Community Health Flashcards
What is community engagement?
Working collaboratively with and through groups of people associated with a certain geography, of common interests and perspectives, common identity, social ties etc. to affect their well-being. It involves forming partnerships, mobilizing community resources, forming relationships, and serving as a catalyst for change in community programs, policies, and practices
What are the core elements of community?
- Locus: sense of place
- Sharing: Common interests and perspectives
- Joint action: identity and cohesion
- Social ties: Interpersonal relationships
- Diversity: not ethnic distinction but more socially complex; communities within communities
What is public health?
Programs and policy – political guidance level at local, regional, national, and international levels
What is community health?
Where the prevention and interventions actually happen
How is the nursing process utilized in community health nursing?
ADPIE
Community assessment: collect data about the health of a community / population
Community diagnosis: analyze the assessment findings, prioritize the problems
Planning programs: set goals and objectives based on priority problems
Implementation: use the roles within the Minnesota wheelchair promote health/prevent disease
Evaluation: were the objectives met? What needs to happen next?
Why is a community assessment conducted?
Understanding: gain a deeper understanding of the community
Identify assets: identify community assets and key collaborators
Priorities: determine community and organizational priorities
Stakeholders support and trust: engage stakeholders, gain community support/trust
Potential barriers: identify project barriers
Interventions: to guide the community health programming and interventions
List the components that should be included in a community assessment
- Data-gathering: existing and research
- Data generation: observe, interviews, focus groups, windshield surveys
- Synthesize Findings / Conclusions: leads to diagnosis
Describe the Quad Council
The quad council published the scope and standards of public health nursing practice and core competencies.
Members:
- Public Health Nursing Section of American Public Health Association
- Association of State and Territorial Directors of Public Health Nursing
- Association of Public Health Nurse Educators
- National Association of School Nurses
Define public health nursing
Public health nursing is the synthesis of nursing theory and public health theory apply to promoting and preserving the health of populations.
Population-based
Prevents disease
Promotes the health of a community as a whole
What are the components of population-based practice (public health nursing PHN practice)
Focus on entire population with shared characteristics
Grounded in assessment of the population’s health status
Considers the broad determinants of health
Emphasizes all three levels of prevention
Intervenes with the community, its systems, individuals and families
What is the health impact pyramid?
From fewest resources and broadest reach, starting from the bottom of the triangle:
Socioeconomic factors
Changing context to make individual default decisions healthy
Long-lasting protective interventions
Clinical interventions
Counseling and education
What is the social-ecological model
Circular graph starting from the outside broadest reach towards the middle individualized reach:
Public policy
Community
Organization
Interpersonal: families, friends, social
Individual
List the three core public health functions
APA
- Assessment: data collection on a population, diagnose and investigate
- Policy: development and planning leadership and policy
- Assurance: ensuring essential health services are accessible and available to all persons
What are the three levels of prevention?
- Primary prevention: before a health issue occurs
- Secondary prevention: issue has occurred but can’t be reversed or stopped
- Tertiary: manages the issue and can slow progress
How does the Guide to Community Preventive Services assist in program planning?
It is a resource of evidence-based practices that includes:
- What programs and policies have proven effective
- If there are effective interventions for my community
- Expected cost of an intervention and likely return on investment
What is incidence rate?
of new cases of disease during a time period / # of persons at risk for developing disease in the time period
X 100,000
What is prevalence rate?
Point and period
of cases existing and new disease in population at a specific time / # of persons in population at that specific time
X 1000
What is period and point prevalence?
How many people have disease at any time during a specified period
Some people may have developed disease during the specified period
Every person in numerator had the disease at some point during the specified period
Example of point: Do you have asthma currently
Example of period: Have you had asthma in the last “timeframe”?
What is the crude mortality rate?
Occurrence of death in the entire population:
of deaths occurring in one year / midyear population
X 100,000
What is the cause specific mortality rate?
Total deaths from a stated cause in one year / midyear population X 100,000
What is age specific mortality rate?
of deaths in a specific age group occurring in one year / midyear population of the specific age group
X 1,000
What is proportional mortality ratio?
of deaths from a specific cause within a time period / Total deaths in same time period X 100
What is case fatality rate (%)
Number of deaths from a specific disease / number of cases of the same disease X 100
What is herd community?
A form of immunity that occurs when most of the population is immune to an infectious disease such as through vaccinations, therefore, providing protection to those who are not immune from getting the disease
What is sensitivity?
Ability to identify who has a condition, true positives TP/TP + FN
What is specificity?
Ability to identify those who do not have the disease, true negatives TN/TN + FP
What are the three epidemiologic conceptual models?
- Epi triangle: agent, host, environment, vector (animate object or fomites)
- Wheel of causation: model for when many diseases do not have an identifiable agent
- genetic core
- host
- social environment
- physical environment
- biological environment
- Web of causation: strongest model that represents concept of multiple causation, deemphasizes role of a single agent i.e. chronic disease, chronic illness, drug use
Describe the natural history and spectrum of a disease
It is screenable, time to intervene, progression of disease overtime in absence of treatment
- Pre-pathogenesis: primary prevention
- Pathogenesis: secondary and tertiary prevention
Relate epidemiology to core public health functions
Assessment: Monitoring, surveillance of local health problems and needs
Policy: Emphasizes local needs and equitable distribution of public resources
Assurance: Enforcing regulations, helping people receive services, confident workforce, evaluation
Relate epidemiology to the Minnesota wheel
Pink and purple sections:
Surveillance
Investigation
Outreach
Screening
