community nursing theory midterm review Flashcards
(170 cards)
1
Q
What is the role of a community health nurse?
A
According to the Community Health Nursing of Canada, Professional Practice Model, and Standards of Practice, a community health nurse will…
(short answer)
- promote, protect and preserve the health of individuals, families, groups, and communities, and populations.
- address the impact of social determinants of health
- support the community
- advocate and engage in political action
- incorporate concepts of inclusiveness
2
Q
Who do community health nurses work with?
A
Systems and populations
Communities and groups
Individuals
3
Q
What are the standards of practice for community health nurses?
A
Health promotion
Prevention and health protection
Health maintenance
Professional relationships
Capacity building
Access and equity
Professional responsibility and accountability
4
Q
T/F: Professional Relationship is a standard of practice for community health nurses.
A
True
5
Q
T/F: Capacity building is a standard of practice for community health nurses.
A
True
6
Q
What is the most important characteristic of community health nursing?
A
Collaboration
7
Q
What are the 5 fundamental characteristics of the Canada Health Act?
A
Public Administration
Accessibility
Universality
Comprehensiveness
Portability
8
Q
T/F” Provincial and territorial funding, budgets, and costs is publically available information.
A
True.
9
Q
What section of the Canada Health Act endorses health promotion?
A
Section 3
10
Q
What is the primary objective of Canadian healthcare policy?
A
To facilitate reasonable access to health services, and to protect, promote and restore the physical and mental well-being of the residents of Canada.
11
Q
Define upstream care.
A
Big picture
Macroscopic - focused on improving fundamental social and economic structures and decrease barriers.
12
Q
Define downstream care.
A
Focused on the individual.
Microscopic
Focus on providing equitable access to care and mitigate the negative impacts of disadvantages on health.
13
Q
What are the four steps of the nursing process?
A
Assessment
Planning
Implement
Evaluate
14
Q
Define public health.
A
The organized efforts of society to keep people healthy and prevent injury, illness, and premature death.
15
Q
When was the public health Agency of Canada (PHAC) established?
A
2004
Mission: “promote and protect the health of Canadians through leadership, partnership, innovation, and action in public health.”
16
Q
Who is the chief public health officer currently?
A
Dr. Teresa Tam
named in 2017
17
Q
Name 3 essential functions of the public health nurse.
A
- health promotion
- health surveillance
- population health assessment
- disease and injury prevention
- health promotion
- emergency preparation and response
18
Q
What is primordial prevention?
A
initiatives to prevent conditions and factors that contribute to disease formation and acquisition.
example: iodized salt
bigger picture examples: adequate minimum wage, prohibiting hate crimes, and mandatory education for all children.
19
Q
What is primary prevention?
A
interrupt the chain of causality at the point or points before a physiological or psychological abnormality is identifiable - risk factors as lessened.
example: decreasing environmental risks, enabling nutritional status, and immunizing against communicable diseases.
20
Q
What is secondary prevention?
A
intervention aimed at identifying a disease process as early as possible,m usually at the preclinical stage, which may reduce the prevalence o the disease by curbing duration.
- targets people who are already accessing health services
example: colorectal cancer screening, cervical cancer screening
21
Q
What is tertiary prevention?
A
aimed at reducing the impact of long-term disease and disability by eliminating or reducing impairment or disability.
- occurs after sign or symptom is prevent
22
Q
What is quaternary prevention?
A
identifies individuals or populations at risk of overmedicalization. guidelines and policies are put in place to help protect individuals from overdiagnosis.
- may include protecting populations from new medical procedures or untested interventions and proposing ethically appropriate alternatives.
23
Q
Why does theory matter in community health nursing?
A
Theory helps guide our practice as nurses to improve the quart of nursing care. It allows nursing to be able to explain “why” they do what they do for the patients.
24
Q
What is a nursing theory?
A
“A theory is an organized, coherent, and systematic articulation of a set of statements related to significant questions in a discipline and communicated as a meaningful whole.” - page 103 of textbook
25
Fill in the blank:
Community health nursing is described as synthesizing or integrating ___________ and __________ in order to promote and protect the health of the population.
public health science and nursing theory
26
What year were the community health nurses of Canada standards revised?
2019
- describes the theoretical foundation of community health nursing practice
- these standards help define the scope of practice of CHN's
27
Name the 5 key aspects of nursing knowledge (theoretical foundation) according to the CHNC practice standards.
(no particular order)
1. Person
2. Environment
3. Health
4. Nursing
5. Social Justice
28
Theories and Conceptual Frameworks pertaining to community health:
What is systems theory?
