION IN DIFFERENT TYPES OF
EMERGENCIES

BEFORE A FLOOD

A

To prepare for a flood, you should:
1. Avoid building in a flood-prone area unless you elevate and
reinforce your home.
2. Elevate the furnace, water heater, and electric panel if
susceptible to flooding.
3. Install “check valves” in sewer traps to prevent floodwater
from backing up into the drains of your home.
4. Contact community officials to find out if they are planning to
construct barriers (levees, beams, floodwalls) to stop
floodwater from entering the homes in your area.
5. Seal the walls in your basement with waterproofing
compounds to avoid seepage.

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11
Q

PERSONAL PROTECTION IN DIFFERENT TYPES OF
EMERGENCIES

DURING A FLOOD

A
  • If a flood is likely in your area, you should:
    1. Listen to the radio or television for information.
    2. Be aware that flash flooding can occur. If there is any
    possibility of a flash flood, move immediately to higher ground.
    Do not wait for instructions to move.
    3. Be aware of streams, drainage channels, canyons, and other
    areas known to flood suddenly. Flash floods can occur in
    these areas with or without such typical warnings as rain
    clouds or heavy rain.
  • If you must prepare to evacuate, you should:
    1. Secure your home. If you have time, bring in outdoor furniture.
    Move essential items to the upper floor.
    2. Turn off utilities at the main switches or valves if instructed to
    do so. Disconnect electrical appliances. Do not touch
    electrical equipment if you are wet or standing in water.
  • If you have to leave your home, remember these evacuation
    tips:
    1. Do not walk through moving water. If you have to walk in
    water, walk where the water is not moving. Use a stick to
    check the firmness of the ground in front of you.
    2. Do not drive into flooded areas.
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12
Q

PERSONAL PROTECTION IN DIFFERENT TYPES OF
EMERGENCIES

AFTER A FLOOD

A
  • The following are guidelines for the period following a flood:
    1. Listen for news reports to learn whether the community’s
    water supply is safe to drink.
    2. Avoid floodwaters; water may be contaminated by oil,
    gasoline, or raw sewage. Water may also be electrically
    charged from underground or downed power lines.
    3. Avoid moving water.
    4. Be aware of areas where floodwaters have receded.
    5. Roads may have weakened and could collapse under the
    weight of a vehicle.
    6. Stay away from downed power lines, and report them to the
    power company.
    7. Return home only when authorities indicate it is safe.
    8. Stay out of any building if floodwaters surround it.
    9. Use extreme caution when entering buildings; there may be
    hidden damage, particularly in foundations.
    10. Service damaged septic tanks, cesspools, pits, and leaching
    systems as soon as possible. Damaged sewage systems are
    serious health hazards.
    11. Clean and disinfect everything that got wet and mud left from
    floodwater can contain sewage and chemicals.
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13
Q

STORMS, HURRICANES AND TORNADOES

BEFORE AN EMERGENCY

A
  1. Choose a shelter in advance
  2. Minimize the effect of storms
  3. Take measures against flooding
  4. Prepare a family emergency kit
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14
Q

STORMS, HURRICANES AND TORNADOES

DURING AN EMERGENCY

A
  1. Listen to the information and advice provided by the authorities.
  2. Do not go out in car or boat once the storm has been announced.
  3. Evacuate houses if requested.
  4. Tie down any object liable to be blown away by wind.
  5. If caught outside in a storm, take refuge as quickly as possible in a
    shelter.
  6. In a thunderstorm keep away from doors, windows, and electrical
    conductors, and unplug electrical appliances etc.
  7. Do not use any electrical appliances or the telephone.
    * Anyone who is outside should:
  8. Look for shelter in a building.
  9. Never take shelter under a tree.
  10. If in a boat, get back to the shore.
  11. Keep away from fences and electric cables.
  12. Kneel down rather than standing.
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15
Q

STORMS, HURRICANES AND TORNADOES

AFTER AN EMERGENCY

A

After the storm has subsided:
1. Follow the instructions given by the authorities.
2. Stay indoors.
3. Give alert as quickly as possible.
4. Give first aid to the injured.
5. Make sure the water is safe to drink.
6. Check the exterior of dwellings and call for assistance if there
is a risk of falling objects, such as tiles or guttering.

