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Community Health Final > Community Health > Flashcards

Community Health Flashcards

1
Q

A federal health insurance program for individuals 65 years and older

A

Medicare

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2
Q

A government health plan that outlines a health agenda for the United States

A

Healthy People 2030

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3
Q

A study of disease distribution in any given community/population

A

Epidemiology

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4
Q

The capability of a communicable disease agent to cause disease in a susceptible host

A

Pathogenicity

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5
Q

The 3 elements of the communicable disease model include the pathological agent, the host, and the ______

A

Environment

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6
Q

The numerical rate of new cases of a disease in any given population

A

Incidence

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7
Q

Total elimination of disease from a human population

A

Eradication

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8
Q

Referring individuals in a community to a drug and alcohol rehabilitation center for treatment is an example of what level of prevention?

A

Tertiary

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9
Q

The first step in risk management that looks at reducing the risk of an event occurring in the workplace

A

Mitigation

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10
Q

Incubation

A

The time period between exposure to an infectious disease to the onset of symptoms

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11
Q

Medical Preparedness

A

The ability of a healthcare system to prevent, protect against, quickly respond to, and recover from health emergencies

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12
Q

Health Disparities

A

Preventable differences in the burden of disease, injury, violence, or opportunities to achieve optimal health that are experienced by socially disadvantaged populations

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13
Q

Diabetes is an example of what type/category of disease?

A

Non-Communicable

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14
Q

When healthcare is effective, safe, timely, patient centered, equitable, and efficient, it is referred to as ______ care

A

Quality

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15
Q

Three major factors that affect the structure of the U.S. healthcare system are access, quality, and ____

A

Cost Containment

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16
Q

The type of disease transmission that occurs from droplet infection during a person who sneezes without covering their mouth

A

Airborne

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17
Q

Four fundamental tasks of prevention and control of unintentional injuries in the workplace include recognition, evaluation, control, and _____

A

Anticipation

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18
Q

Falls, car accidents, drownings, sports injuries, and poisonings are examples of what type of injuries?

A

Unintentional

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19
Q

A federal and state health insurance program that is designed to pay for services to low-income patients

A

Medicaid

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20
Q

Musculoskeltal, skin diseases, noise-induced hearing loss, and respiratory disorders are examples

A

Occupational Illnesses

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21
Q

Computer based health records that allow easy access to health care providers

A

Electronic Health Information

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22
Q

An outbreak of a disease over a wide geographical region is referred to as a(an) ______

A

Pandemic

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23
Q

Working with the public, working around money or valuables, working alone, and working late at night are ________ _______ that may encourage workplace violence

A

Risk Factors

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24
Q

A renewable state legal document that is given to a health care provider who graduates from an accredited school, passes a board examination, and meets residency or continuing education requirements

A

Licensure

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25
Q

An organization that ensures employers in private sector furnish each employee a workplace free from recognized hazards causing or likely to cause death or serious physical harm

A

OSAH (Occupational Safety and Health Administration)

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26
Q

The type of occupation that has the highest work-related fatality rate

A

Transportation

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27
Q

A leading cause of a work-related illness that is the result of performing the same motion over and over and may cause carpal tunnel syndrome, bursitis, and tendinitis

A

Repeated Trauma

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28
Q

A lack of health insurance, inadequate health insurance, and poverty are factors that limit _______ to healthcare

A

Access

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29
Q

Type of pollutants formed when primary pollutants chemicals react with one another

A

secondary

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30
Q

A federal agency of the United States created to protect the health of all Americans and providing essential human services

A

Department of Health and Human Services

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31
Q

Society’s Vulnerable Groups

A
  • Mothers and children
  • Individuals in high risk occupations
  • The disabled
  • The frail elderly
  • Individuals without health insurance
  • HIV/AIDS patients
  • Those with genetic vulnerability
  • Low socio-economic groups
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32
Q

Social Determinants of Disease (Related to Socioeconomic Status))

A

-Behavior
- Infection
- Genetics
- Geography
- Environment
- Medical Care

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33
Q

Herd Immunity

A

The resistance of a population to the spread of an infectious agent based on the immunity of a high proportion of individuals

  • measles were eradicated in the year 2000
  • “Anti-vaxxers”
  • MMR Immunization (Measles Mumps Rubella)
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34
Q

What is the U.S. doing to improve health?