Real systems are open to and interact with, their environments, and they can acquire qualitatively new properties through emergence, resulting in continual evolution.
29
Theories and Conceptual Frameworks pertaining to community health:
What critical theory (theories)?
A critical theory is any approach to social philosophy that focuses on reflective assessment and critique of society and culture to reveal and challenge power structures.
30
Theories and Conceptual Frameworks pertaining to community health:
What is the McGill model?
According to the model, the central goal of nursing is to maintain, strengthen, and develop the patient's health by actively engaging him or her in a learning process. Because health is a learned phenomenon and the family is considered the primary socializer in this learning, the family is the focus of nursing.
31
Theories and Conceptual Frameworks pertaining to community health:
What is critical caring theory?
The critical caring theory consists of seven “carative” health-promoting processes (CHPP) that apply the concepts of human caring (health, holism, caring, and interconnectedness with self, others, and the environment) to public health nursing practice.
32
Theories and Conceptual Frameworks pertaining to community health:
What is adult learning theory?
Knowles and the andragogy theory say that adult learners are different from children in many ways, including: They need to know why they should learn something. They need internal motivation.
33
Define feminist theory.
Feminist theory explores both inequality in gender relations and the constitution of gender.
Defined as "a movement ti end sexism, sexist exploitation, and oppression".
34
What is the main focus of feminist theory?
Equity, oppression and justice (which are central concerns in public health).
35
Why is critical social theory important for community nurses?
A perspective used by community health nurses for many years to develop their practice with population groups who have been disadvantaged by social circumstances.
- it provides the basis from which we can examine issues from community health practice and policy and see what is possible within the current situation.
36
Which theories are LEAST represented in community health nursing theory and practice?
First Nation, Metis, and Inuit perspectives have historically, are not well represented in community health nursing theory and practice.
37
Name 5 core concepts of community health nursing (11 total core concepts).
- social justice
- population focus
- epidemiology
- health promotion and prevention
- a long-term commitment to the community
- health equity (* really important one)
- determinants of health
- capacity building
- strength-based approach
- cultural safety
- collaboration
38
Whats the difference between health equity and health equality?
health equity is adjusted accessibility for those who are marginalized.
health equality is the same accessibility for everyone, but not adjusted for persons with greater disadvantages.
39
Community Health Nurses of Canada (standards).
Name the 1st CHNC standard.
Health Promotion
40
Community Health Nurses of Canada (standards).
Name the 2nd CHNC standard.
Prevention and Health Protection
41
Community Health Nurses of Canada (standards).
Name the 3rd CHNC standard.
Health Maintenance, Resoration and Palliation
42
Community Health Nurses of Canada (standards).
Name the 4th CHNC standard.
Professional Relationships
43
Community Health Nurses of Canada (standards).
Name the 5th CHNC standard.
Capacity building
44
Community Health Nurses of Canada (standards).
Name the sixth CHNC standard.
Health Equity
45
Community Health Nurses of Canada (standards).
Name the 7th CHNC standard.
Evidence-Informed Practice
46
Community Health Nurses of Canada (standards).
Name the 8th CHNC standard.
Professional Responsibility and Accountability
47
Which of the following elements make up the community health nursing metaparadigm?
A) health, healing, person, environment, and nursing
B) person, environment, nursing, health, and social justice
C) person, health, nursing, environment
D) communities, nursing, prevention, equity, environment
ANS: B
48
Define health through the lens of nursing.
Defined as an evolving, holistic human experience, informed by multiple professions, recognized the medical definition as just one aspect (state of sound body, mind, and spirit; a state of wholeness).
49
Define primary health care.
Essential healthcare is made universally accessible to individuals and families at a cost that communities and the country can afford to maintain at every stage of their development.
50
Name the five key components of primary health care.
1. Accessibility
2. Publix participation
3. Health promotion
4. Appropriate technology
5. Intersectional collaboration/coopeeration
51
T/F: Primary health care and primary care are the same things.
False.
52
Define a community.
A group of people who live, learn, work, and worship, in an environment at a given time.
At the core are people, who are characterized by their age, gender, socioeconomic status, education level, occupation, ethnicity, and religion.
Geographical boundaries
Political boundaries.
53
Communities must provide all of the following community functions in order to sustain the day-to-day livelihood of residents:
(hint: 5 community functions)
1. Space and infrastructure
2. Employment and income
3. Security, protection, and law enforcement
4. participation, socialization and networking
5. links with other
54
How do we achieve community functions?