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16
Q

Earthquakes

A
  • An earthquake is the result of a sudden release of energy in the
    Earth’s crust that creates seismic waves.
  • Earthquakes are recorded with a seismometer, also known as a
    seismograph.
  • The largest recorded earthquake in the United States was a
    magnitude 9.2 that struck Prince William Sound, Alaska on Good
    Friday, March 28, 1964.
  • The Largest recoded earthquake in the world was a Magnitude 9.5
    in Chile on May 22, 1960.
  • World’s deadliest recoded earthquake occurred in 1556 in Central
    China, killing an estimated 830,000 people in 1976. Another deadly
    earthquake struck Tangshan, China where more than 250,000
    people were killed.
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17
Q

TIDAL WAVE VS. TSUNAMI

A

Tidal wave: is a shallow water wave
caused by the gravitational interaction between the sun, mood and earth.

  • Tsunami: a sea wave caused by an
    underwater earthquake or landslide
    (usually triggered by an earthquake)
    displacing the oceanwater.
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18
Q

is the location directly above the
hypocenter on the surface of the earth.

A

Epicenter

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19
Q

is the location beneath the earth’s
surface where the rupture of the fault begins.
* It is estimated that there are 500,000 detectable earthquakes in the
world each year. 100,000 of those can be felt, 100 of them cause
damage.

A

Hypocenter

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20
Q

BEFORE AN EARTHQUAKE

A
  1. Repair deep plaster cracks in ceilings and foundations. Get expert
    advice if there are signs of structural defects.
  2. Hang heavy items such as pictures and Brace overhead light and
    fan fixtures.
  3. Repair defective electrical wiring and leaky gas connections. These
    are potential fire risks.
  4. Secure a water heater, LPG cylinder etc., by strapping it to the wall
    studs and bolting it to the floor.
  5. Store weed killers, pesticides, and flammable products securely in
    closed cabinets with latches and on bottom shelves.
    * Identify safe places indoors and outdoors:
  6. Under strong dining table, bed.
  7. Against an inside wall.
  8. Away from where glass could shatter around windows, mirrors,
    pictures, or where heavy bookcases or other heavy furniture
    could fall over.
  9. In the open, away from buildings, trees, telephone and
    electrical lines, flyovers, bridges.
  10. Have a disaster emergency kit ready.
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21
Q

DURING AN EARTHQUAKE

A
  • If indoors:
    1. DROP to the ground; take COVER by getting under a sturdy
    table or other piece of furniture; and HOLD ON until the shaking
    stops. If there isn’t a table or desk near you, cover your face
    and head with your arms and crouch in an inside corner of the
    building.
    2. Protect yourself by staying under the lintel of an inner door, in
    the corner of a room, under a table or even under a bed.
    3. Stay away from glass, windows, outside doors and walls, and
    anything that could fall, as lighting fixtures or furniture.
    4. Stay in bed if you are there when the earthquake strikes. Hold
    on and protect your head with a pillow, unless you are under a
    heavy light fixture that could fall.
    5. Stay inside until the shaking stops and it is safe to go outside.
    Research has shown that injuries occur when people inside
    buildings attempt to move to a different location inside the
    building or try to leave.
    6. DO NOT use the elevators.
    7. If you know that people have been buried, tell the rescue
    teams. Do not rush and do not worsen the situation of injured
    persons or your own situation.
    8. Avoid places where there are loose electric wires and do not
    have any metal object in contact with them.
    9. Do not drink water from open containers without having
    examined it and filtered it through a sieve, a filter or an ordinary
    clean cloth.
    10. If your home is badly damaged, you will have to leave it. Collect
    water containers, food, and ordinary and special medicines (for
    persons with heart complaints, diabetes, etc.)
    11. Do not re-enter badly damaged buildings and do not go near
    damaged structures.

If outdoor:
1. Stay there.
2. Move away from buildings, trees, streetlights, and utility wires.
3. Once in the open, stay there until the shaking stops.
4. The greatest danger exists directly outside buildings, at exits,
and alongside exterior walls. Most earthquake-related
casualties result from collapsing walls, flying glass.
* If in a moving vehicle:
1. Stop as quickly as safety permits and stay in the vehicle. Avoid
stopping near or under buildings, trees, overpasses, and utility
wires.
2. Proceed cautiously once the earthquake has stopped.
3. Avoid roads, bridges, or ramps that might have been damaged
by the earthquake.
* If trapped debris:
1. Do not move about or kick up dust.
2. Cover your mouth with a handkerchief or clothing.
3. Tap on a pipe or wall so rescuers can locate you

