Community Health Nursing Flashcards
What processes are used in the Nursing practice?
- Respond to the health needs and problems of clients
- Manage health programs and resources
- Influence decisions that affect the delivery of health services
All community health services and activities should be carried out to?
- Respond to the needs
- health problems and health risks
- Cultural way of living
- Resources
- Preferences of the community
It is the means by which nurses address the health needs and problems of their clients?
Nursing Process
Nursing process is the ___ and ___ way of processing information gathered.
logical; systematic
What are the basic Phases of the Nursing Process?
Assessment, Diagnosis, Planning Outcomes, Planning interventions, Implementation of plan of care, Evaluation of intervention outcome
It is the process of identifying the strengths, assets, needs and challenges of a specified community?
Community assessment
The focus is limited to discrepancies between what is and what should be in a given community?
Needs Assessment
It seeks to empower community members by allowing them to take ownership in affecting the health of their community?
Community Assessment
What are the components of the Community Assessment?
People, place, social systems, power systems
How can a community be assessed through its people?
Analyzing the characteristics of the people, Demographics of the community
Where the community is located and its boundaries?
Place
Motorized equivalent of a simple head to toe assessment.
Windshield Survey
Other types of survey in the community?
Walk through or ocular survey
Within a community must also be assessed as part of the overall social system.
Power Systems
Involve community residents who are either key informants or members of the general public
Informant interviews
It is the observation of formal and informal community activities to determine significant events and occurrences, leading to conclusions about what is happening in selected settings.
Participant Observation
This data are collected by someone other than the user. These include records, documents ad other previously collected information.
Secondary Data
May be used to collect information about communities. This method is usually time-consuming and expensive.
Surveys
What are the methods in community assessment?
- Windshield Survey
- Walk-through survey or ocular survey
- Informant interviews
- Participant Observations
- Secondary Data
- Surveys
It is the process of determining the health status of the community and the factors responsible for it.
The Community Diagnosis
Community Diagnosis is also known as?
Community assessment or Situational Analysis
What are the types of Community Diagnosis?
Comprehensive assessment or problem-oriented diagnosis
What aspects are considered when doing a comprehensive assessment?
Demographic variables, socio-economic and cultural variables, health and illness patterns, health resources, and political/leadership patterns
It is a type of assessment that responds to a particular need.
Problem-Oriented Community Diagnosis.
What are the steps involved in conducting community diagnosis?
Collecting, organizing, synthesizing, analyzing and interpreting health data
In this step, we decide on the depth and scope of the data we need to gather.
Determining the Objectives
But whether we undertake a comprehensive or a problem-oriented community diagnosis, we must determine the _______ and _______ of selected environmental, socioeconomic and behavior conditions important to disease control and wellness promotion.
occurrence and distribution
Based on the objectives of the community diagnosis, identify the population group to be included in the study.
Defining the study population
The ______ will guide the nurse in identifying the specific data he/she will collect.
Objectives
What are involved in collecting data?
- Ocular survey for physical and topographical
- characteristics of the community
- interview people about their health beliefs review existing health records in the RHU
What are the different instruments or tolls that can facilitate in data-gathering activities?
- survey questionnaire
- interview guide
- observation checklist
What are the 2 types of data that may be gathered for data collection?
Numerical Data and Descriptive Data
To facilitate data collection, categories need to be developed for classification of responses making sure that the categories are mutually ______ and ______.
Exclusive and Exhaustive
What are the 2 ways of summarizing the data?
Manually tallying the data and by using computer
It will depend largely on the type of data obtained.
Data Presentation
What are appropriate for descriptive presentation?
geographic data, history of a place or beliefs regarding illness and death
It shows trend data or charges with time or age.
Line graph
It is used for comparisons of absolute or relative counts and rates between categories.
Bar graph/pictograph
Displays data, information and statistics in an easy to read pie slice format.
Proportional or component bar graph/ pie chart
it aims to establish trends ad patterns in terms of health needs and problems of the community. It allows for comparison of obtained data with standard values.
Data Analysis
What are the 3 different category of Community Health Problems?
Health Status Problems, Health Resources Problems, Health-related problems
They may be described in terms of increase or decrease morbidity, mortality, fertility or reduced capability for wellness.
Health Status Problems
They may be described in terms of lack or absence of manpower, money, materials or institutions necessary to solve health problems.
Health resources problems
They may be described in terms of existence of social, economic, environmental and political factors that aggravate the illness-inducing situations in the community.
Health-related problems
After the problems have been identified, the next task for the nurse and the community is to _______ which health problems can be attended to considering the resources available at the moment.
Prioritize
What are the different criteria in Priority-setting?
- Nature of the condition/problem presented
- Magnitude of the problem
- Modifiability of the problem
- Preventive potential
- Social Concern
The problems are classified as health status, health resources or health related problems.