Communication
Leadership
Decision making
55
How do we achieve community functions?
Communication
Leadership
Decision making
56
Community Assessment Models and Frameworks.
What is an epidemiologic framework?
can be used to examine the frequency and distribution of a disease or a health and social condition.
host: who is affected - what community
environment: where and when the condition occurred
agent: why and how
57
Describe and define community capacity-building approaches.
Capacity building is a process to strengthen the ability of an individual organization, community, or health system to implement health promotion initiatives and sustain positive health over time.
58
What is a communicable disease?
illnesses caused by a specific infectious agent that arises through the transmission of that agent, or its products form an infected person, animal, or inanimate source to a susceptible host.
59
Who discovered antibiotics?
Alexander Fleming
Discovered antibiotics (penicillin) in 1928.
60
What year was smallpox eradicated?
1980
due in part to both the first vaccination and the launching of a highly successful education program by the WHO.
61
T/F: Tuberculosis (TB) is not a reportable disease in Canada.
False
TB has been a reportable disease since 1924 in Canada.
62
What is the incidence rate of Tuberculosis in Canada in 2020?
4.6 rate per 100 000
675 cases
63
What is a live attenuated vaccine?
contains a version of the living virus or bacteria that has been weakened so it will not cause serious disease in healthy immune systems.
64
Give an example of a live attenuated vaccine.
Measles, Mumps, Rubella, Varicella
65
What are non-live vaccines?
Vaccines that still fight viruses and bacteria, are made by inactivity/killing the germ in the process of making the vaccine.
Example: inactivated polio vaccine
66
What is a toxoid vaccine?
Prevents diseases caused by bacteria that are a product of toxins in the body. In the process of making the vaccine, toxins are weakened so that they cannot cause illness.
Weakened toxins are called toxoids.
67
What are the four reportable STIs in Canada?
Chlamydia, gonorrhoea, syphilis and HIV.
68
T/F: Since 2006, rates for chlamydia gonorrhea, and syphilis have been decreasing.
False.
Rates are rising.
Incidence rates highest among adolescents and young adults.
69
What are enteric infections?
infections that enter the body through the mouth, and intestinal tract and affect the digestive system.
- drinking/eating contaminated foods or liquids
- 1 in 8 people get sick each year from contaminated food
70
What is a zoonotic and vector-borne disease?
transmitted between animals and humans, humans are not needed to maintain the life cycle.
- transmission occurs through bites, inhalation, ingestion, and direct contact.
- examples include rabies, hentavirus, salmonellosis
71
What is the role of the CHN in regard to communicable diseases?
surveillance
contact tracing
outbreak reporting and investigation
72
What are the key components of program planning and evaluation?
analysis > identifying the problems > possible solutions > alternatives > implementing the program > monitoring and evaluating > interpreting results > modifiations to program
73
What is the program logic model?
a schematic representation that describes how a program* is intended to work by linking activities with outputs, intermediate impacts and longer-term outcomes
74
Name the 5 components of the program logic model.
inputs > activities > outputs > impacts > outcomes
75
There are two phases of planning according to the program logic model. Name both phases.
1) CAT
C - components
A - activities
T - target groups
2) SOLO
S - short term
O - outcomes
L - long term
O - outcomes
76
Define intersectional theory.
A framework that describes how our overlapping social identities relate to social structures of racism and oppression.
Helps explain power dynamics and factors that influence how power is used in society.
77
How do intersectionality and health inequities correlate with one another?
the burden of disease and health conditions isn't shared equally amongst all Canadians.
Some are more likely to get sick or die because of social and economic conditions.
78
What was the name of the professor who lectured in the Ted Talk video about intersectional theory in class?
Kimberlé Crenshaw
- UCLA professor who specializes in race and gender issues
79
T/F: A study found that gender and socioeconomic status were the most reported social inequalities for diabetic participants.
True
80
Define the Precede-Proceed Planning Model.
A tool that enables the community program to develop to think logically about the desired endpoint and work backward to achieve the goal.
81
What does SWOT stand for?
SWOT analysis
strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, threats
82
Define the term socio-structural determinants.
A term used to reinforce the fact that some determinants are embedded in social structures like legislation, standards, and regulation that generate or perpetuate social and health inequities.
83
T/F: A population health approach aims to improve the health of groups while reducing health inequalities and their underlying determinants.
True
84
Name an example of a Multiple Intervention Program Framework.