22
Q

AFTER AN EARTHQUAKE

A
  1. Keep calm, switch on the radio/TV and obey any instructions you
    hear on it.
  2. Keep away from beaches and low banks of rivers. Huge waves may
    in.
  3. Expect aftershocks. Be prepared.
  4. Turn off the water, gas and electricity.
  5. Do not smoke and do not light matches or use a cigarette lighter. Do
    not turn on switches. There may be gas leaks or short-circuits.
  6. Make sure that the water is safe to drink and food stored at home is
    fit to eat.
23
Q

CLOUDS OF TOXIC FUMES

BEFORE AN EMERGENCY

A
  1. Find about evacuation plans and facilities.
  2. Familiarize with the alarm signals used in emergencies.
  3. Equip doors and windows with the tightest possible fastenings.
  4. Prepare family emergency kits.
24
Q

CLOUDS OF TOXIC FUMES

DURING AN EMERGENCY

A
  1. Do not use the telephone; leave lines free for rescue services.
  2. Listen to messages given by radio and other media.
  3. Carry out the instructions given through media.
  4. Close doors and windows.
  5. Organize a reserve of water.
  6. Seal any cracks or gaps around windows and doors with adhesive
    tapes.
  7. Turn off ventilators and air conditioners.
25
Q

CLOUDS OF TOXIC FUMES

AFTER AN EMERGENCY

A
  1. Follow the authorities’ instructions and do not go out until there is no longer any risk.
  2. Carry out necessary decontamination measures.
26
Q

TYPES OF MAN-MADE DISASTERS

A
  1. Sudden disasters: such as Chernobyl disaster and bhopal gas
    tragedy.
  2. Insidious disasters: chemical and radiation exposure, global
    warming.
27
Q

CLASSIFICATION OF MAN-MADE DISASTERS

A
  1. SOCIOLOGICAL HAZARDS OR DISASTERS
  2. TECHNOLOGICAL HAZARDS OR DISASTERS
28
Q

SOCIOLOGICAL HAZARDS OR DISASTERS

A
  1. Terrorism
    ✓ The primary objective of a terrorism is to create widespread
    fear.
    ✓ Example: On 11 September 2001 the World Trade Centre in
    New York City was destroyed by crashing American airlines
    and killed 2,752.
  2. War
    ✓ It is a conflict between relatively large groups of people, which
    involves physical force by the use of weapons.
    ✓ Warfare has destroyed entire cultures, countries, economies
    and inflicted great suffering on humanity.
    ✓ Example: World War I and II. Since World War II there have
    been about 127 wars and 22 million war related deaths have
    occurred.
  3. Civil conflicts (riots)
    ✓ Any incident that disrupts a community, where intervention is
    required to maintain public safety.
    ✓ Example: 1984 Sikh massacre, a riot against the Sikhs in
    response to assassination of Indira Gandhi by her Sikh
    bodygaurds. More than 11, 000 people were kind.
29
Q

TECHNOLOGICAL HAZARDS OR DISASTERS

A
  1. Industrial disasters
    ✓ Example: The Nuclear Power Plant Explosion in Chernobyl,
    Russia: On April 26th 1986, which resulted in the atmospheric
    release of radioactive material four hundred times more
    radioactive than Hiroshima.
  2. Structural collapse
    ✓ Often caused by engineering failures
  3. Fire
    ✓ Mainly forest fire, mine fire.
    ✓ Example: In 2003, fire at Iraqi sulphur plant releasing Sulphur
    dioxide which killed people by causing respiratory problems
    and also creates acid rain which destroys crops.
  4. CBRN disaster
    ✓ CBRN (chemical, biological, radiation and nuclear) disasters:
    release of CBRN hazardous material into air, soil, water leads
    to serious hazards.
    ✓ Example: Fukushima nuclear disaster in March 2011 which
    was triggered by an earthquake and tsunami in nearby Tohoku
    region.
  5. Transportation disasters
    ✓ Air, rail, and space disasters and traffic collisions.
    ✓ Example: Mangalore air crash on 22 May 2010. Only eight
    passengers survived in 160.
30
Q

PREVENTION OF MAN-MADE DISASTERS

A
  1. Tighter regulation of chemical plants and other hazardous facilities.
  2. Chemical plants be built away from the dense populous areas.
  3. Appropriate engineering and technological measures.
  4. Early warnings and protection against human errors.
31
Q

INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS

A
  1. OCHA: United Nations Office for the Coordination of
    Humanitarian Affairs
    ✓ It was designed to strengthen the UN’s disasters by creating
    the Department of Humanitarian Affairs (DHA).
  2. WHO: World Health Organization
    ✓ The role is to reduce avoidable loss of life and the burden of
    disease and disability.
  3. FAO: The Food and Agriculture Organisation
    ✓ Founded by the UN.
    ✓ Provides early warning of impending food crises, and assesses
    global food supply problems.
  4. IOM: The International Organisation for Migration is an
    intergovernmental agency which helps transfer refugees.
  5. IRP: The International Recovery Platform serve as a catalyst for
    the development of tools, resources, and capacity for disaster
    recovery.
  6. WFP: The World Food Programme is the principle supplier of relief
    food aid.
  7. UNDP: The United Nations Development Programme
  8. UNICEF: The United Nations Children’s Emergency Fund
32
Q

NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS (NGOs)

A
  1. IFRC: International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent
    Societies
    ✓ Pivotal roles in responding to emergencies. Field Assessment
    and Coordination Team – (FACT) to the affected country if
    requested by the national Red Cross or Red Crescent society.
  2. CARE :The Cooperative for Assistance and Relief Everywhere
    is a humanitarian organisation fighting global poverty. It also
    delivers emergency aid to survivors of war and natural disasters,
    and helps people rebuild their lives.
  3. NetHope: Founded in 2001, is international NGOs that specializes
    in improving IT connectivity among humanitarian organizations in
    developing countries and areas affected by disaster. This
    organization has partnerships with Microsoft, Cisco Systems, Intel,
    and Accenture.
  4. HVO: Health Volunteers Overseas is a network of health care
    professionals, organisations, corporations and donors united in a
    common commitment to improving global health through education.
  5. IRC: International Rescue Committee offers lifesaving care and
    life-changing assistance to refugees forced to flee from war or
    disaster.
  6. HI: Handicap International works in partnership with local
    organisations and government institutions.
  7. MSF: Médecins Sans Frontières provides medical services in
    emergency situations.
  8. RI: Rehabilitation International is a global net work of experts.
33
Q

Code Blue

A

Cardiac arrest

34
Q

Code Yellow

A

Trauma Patient/Arrival
Trauma Team Activation

35
Q

Code Triage:
“Code Triage - Standby”

A

Disaster Plan Activation

36
Q

Code Padayon

A

External Mobilization

37
Q

Code Red

A

Fire

38
Q

Code Gray

A

Heightened security due to uncontrolled unarmed agitated violent person within the UP-PGH premises

39
Q

Code Silver

A

Heightened security due to uncontrolled armed/with any agitated violent person within the UP-PGH premises

40
Q

Code Black

A

Heightened Security related to bomb

41
Q

Code Orange

A

Hazardous Material Release

42
Q

Code Lindol

A

Earthquake

43
Q

Code Baha

A

Floods and Typhoons

44
Q

Code Haykap

A

Biological Hazards/Infectious Diseases

45
Q

PERSONAL AND HOME DISASTER SURVIVAL

A

Disaster is very unpredictable. Our country is commonly stricken by
Use typhoons, volcanic eruptions, fires, and other disasters, that is
why we should be prepared and be aware of what will happen next.
* According to Philippine Red Cross, the first 72 hours after a
disaster is very crucial. There might be shortage of food supply and
water, and unavailability of electricity and communication. In
addition, access to safety services, rescue, clinics, and hospitals
may not also be available. An emergency kit/first aid kit is very
essential in times of disasters.
* Emergency or survival kits are things that are commonly found
inside our home like water, flashlight, and hygiene kits. Families
should be prepared to be independent and be able to survive for at
least 3 days or 72 hours. To be able to do this the kits must be
organized and easy to access, it should be checked every six
months to make sure the items are still in good condition and far
from expirations.

