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Community Nutrition > Community Nutr Test 2 > Flashcards

Community Nutr Test 2 Flashcards

0
Q

Food bill cont. crop subsidies

A

Was stopped in 2014 and replaced with crop insurance only for commodity crops

2 changes - illegal to promote any food programs
(Didn’t go over 2nd one

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1
Q

farm Bill

A

usda–> fns –> Farm bill
Comes up every 5 yrs for renewal. More about food insecurity in USA ie Wic, snap, tefap
Reauthorize - can make changes during this time. Decides how much $ but does not fund the program. Has to do with appropriations bill to determine how much $ they get
SNAP is the largest in the USA

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2
Q

Two kinds of food we grow in the USA

A

Commodities - wheat corn rice cotton sugar (all the same)

Speciality crops - fruits, veggies, nuts (can be different)

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3
Q

Collecting data

A

Should first share with stakeholders (or boss first)

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4
Q

Community needs assessment - see asset mapping

A

Stakeholders first to be informed
Key informants
Qualitative - peoples thoughts or opinions. Questions you can’t count ie demographic shifts, historical data, why questions
Quantitative data things you can count

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5
Q

Vital statistics

A

Birth
Death
Marriage

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6
Q

GIS

A

Geographical information system

Takes info and puts on map ie grocery stores in the USA

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7
Q

ERS/ USDA

A

Economic research service.

Collects data about the way we eat in the USA

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8
Q

Fringe rate

A

Includes items such as social security, health ins, workman’s comp, unemployment, disability, life ins. Different rate for ft/pt

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9
Q

Indirect rate

A

Rent, cleaning bathrooms, parking lot snow removal, portions of hierarchy of employees (Hosp, public health has to be approved by dept of health and human services

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10
Q

Money pots

A

Federal or state
Administrative
Food
Peer counseling

The monies in these 3 pots can never cross each other

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11
Q

USDA did survey about why we eat the foods we eat. Included:

A

lifestyle factors ie physical activity, leisure, stress mgnt techniques, smoking status, drug & etoh use, single vs married
Individual factors - self efficacy - can make a change that will work
Environmental ie broad sense –> bad neighborhood
Living and working conditions

Accessibility, price/cost, storage, prep time, culture, age, educational level, other health issues, religion, knowledge, demographics, social environments, vanity

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12
Q

Cognition

A

Knowledge about environment and what I do about it. Pg 71 the knowledge and awareness that people have of their environment and the judgement they make related to it.

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13
Q

Attitudes

A

An individual’s positive or negative evaluation of performing a behavior or engaging in an activity.

Neg/pos feelings about something

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14
Q

Ways to collect info

A

Surveys
Health risk assessment hra
Screening focus groups
Interview with key informant

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15
Q

Surveys

A

Systematic study of cross section of individuals who represent the target population

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16
Q

HRA health risk assessment - has 3 components

A

Questionnaire device
Scoring behavior
Education piece

These help people change their behavior

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17
Q

Screening

A

Done in public health and refer elsewhere ie 9 health fair if have elevated A1c will refer to PCP

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18
Q

Focus groups

A

These are popular. Usually have 5-12 people. Should be trained to do focus groups. Have to pay people to participate ie $50. PEOPLE LIE. Ie ford co about the Edsel..was worse car ever made

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19
Q

Interview with key informants

A

The people “in the know” about the community

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20
Q

Ways to assess a nutritional status A-D

A

A - anthropometric ht wt head circumference skin folds BMI
B- biochemical labs ie urine, glucose, WBC etc
C - clinical assessment look at someone and make subjective assessment
D- diet history method 24 hr recall, food frequency food records diet history

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21
Q

Sensitivity versus specificity Page 88

A

Sensitivity - ie bld test. Screening iron deficient low Hgb, has to be low to Dx iron deficiency. Proportion of subjects with disease that have a positive test. No false negatives.

Specificity - proportion of subjects without the disease that have a negative test. Do bld test for cholesterol and not a finger test.

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22
Q

Validity versus reliability

A

Validity is accuracy.

Reliability - ability to keep getting the same answer off the same sample. Same answer repeatedly

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23
Q

RD’s job

MD’s job

A

RD screens and refers

MD diagnose and treat

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24
Q

Program planning for success. (7 steps). Page 102

A

1) Review community needs assessment - study the problem
2) Define program goals (broad goals) & objectives (3 items)
3) develop a program plan
Design intervention
Design nutrition education component
Delelop the marketing plan
4) Develop a management system
5) Identity funding sources
6) Implement the program
7) Evaluate your program

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25
Q

Mission statement. Page 101

A

All organization must have this.