Tobacco control
Cervical cancer screening
Injury prevention - infant car seats and wearing a seatbelt
85
The multiple intervention program framework consists of five main elements. This cycle design consists of lessons that can continuously inform the program. Name all 5.
Identify (the problem), examine (the problem) consider (interventions), maximize (intervention impact), assess (implementation, impact and consequences),
86
What is essentialist thinking?
Essentialism is the view that certain categories (e.g., women, racial groups, dinosaurs, original Picasso artwork) have an underlying reality or true nature that one cannot observe directly
87
Why is essentialist thinking problematic when it comes to sex and gender-based care?
Essentialist thinking is known as women and men having "true essence" related to sex organs, hormones, and their true role in reproduction. This diminishes people to their reproductive functions. Essentialist thinking has been used to reinforce a viewpoint called "biology-as-destiny" suggesting that women are naturally caring, relational and emotional, while men are naturally assertive, risk-taking, and emotionally distant.
88
T/F: Gender is not recognized as a key social determinant of health.
False.
Gender is a key social determinant of health
89
Define gender norms.
Ideas of how men and women should act.
Social principles that govern behavior and can restrict gender identity.
90
Define gender roles.
Social and cultural expectations are assigned to gender.
Can be seen in how we dress, talk and our careers.
91
T/F: Non-binary us used as an umbrella term to include all gender identities that fall outside the gender binary.
True
92
Define agender.
a person who identifies as having no gender
93
Define bigender.
a person whose gender identity is a combination of two genders
94
Define gender fluid.
a person whose gender identity is not fixed, and may feel like a mix of the two traditional genders.
95
Define gender non-conforming.
a person whose gender expression differs from a given society's norms for male and female
96
Define two-spirit gender.
a person who embodies both a masculine and a feminine spirit and is a culture-specific used among indigenous peoples.
97
Define genderqueer.
describes a person whose gender identity falls outside of the traditional binary gender structure.
98
Define gender inequity.
Occurs when individuals are not provided the same opportunities in society because of their gender or gender-identity.
99
Pay equity is clearly outlined in the Canadian Human Rights Act, however, there remains a gap in where women earn approx. _____ for every dollar a man earns.
$0.87
100
___________ have a higher unemployment rate and lower wages than Canadian-born workers - despite having higher levels of education.
Canadian immigrants
101
A ____________________ is a way to ensure that policies, programs, services, and interventions are appropriate for men, women, boys and girls, and transgender individuals.
gender-based lens
102
Define the missing term in the gender equality continuum tool.
Gender Blind > Gender Aware > Exploitative > ___________ > Transformative > Goal (gender equality).
Accommodating
- works around existing gender differences and equalities.
103
What is heterosexism?
refers to the assumption that heterosexuality is the norm and a perspective that other orientations and genders are not "normal".
104
Which of the following is true in regard to public health nursing?
a. The main focus of public health nursing is on political processes for healthy public policy.
b. Public health nursing is the same as community health nursing.
c. Public health nursing focuses on the incidence of disease.
d. Public health nursing includes direct care and services to various populations
d. Public health nursing includes direct care and services to various populations.
Public health nursing strives to safeguard and improve the health of populations in the community, including providing direct care and services.
105
Which of the following is true in regard to social justice?
a. The focus of social justice is on disease prevention.
b. Social justice is used only with people in precarious situations.
c. Social justice is rooted in societal responsibility and fairness.
d. Social justice is a process to exercise the ability to enhance control.
c. Social justice is rooted in societal responsibility and fairness.
Social justice is rooted in notions of societal responsibility and fairness of justice. It encompasses equity, human rights, democracy and civil rights, capacity building, just institutions, enabling environments, poverty reduction, ethical practice, advocacy, and partnerships.
106
Which of the following clients presents the highest risk for health-related concerns?
a. Ms. Madison, a 25-year-old woman living in a woman's shelter
b. Mr. Saliman, a 62-year-old man taking medication for chronic hypertension and
diabetes
c. Mr. Joseph, a 17-year-old man attending an outpatient mental health clinic
d. Ms. Tray, a 31-year-old woman addicted to cocaine
d. Ms. Tray, a 31-year-old woman addicted to cocaine
Ms. Tray, because she is a substance user, presents the greatest risk for health-related concerns. Clients who abuse substances also frequently have additional health and socioeconomic problems.