46
Q

THINGS NEEDED for disaster survival

A
  1. Shelter (tents, sleeping bag and tarpaulin)
  2. Water
    ✓ According to Philippine Red Cross, a person can survive
    without food intake for 5 days as long as there is water intake.
    Prepare clean water in clean airtight containers for washing,
    drinking and cooking: 1 gallon or equivalent of 4 liters per
    person per day (1 liter for drinking and 3liters for sanitation).
    ✓ Stored water must be changed to maintain its freshness,
    effectiveness and avoid contamination.
  3. Food
    ✓ Store only non-perishable food like canned foods.
    ✓ According to Philippine Red Cross, food should be sufficient for
    three days consumption of every family member.
    ✓ Include also eating and drinking utensils.
  4. Tools
    ✓ Maps with indication of evacuation sites and routes
    ✓ Emergency number to call
    ✓ Whistle
    ✓ Flashlight with extra batteries (or self-powered flashlight)
    ✓ List of emergency numbers to call
    ✓ Multi-purpose knife
    ✓ Matches or lighter and candles
    ✓ AM radio transistor with extra batteries or self-powered
    ✓ Blankets
    ✓ Sleeping bag
  5. Fire starting
    ✓ Matches
    ✓ Lighter
    ✓ Candle
  6. Light and signaling instruments
    ✓ Flashlight
    ✓ Mirror
    ✓ Whistle
  7. First aid kits
    ✓ Disposable gloves
    ✓ Adhesive strips
    ✓ Sterile medical tap
    ✓ Thermometer
    ✓ Adhesive bandage
    ✓ First aid manual
    ✓ Pain reliever and antibiotics
    ✓ Anti-diarrhea medication
    ✓ Prescription medication (if needed)
  8. Personal effects and hygiene kit
    ✓ Extra clothing (short and long sleeved shirts, pants, jackets,
    socks, etc.)
    ✓ Undergarments
    ✓ Antibacterial soap
    ✓ Toothbrushes
    ✓ Toothpaste
    ✓ Comb or hairbrush
    ✓ Tissue paper
  9. Others
    ✓ Important documents (birth certificates, passport, marriage
    contract, diploma, insurance certificates, land titles, etc.). Keep
    these in a plastic envelope or any waterproof container
    ✓ Money should be in the form of cash and loose change (ATM
    machines may not be working)
    ✓ Prepaid cards
    ✓ Batteries
    ✓ Emergency charger
    ✓ Clothes
47
Q

PATTERN FOR SURVIVAL

A
  • Most of the time we survive without much effort, but when we travel
    in the backcountry, down wild rivers and across rugged terrain, we
    remove ourselves from the familiar networks of society. For a while
    we are on our own, fully responsible for our comfort and safety.
  • To deal with unexpected circumstances, you’ll need to understand the nature of the danger and know how to stay alive until you can get to safety.
48
Q

S-U-R-V-I-V-A-L

A

S – SIZE UP THE SITUATION
U – USE ALL YOUR SENSES, UNDUE HASTE MAKES WASTE
R – REMEMBER WHERE YOU ARE
V – VANQUISH FEAR AND PANIC
I – IMPROVISE
V – VALUE LIVING
A – ACT ONLY AFTER THINKING
L – LIVE BY YOUR WITS, BUT FOR NOW, LEARN BASIC SKILLS

49
Q

PACE

A

(PRIMARY, ALTERNATE, CONTINGENCY, AND EMERGENCY)

50
Q

g is about mitigating risk by developing 3 back up
plans. If the primary plan doesn’t work, go to the alternate. If the
Alternate doesn’t work, do the contingency plan. If that fails, then
accomplish you mission with the emergency plan.
* It is a concept for mitigating single points of failure in
communications systems.
* When it comes to incident response, first responders must be able
to report critical information quickly and efficiently to provide a
common operating picture and ensure coordination and
deconfliction.
* ensures that, regardless of the reason for
connection degradation (throttling, tower outage, hardware failure,
etc.), there are backup systems that can be implemented to restore
connectivity.

A

P.A.C.E. planning

51
Q

IMPACT RESPONSE

A
  • Initial assessment – stay calm: The first thing you should do upon
    arriving at the scene of an incident is to try to stay calm, look around,
    and get an overview of the scene. These visual surveys give you an
    initial impression of the overall situation, including the potential
    number of patients involved, and possibly, even the severity of their
    injuries. The visual survey should enable you to estimate initially the
    amount and type of help needed to handle the situation.
  • Your initial report – creating a verbal image: The initial report is
    often the most important message of a disaster because it sets the
    emotional and operational stage for everything that follows. As you
    prepare to give the first vital report, use clear language (no signals
    or radio jargon), be concise, be calm, and do not shout. You are
    trying to give the communications center a concise verbal picture of
    the scene.
    ✓ The key points to communicate are:
    1. Location of the incident
    2. Type of incident
    3. Any hazards
    4. Approximate number of victims
    5. Type of assistance required

Disaster Nursing (1 decks)

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