A broad statement or declaration of an organizations purpose or reason for being

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26
Q

2) Goals and objectives 3 basic objectives

A

Outcome objectives - changes that can be measured
Process objectives - what are we doing to achieve outcome objectives
Structure objectives - how we do business ie staffing to client ratio

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27
Q

3) Develop a program plan. Page 106. See chart on pg 108
a —> c

A

a) Design intervention
Level 1 ie education
Level 2 ie try to change behavior, work one on one or in small groups
Level 3 build supportive environment, this works well ie broccoli truck

28
Q

Examples of different levels

A

Quit line - level 2
Can’t smoke in bars level 3
HRA level 2, smoking and seat belts are good examples

29
Q

b) design nutritional education component

A

Ie written plan for metro caring
Keep it short
3-4 principle topics ie how much sugar in soda
Active ie have conversation - change people
Be interesting ie Vit C bruise
Tag lines ie strive for five. Ad council

30
Q

c) marketing plan

A

If plan doesn’t work it’s not the publics fault
Try again.
If fails it’s your fault try a different plan. I have to make it work

31
Q

4) develop a management plan

A

Make sure the program will work

32
Q

7) evaluate the program. Page 119-122

A

a) Formative evaluation - do this as you are formulating the program. Could run a focus group such as pilot program**
b) process evaluation - focuses on how program is delivered. Pull charts @ random and look at process
c) impact evaluation - goals, are we meeting the goals
d) outcome evaluation - are we making people healthy
e) structure evaluation - ie late for works get fired
f) fiscal evaluation - audits, physically running program properly

33
Q

Should publish results. Yes

A 
Front cover
Summary - abstract
Background info - introduction
Description of evaluation
Results
Discussion
Conclusion & recommendation

If failed in program still publish to helps others

34
Q

How to get money to run Programs

A

Grants

Have to apply every year

35
Q

Types of grants

A 
Formula grants
Block grants
Planning grants
Demonstration grants
Training grants
Matching grants
Government grants
Private grants
36
Q

Formula grant

A 
A mathematical formula ie WIC
# of people served 
Overall population 
% served
Growth and % served
Poverty rates.                              Colo 1/50 of population
37
Q

Block grants

A

Highly controversial, not many rules

ie obesity - put aside a block of money and it can be given out in any way to help with obesity

38
Q

Planning grants

A

Given only one time

How will this be funded in the future

39
Q

Demonstration grants

A

Will allow to run a program one time, how will this be funded in the future as only give out once

40
Q

Training grants

A

Grants awarded to an organization to support costs of training students, personnel or prospective employees in research.

41
Q

Matching grants or In Kind. Page 669

A

I will give you money in exchange you would have to give money

In kind gifts - matched dollar for dollar, or gifts such as donated products, supplies, equipment or services from another source

42
Q

Government grants usually federal and free

A

National science foundation 10,000 grants every yr. 7 billion dollars
Chance is 1 in 4

NIH 30.3 billion medical research and 50,000 applications

43
Q

Private grants

A

Corporate – foundations – give money away ie Ford Kaiser
Family foundations
Community foundations – Denver foundation (700 in the World)

2014 86,192 private foundations
2013 gave away $54.76 billion

44
Q

RFP

RFQ

IRB

A

RFP request for proposal - general ideas

RFQ request for quotation - more specific idea, how much to charge

IRB institutional review board - if publish must go through them. IRB deals with people and animals. HHS train people for this and has to be done before, not after the facts. Make sure treating people and animals properly and ethically treated.

Robert Wood Johnson. Obesity concern

45
Q

Marketing and epidemiology

A

Marketing - need to sell product. Look at it and if doesn’t work look at self - keep trying. A way to get what you want

**focus on customers

46
Q

Social marketing

A

Big in public health
Sell a change in society ie convincd breast feeding is best
Not for money. Change attitudes, behaviors and ideas
Use all normal commercial techniques ie Eat Fresh

47
Q

Social marketing steps (7)

A

1) determine needs and wants for target population
2) identify benefits of product to the target population
3) conduct a situational analysis SWOT (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities,threats)
4) marketing strategy - 4 P’s product, place, price, promotion
5) develop budget & timeline
6) implement the marketing strategy
7) evaluate