107
Community assessments are important in order for the nurse to understand and respond to the needs of the population. What will the nurse focus on when assessing the structure of the community?
a. Collecting demographic data on age distribution
b. Visiting neighborhood schools to review health records
c. Interviewing clients to determine the cultural makeup of subgroups
d. Observing the physical environment and location of services
d. Observing the physical environment and location of services
When assessing the structure or locale of a community, the nurse should travel
around the neighbourhood and observe the physical environment, the location of
services, and the locations where residents congregate. Locale and structure
make up one of the three components of community assessment.
108
Among the following nursing skills, which one must be demonstrated to successfully fulfill the role of facilitator?
a. Advocacy
b. Paternalism
c. Autonomy
d. Negotiation
a. Advocacy
a. Advocacy
Community health nurses work within a participatory process; leadership and
advocacy are critical skills needed for the role of facilitator.
109
Which of the following statements describes a population?
a. A group of people who live in a given community
b. Geographic groupings, such as individuals, who live in neighborhoods
c. A collection of individuals who have personal and environmental characteristics
in common
d. A group of individuals who are
c. A collection of individuals who have personal and environmental characteristics
A population is defined as a collection of individuals who have one or more personal or environmental characteristics in common. Examples of population include Canadians inclusively, or, more specifically, high-risk infants, older adults, or cultural groups such as Aboriginals.
110
Which of the following is a key characteristic of a healthy community?
a. A collective capacity to solve problems
b. Proximity to lakes and forests
c. Access to recreational facilities
d. Government interventions to solve community problems
A. collective capacity to solve problems
Key characteristics of healthy communities include a collective capacity to solve problems, adequate living conditions, a safe environment, and sustainable
resources such as employment, health care, and educational facilities.
111
Which of the following must the nurse do in order to be culturally competent?
a. Be sensitive to a client's cultural uniqueness.
b. Evaluate a client's beliefs and values about health in terms of the nurse's own experience.
c. Be able to appraise and understand a client's cultural beliefs, values, and practices.
d. Be ready to discuss a client's beliefs and values with him or her.
c. Be able to appraise and understand a client's cultural beliefs, values, and practices.
The nurse must be able to appraise and understand a client's cultural beliefs, values, and practices in order to work with him or her to determine the needs and
interventions most likely to improve health.
112
Which of the following groups of health concerns affect youth, young men, and those in Aboriginal communities in particular?
a. Depression, suicide, unemployment, and unintentional injuries
b. Chronic illness, mental illness, impaired function, and nutrition
c. Physical abuse, emotional abuse, sexual abuse, and neglect
d. Substance abuse, alcoholism, sexually transmitted diseases, and AIDS
a. Depression, suicide, unemployment, and unintentional injuries
Depression, suicide, unemployment, and unintentional injuries are concerns that affect youth, young men, and those in Aboriginal communities.
113
Which of the following is an example of "community health nursing" rather than "community-based nursing"?
a. An RN assisting a doctor in a pediatrician's office
b. An RN visiting a home-bound patient to monitor for congestive heart failure
c. An RN reviewing school clinic records to determine which children are not up to date on their immunizations
d. An RN dispensing medications in a nursing home
c. An RN reviewing school clinic records to determine which children are not up to date on their immunizations
114
Which of the following best describes primary health care?
a. A comprehensive way to address issues of social justice
b. Giving care to manage acute or chronic conditions
c. Giving direct care to ill individuals within their family setting
d. Having the goal of health promotion and disease prevention
ANS: A
By definition, primary health care is comprehensive and addresses issues of social justice and equity. Social justice in the context of health refers to ensuring fairness and equality in health services so that vulnerable individuals in society have easy access to health care.
115
Which situation most closely represents the focus of public health nursing?
a. Assessing the services and effectiveness of the school health clinic
b. Caring for patients after their outpatient surgeries
c. Giving care to schoolchildren at the school clinic and to the children’s families
d. Treating pediatric patients at an outpatient clinic
ANS: A
116
Which public health service best represents primary prevention?
a. Developing a health education program about the dangers of smoking
b. Providing a diabetes clinic for adults in low-income neighbourhoods
c. Providing an influenza vaccination program in a community retirement village
d. Teaching school-aged children about the positive effects of exercise
ANS: C
117
Which public health service best represents secondary prevention?
a. Administering the influenza vaccine to a community of seniors
b. Initiating an infant car seat safety screening program for parents in low-income housing
c. Starting a rehabilitation clinic for middle-aged adults residing in low-income housing
d. Setting up a support group for teenage mothers of infants with Down syndrome
ANS: B
118
Which type of thinking is most reflective of looking at a macroscopic, big-picture population focus?
a. Collaborative thinking
b. Upstream thinking
c. Holistic thinking
d. Downstream thinking
ANS: B
119
Which is the simplest definition of primary health care?
a. It is based on a multidisciplinary group of health care providers working as a team.
b. It provides essential care that is universally accessible to persons in a community and encourages self-management, self-reliance, and competence.
c. It focuses on health promotion and disease prevention among those who can afford to engage in behaviors that facilitate them.
d. It is based on local efforts to meet the Declaration of Alma-Ata, known as Health for All.