Nature of the condition/problem presented
This refers tot he severity of the problem which can be measured in terms of the proportion of the population affected by the problem.
Magnitude of the problem
This refers to the probability of reducing, controlling or eradicating the problem.
Modifiability of the problem
This refers to the probability of controlling or reducing the effects posed by the problem.
Preventive potential
Why is planning important for CHN programs and services?
- it helps managers to improve future performance by establishing objectives and selecting a course of action, for the benefit of the organization.
- minimizes risk and uncertainty, by looking ahead into the future. It facilitates the coordination of activities. Thus reduces overlapping among activities and eliminates unproductive work.
- states in advance, what should be done in the future, so it provides direction for action.
- uncovers and identifies future opportunities and threats
- sets out standards for controlling. It compares actual performance with the standard performance and efforts are made to correct the same.
What are the four basic questions in planning?
- Where are we now?
- Where do we want to go?
- How do we get there?
- How do we know we are there?
What are the different phases of planning?
- Situational Analysis
- Goal and Objective Setting
- Strategy or Activity Setting
- Evaluation
- Gather data
- Tabulate, analyze and interpret data
- identify health problems
- prioritize health problems
Situational Analysis
- Define programs, goals and objectives
- Assign priorities among objectives
Goal and Objective Setting
- Design CHN Program
- Ascertain resources
- Analyze Constraints
Strategy or Activity Setting
- Determine Outcomes
- Specific Criteria Standards
Evaluation
Define the strategies and activities that would help her realize the goals and objectives.
Strategy and Activity Setting
What are the materials needed to implement a program
money, manpower, materials, technology, time and institution
This entails determining the specific input, processes and outcome/output indicators.
Evaluation Plan
What is the question for the Evaluation Plan?
How do we know we are there?
What are the step included for program evaluation?
- Deciding what to evaluate in terms of relevance, program effectiveness, impact and efficiency.
- Designing evaluation plan specifying the evaluation indicators, data needed, methods, and tools for data collection and data sources
Community health nurses must use a __________-focused approach to move beyond providing direct care to individuals and families.
Population
It concentrates on specific groups of people and focuses on health promotion and disease prevention regardless of geographical location.
Population focused Nursing
What are the components of population-focused practice?
- Focuses on the entire population
- Is based on the assessment of the population’s health status
- Considers the broad determinants of health
- Emphasizes all levels of prevention
- Intervenes with communities, systems, individuals and families
It is a combination of data collection and analysis and assessing to what extent a program or intervention has, or has not met its objectives.
monitoring and evaluation
When is Monitoring done?
- After program initiation
- During the duration of that program intervention
What are the key questions to consider for monitoring strategy.
- What key metrics can give us an idea of the state of implementation
- Do we have lean data collection analysis processes
- How efficiently are we implementing our programs?
- Based on the data acquired, do we need to make any changes to our programs?
It focuses on the performance of the intervention and is principally used to determine whether beneficiaries really have benefited due to those activities.
Evaluation
What are the key questions considered for evaluation?
- Did our activities make a measurable difference in our target beneficiary groups?
- How much can the changes observed be attributed to our activities
- What contributed to our success (or failure)?
- Can we scale observed changes? Or replicate in other contexts?
- Did we achieve impacts in a cost-effective way?
- Have any unexpected results occurred?
What is the benefit of monitoring and evaluation?
It provides guidance for strategic decision-making both during and after program execution.
They can help the nurse determine if a change has occurred by gathering perceptions from beneficiaries.
Qualitative M and E indicators
It is most often conducted before a program begins to examine both feasibility and determine its relevance to the strategic objectives of the overall organization. This can also occur during program implementation, especially if there is a need to modify the program, at which point the formative evaluation can be used to assess feasibility of a new design.
Formative Evaluation
Is carried out during the implementation phase of a program. It focuses on processes being carried out. It identifies any issues with the efficiency of implementation.
Process Evaluation
It aims to determine whether overall program objectives have been met. In that process, the nurse can also identify what might have spurred or limited those changes. Finally, it helps shed light on unexpected changes in the target beneficiary population at the end of the intervention or at the point of evaluation.
Outcome Evaluation
It gets to the heart of a program’s true effectiveness by determining attribution, or to what extent the changes observed (outcomes) can be causally connected to the activities carried out during the program period.
Impact Evaluation
What are the steps in Program Evaluation?
- Decide what to evaluate
- Design the evaluation plan
- Collect relevant data
- Analyze the data
- Make decisions
- Report/ Give Feedback
What are the five main aspects of intervention?
- relevance
- effectiveness
- efficiency
- impact
- sustainability
It means specifying data collection methods, and tools and the sources of data.
Design the evaluation plan
The evaluator’s primary aim is the generation of accurate and reliable data.
Collect relevant data
What is the go-signal to start the next phase?
positive evaluation
Where should the result of program evaluation be submitter?
Local authorities such as Brgy. Captain or Mayor