48
Q

Public relations

A

An organized effort to make the message look good ie tide detergent

49
Q

Brand image

A

Branding. ie what people think of Harvard

Tools tv radio internet print-newspaper magazines public service announcements PSA

50
Q

PSA

A

Public service announcements - 30-60 seconds
Bulletin boards
TV shows and mostly for free
Timing matters ie talk slowly and only about 30 sec
Professionally done
Get audience involved
Market service, not just topic
Need to go beyond PSA ie give phone # for people to respond
Be nice to the press

51
Q

Types of change. (4)

A

1) cognitive change - easiest, change knowledge in head, education. Lease effective
2) action change - one time deal ie have bld test done for DM
3) behavior change - repetitive change ie change diet qd for DM
4) value change - hardest, ie breast feeding natzis, change ideas about something ie eating meat vs vegan

52
Q

Ad council

A

Largest makers of PSA in the world. Started in 1941 prior go WWII ie war bonds (savings bonds), Rosie the riveter, loose lips sink ships.
Nothing to do with the govt
Goes to best advertising agencies and usually free
**non political, nondenominational, no commercial interests, no laws
They like education, family and community, health, safety
Send to 33k media outlets tv radio etc. done for free
Putting this together and distributing does cost money
Only nonprofit organizations or govt agencies - only Fed, not state govt

53
Q

Community check off program

A

Created by Fed govt. need 51% of vote in favor of. Pays a fee to USDA and money goes to a board to set up advertising and money is generally used for advertising that product. Great place for job.

54
Q

Epidemiology

A

Mother science of public health. Looks for determinants of disease
Count – figure out how to make people healthier

John snow is father of epidemiology – founded reason for cholera

55
Q

Epidemic versus pandemic

A

Epidemic - more cases that would be considered normal. Could be 2 people ie Ebola measles

Pandemic - epidemic that crosses international boundaries and usually effects a lot of people ie Ebola, 1918 Spanish flu, HIV

56
Q

Determinants of disease

A

Host factors - genetics, sex, race, nutritional status, physiologic state

Environmental factors - food environment (soda, snacks), advertising, lifestyle, occupations, geographical locations

57
Q

Vital statistics equation - birth, death, marriage

What are the 3 best indicators of the health of a country

A

Life expectancy
Infant mortality rate
Maternal mortality rate

These are the 3 best universal indicators of health of a country

58
Q

Equations for mortality rates

A

Infant = # of infants died within 1st yr of life / # of live births in same yr x 1000

Maternal = # of maternal deaths related to preg/ # of live births x 100,000

59
Q

Cases
Risk
Risk factor
Relative risk RR

A

Cases ie everyone who has cholera
Risk probability of getting disease or happening to you
Risk factor clinically important ie smoking and lung cancer
Relative risk RR ie research paper

60
Q

Relative risk RR

A

Risk of disease if you are exposed to a risk factor / risk of disease if you are NOT exposed to risk factor

ie tv in bedroom and obesity 131/100 = 1.31 RR therefore if TV in bedroom are at a 31% chance of becoming obese

61
Q

RR

A 
RR = 1 NO effect
RR = > 1 exposure may cause disease
RR = < 1 is protective against disease
62
Q

Quintiles

A

5 different grouping, compare highest and lowest

63
Q

Examples of RR

A

> 5 fruits & veggies & < 1 fruits & veggies = RR 1.00 cancers
Hearth disease RR = 0.88 = 12% chance of reducing heart disease

Sugar sweetened beverages and type 2 DM
1-2 sweetened beverages qd RR 1.26 = 26% chance of getting DM

CVD & whole grain consumption / CVD and very few whole grains = RR 0.67 = 33% less likely to have CVD

64
Q

Relative risk
Odds ratio
Hazard risk

A

All of these mean the same thing but calculated differently

65
Q

Incidence verses prevalence

A

Incidence - # of NEW causes during a specific period of time (new people with DM in 2013)

Prevalence - snap shot in time ie people with red shirts in class

ie 2014 birth = incidence as only happened once

66
Q

Epidemiological method. (9)

A

1) observe
2) count cases or events
3) relate cases to population at risk
4) make Comparisions
5) develop hypothesis
6) test hypothesis
7) draw scientific influence
8) conduct experimental studies
9) intervene and evaluate

67
Q

How much of research is false or overturned

A

85%

68
Q

Correlation

A

Why does this not show cause and effect?

Confounding factors - those that cannot be accounted for ie difference in age, exercises education.

Community Nutrition (1 decks)

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