ANS: B
120
Which scenario exemplifies the CHN’s practice of secondary prevention to reduce environmental health risks?
a. Collecting blood specimens from preschool children to check for lead levels
b. Meeting with local government officials to request that the city clean up a contaminated vacant lot
c. Referring a child diagnosed with toxic lead levels to a neurologist
d. Teaching the parents of a 2-year-old about the dangers of lead-based paint in older homes
ANS: A
121
The CHN is examining blood lead levels in school-aged children one year after a community-wide education intervention. What term identifies this phase of the nursing process?
a. Assessment
b. Diagnosis
c. Intervention
d. Evaluation
ANS: D
122
In order to increase the proportion of noninstitutionalized adults who are vaccinated annually against influenza, a nurse practitioner has established a mobile clinic. What part of the nursing process is fulfilled by delivering immunization services?
a. Goal setting
b. Planning
c. Intervention
d. Evaluation
ANS: C
123
A community member reports to a CHN in the public health department that the city’s water has had an unusual taste for the past few months. What is the best CHN action?
a. Advocate with or lobby decision makers.
b. Consult the Canadian Partnership for Children’s Health & Environment (CPCHE).
c. Check the most recent report on water quality in the community.
d. Place a call to the poison control centre.
ANS: C
124
Local inspections of restaurants are conducted by which level of government?
a. Local and regional boards of health
b. Environment Canada
c. Provincial/territorial Ministry of Labour
d. Health Canada
ANS: A
125
When a concerned citizen asks the CHN about environmental health, what definition of environmental health does the CHN provide?
a. Environmental health is the causative factors invading a susceptible host through an environment favourable to producing disease, such as a biological or chemical agent.
b. Environmental health is the systematic and ongoing observation and collection of data concerning disease occurrence to describe phenomena and detect changes in frequency or distribution.
c. Environmental health is the study of the effect of physical, chemical, and biological factors in the external environment on human health.
d. Environmental health is the achievement of health and wellness and the prevention of illness and injury from exposure to physical or psychosocial environmental hazards.
ANS: D
126
What is the first step to understanding the potential environmental health risks in a community in order to conduct an environmental health assessment?
a. Conduct a health risk assessment of randomly selected individuals.
b. Perform a windshield survey.
c. Review facility permits and consumer confidence reports.
d. Survey community members.
ANS: B
127
The CHN must conduct a family assessment for a family who live in a commune but is uncertain about how to proceed because the relationships do not appear to be clear. Which question should the CHN ask to determine the structure of a family comprising a mother and a child?
a. "How many children do you have, and who is the father of each of them?"
b. "Is there a register of families that are members of this commune?"
c. "Tell me about your significant other."
d. "Who are the members of your and your child's family?"
ANS: D
128
Historically, CHNs focused on the care of individuals while viewing the families of individuals as either background resources or possible stressors. Which view of the family did this traditional conceptualization take?
a. Family as the client
b. Family as a component of society
c. Family as the context
d. Family as a system
ANS: C
129
Which type of risk the most important predictor of health?
a. Biological risk
b. Economic risk
c. Life-event risk
d. Health values
ANS: B
130
How is health promotion distinct from health protection?
a. A focus on the assurance of the highest possible quality in care
b. A concern with enabling increased control over determinants of health
c. The specific delivery of care by a group of health care providers
d. The particular achievements of social marketing campaigns
ANS: B
131
What would describe an appropriate starting point for the application of a population health approach?
a. Emergency life-saving care
b. The determinants of health
c. Health promotion models
d. Risk management
ANS: B
132
Which one of the following is the most important ingredient for effective community development?
a. Adequate funding
b. Appropriate location for the services provided
c. Community participation
d. Professional expertise
ANS: C
133
What is the focus of health promotion in Canada?
a. Achieving consensus on community health needs
b. Developing a population approach based on the determinants of health
c. Dictating interventions that match the government's identified priorities
d. Promoting individual health status
ANS: B
134
Which measure of community health will be examined by the CHN who wishes to assess the status of a community's health?
a. Community awareness
b. Health facilities
c. Health care manpower
d. Vital statistics
ANS: D
Vital statistics (live births, neonatal deaths, infant deaths, maternal deaths) are measures of community health status. Health care manpower (e.g., CHNs, physicians) and health facilities (e.g., hospitals, clinics) are measures of community health structure. Community awareness is a measure of process.
135
Which measure of community health will be examined by the CHN who wishes to assess the process of community health?
a. Health resource use patterns, such as bed occupancy days and client/provider visits
b. Health risk profiles of selected aggregates
c. Incidence and prevalence of leading causes of mortality and morbidity
d. Participation of individual and group health care providers in local organizations
ANS: D
Community health assessment is the process of thinking critically about the community and involves getting to know and understand the community client as partner. This helps the CHN to understand the individual, family, and group health concerns and to know what community strengths and resources are available for the CHN to work as a partner with the client to address the client's concerns.
136
What is the best resource for the CHN who wants information about the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in a local region of the country?
a. Hospital records and statistics
b. Online information from Statistics Canada
c. The local chamber of commerce
d. The obituary columns of local newspapers
ANS: B
Morbidity and mortality information for all regions in Canada is available through the Statistics Canada Web site.
137
Which tertiary prevention measure should be included in the health promotion plan of care for a patient newly diagnosed with diabetes?
a. Avoiding carcinogens
b. Foot screening techniques
c. Glaucoma screening
d. Seat belt use
ANS: B
Foot screening is considered a tertiary prevention measure, one that minimizes the problems with foot ulcers, an effect of diabetic disease and disability.
138
When teaching a patient with a family history of hypertension about health promotion, the nurse describes blood pressure screening as which type of prevention?
a. Illness
b. Primary
c. Secondary
d. Tertiary
ANS: C
Blood pressure screening is considered secondary prevention.
139
The nurse in a newly opened community health clinic is developing a program for the individuals considered at greatest risk for poor health outcomes. How should the nurse consider this group?
a. Global community
b. Sedentary society
c. Unmotivated population
d. Vulnerable population
ANS: D
Vulnerable populations refer to groups of individuals who are at greatest risk for poor health outcomes.
140
The biological and physiological characteristics that define females and males is referred to as
A. chromosomes.
B. gender.
C. sex.
D. biology
ANS: C
141
Gender is socially constructed.
A. True
B. False
ANS: A
142
Gender is often expressed in terms of masculinity and femininity and is rooted in _____ and _____.
A. biology and culture
B. culture and history
C. genetics and biology
D. history and reproductive organs
ANS: B
143
Which of the following can be used by CHNs to ensure that nursing policies, programs, services, and interventions are appropriate?
A. Public health gender assessment
B. An equity lens
C. A gender lens
D. Population health assessment
ANS: C
144
What tool are governments and other agencies using to ensure that programs and policies are developed equitably?
A. Genome study tool
B. Gender and health assessment
C. Gender-based analysis
D. Problem-based learning
ANS: C
145
A gender lens is applied to community nursing by a CHN who is specially trained to answer a series of questions on behalf of his/her patient regarding his/her gender.
A. True
B. False
ANS: B
146
Gender-appropriate community health nursing interventions are tailored approaches that ensure that
A. the unique needs of men, women, and transgendered people are met.
B. male, female, and transgendered clients are treated exactly the same.
C. the needs of women and men are prioritized over those of transgendered people.
D. the needs of transgendered people are prioritized over those of men and women.
ANS: A
147
How can CHNs ensure that all Canadians benefit equally from Canada's healthcare system?
A. Demand higher pay for women in male-dominated professions such as nursing.
B. Assess differences and disparities in health status, health behaviours, and utilization of healthcare services based on sex and gender.
C. Encourage more men to come forward for treatment of illnesses thought to be prevalent in women.
D. Advocate for men and women to be given the exact same health programs.
ANS: B
148
Which barriers related to the social determinants of health do transgender individuals experience? Select all that apply.
A. Discrimination in employment opportunities
B. Discrimination in health care
C. Lack of food security
D. Loss of social support networks
ANS: A, B, D
149
Which of the following demonstrates a CHN seeking gender transformative primordial and primary prevention?
A. Strive to ensure a medical-based lens in health promotion
B. Advise gender-variant individuals of societal inclusive norms
C. Support sex-based societal customs in community practice
D.Challenge essentialist lenses used to explain sex and gender differences
ANS: D
150
CHNs may serve as activists to decrease gender inequities
A. through public social marketing that support cultural gender norms.
B. by assisting to identify housework norms for each gender.
C. promoting to maintain the costs and benefits of gender specializations.
D. balancing the gender divisions of paid and unpaid work.
ANS: D
151
What percent of Canadian adults self-identify as gay or lesbian or bisexual?
A.
1-2%
B.
4-6%
C.
15-20%
D.
10-13%
A
ANS: A
152
Homophobia describes a fear or hatred, often irrational, of gay men and lesbian women.
A.
False
B.
True
ANS: B
153
Many healthcare providers describe themselves as being _________________ in their practice related to the sexual orientation of their clients.
A.
one-sided
B. neutral
C. open
D. evasive
ANS: B
154
Extreme violence towards people based on their sexual orientation can result from
A. homophobia.
B. prejudice.
C. heterosexism.
D. homosexism.
ANS: A
155
Internalized homophobia can manifested as low self-esteem and reduced self care, and may lead to adopting health-compromising activities.
A. True
B. False
ANS: A
156
Cisgender refers to
A. people who may feel their core gender identity does not match what others think it is or should be.
B. people who feel sexual or romantic attractions to more than one gender.
C. the complex development of one's sense of self as a gendered person.
D. people whose internal gender identity matches their external body appearance and gender performance.
ANS: D
157
When taking patient histories, CHNs should regularly use language that is
A. reclusive.
B. distinct.
C. inclusive.
D. exclusive.
ANS: C
158
Compared to heterosexual cisgender Indigenous peers, Two Spirit homeless youth reported which health inequities and challenges? Select all that apply.
A. Disconnection to culture
B. Sexual exploitation
C. Financial abuse
D. Homelessness
ANS: B, D
159
To provide safe and inclusive care, what is the first step that a CHN should take?
A. Review unit policies regarding sexual orientation and gender diversity care.
B. Review the hospital/community centres' mission and vision statements regarding sexual orientation and gender diversity.
C. Address beliefs, values, attitudes of the client's regarding their sexual orientation and gender diversity.
D. Address their own assumptions, beliefs, values, and attitudes about sexual orientation and gender diversity.
ANS: D
160
Which of the following examples demonstrates heterosexism from the CHN?
A. Presenting resources that provide information for LGBTQ individuals
B. Displaying posters of same gendered couples
C. Creating heterosexual educational material for exclusively
D. Advocating for gender identity on health forms, beyond male and female
ANS: C
161
Which of the following is a primary prevention intervention that CHNs can incorporate into care for LGTBQ individuals?
A. Engaging in outreach programs with the transgender community about mammograms and prostate exams
B. Creating groups for LGBTQ people to learn stress coping techniques
C. Locating LGBTQ-specific substance abuse treatment programs
D. Screening for hypertension among older LGBTQ population.
ANS: B
162
Aboriginal or First Nations people may prefer the term ____ as a culturally specific term referring to gender identity or sexual orientation or a combination of both.
A.
First gender
B.
Two Spirit
C.
Spirited-gender
D.
Spirited
ANS: B
163
What are the three most common bacterial STIs in Canada?
A. Syphilis, gonorrhea, chlamydia
B. Syphilis, HPV, chlamydia
C. Hepatitis A, chlamydia, candidiasis
D. Vaginitis, gonorrhea hepatitis A
ANS: A
164
The only way that chlamydia and gonorrhea are spread is through direct sexual contact.
A.
False
B.
True
ANS: A
165
The only way that chlamydia and gonorrhea are spread is through direct sexual contact.
A.
False
B.
True
ANS: A
166
Which are two prevalent viral STIs?
A. Scabies and vaginitis
B. Gonorrhea and chlamydia
C. Genital herpes and human papillomavirus
D. HIV and Hepatitis B
ANS: C
167
Which subpopulation in Canadian society has the highest proportion of HIV/AIDS when compared to other subpopulations?
A. Women who have sex with men
B. Mother to child exposure
C. People exposure through injection drug use
D. Men who have sex with men
ANS: D
168
What strategy targets groups and individuals to reduce harms related to certain behaviours?
A. Social marketing strategy
B. Risk reduction workshops
C. Harm reduction strategy
D. Health education programs
ANS:C
169
Social marketing can be defined as a program-planning process that applies commercial marketing concepts and techniques to promote voluntary ___________________.
A. physical health
B. behaviour change
C. psychosocial health
D. overall well-being
ANS: B
170
Which population has disproportionately high rates of HIV in comparison to other Canadians?
A. Sex worker population
B. Indigenous population
C. Older adult population
D. Adolescent population
ANS: B