A

United States Planning
- focused on 10 year blocks of time
- current plan outlines health agenda: Healthy People 2030

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35
Q

Healthy People 2030’s four achieving goals:

A
  • attain high-quality, longer lives free of preventable disease, disability, injury, and premature death
  • achieve health equity, eliminate disparities, and improve the health of all groups
  • create social and physical environments that promote good health for all
  • promote the quality of life, health development, and healthy behaviors across all life stages
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36
Q

Evidence based public health: The P.E.R.I.E approach

A

P: what is the Problem? (Problem)
E: what is the cause of the disease? (Etiology)
R: what may work to reduce the health impact? (Recommendations)
I: what is done to reduce the problem? (Implementation)
E: how well did the intervention work? (Evaluation)

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37
Q

How should we describe a health problem?

A

Burden of disease: the occurrence of disability (morbidity) and death (mortality) due to a disease

Course of disease: how often the disease occurs, how likely it is to be present currently, and what happens once it occurs

Distribution of disease: Who? When? Where?

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38
Q

Specific Rates

A
  • measure morbidity and mortality for particular populations or diseases
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39
Q

Mortality Rate

A

measures the death rate for a specific disease

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40
Q

Morbidity Rate

A

measures illness rate for a particular disease

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41
Q

Epidemiologist

A
  • are concerned with course of disease in a population
  • collect information about disease status of a community
  • how many people are sick? who is sick? when did they become sick? where do they live?
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42
Q

Incidence Rate

A

of new cases of a disease population at risk

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43
Q

Prevalence Rate

A

of existing cases of disease overall population

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44
Q

Attack rate

A

incidence rate calculated for a particular population for a single disease outbreak; expressed as a percentage

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45
Q

Etiology

A

the cause of a disease

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46
Q

Endemic

A

a disease spreading in a community at the normal or expected level

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47
Q

Epidemic

A

an unexpected increase in the number of disease cases in a specific geographical area

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48
Q

Pandemic

A

Disease that occurs over a wide geographic area and affects a very high proportion of the population.

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49
Q

Potential Interventions in Reducing Disease in Populations

A
  • Education (information)
  • Motivation (incentives)
  • Obligation (requirements)
  • Innovation (technology change)
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50
Q

Chain of Infection

A
  • Step by step model to conceptualize the transmission of a communicable disease from its source to a susceptible host

Pathogen -> Reservoir -> Portal of Exit -> Transmission -> Portal of entry -> Establishment of infection in new host

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51
Q

Chain of infection: pathogen

A

disease causing agent (virus, bacterium, etc.)

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52
Q

Chain of infection: reservoir

A

favorable environment for infectious agent to live and grow (human, animal, etc.)

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53
Q

Chain of infection: portal of exit

A

path by which agent leaves host

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54
Q

Chain of infection: transmission

A

how pathogens are passes from reservoir to next host

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55
Q

Chain of infection: portal of entry

A

where agent enters susceptible new host: susceptible to new infection being established

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56
Q

Modes of transmissions

A
  • direct transmissions
  • indirect transmissions
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57
Q

Direct transmission

A

immediate transfer of disease agent between infected and susceptible individuals
- touching, kissing, biting, sexual intercourse

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58
Q

Indirect transmission

A

transmission involving intermediate step
- airborne, vehicleborne, vectorborne, biological
- vehicles: nonliving objects by which agents are transferred to susceptible host

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59
Q

Fomites

A

objects such as clothing, towels, and utensils that may harbor a disease agent and are capable of transmitting it; usually used in the plural

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60
Q

How many times does a person touch their face?

A

approximately 3000 times per day

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61
Q

Vector

A
  • an invertebrate animal (e.g. tick, mite, mosquito, bloodsucking fly) capable of transmitting an infectious agent
  • can spread an infectious agent from an infected animal or human to other susceptible animals or humans through its waste products, bite, body fluids, or indirectly through food contamination
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62
Q

Prevention, Intervention, Control, and Eradication of Diseases: Intervention

A

effort to control disease in progress; taking action during an event

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63
Q

Prevention, Intervention, Control, and Eradication of Diseases: Control

A

containment of a disease; prevention and intervention measures

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64
Q

Prevention, Intervention, Control, and Eradication of Diseases: Eradication

A

total elimination of disease from human population

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65
Q

Levels of prevention

A

primary, secondary, tertiary

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66
Q

Primary prevention

A

forestall onset of illness or injury during prepathogenesis period

67
Q

Secondary prevention

A

early diagnosis and prompt treatment before disease becomes advanced and disability severe

68
Q

Tertiary prevention

A

aimed at rehabilitation following significant pathogenesis; retrain, reeducate, rehabilitate

69
Q

Infectivity

A

ability of biological agent to enter and grow in the host

70
Q

Agent

A

cause of disease or health problem

71
Q

Host

A

susceptible person or organism invaded by an infectious agent

72
Q

Environment definition

A

factors that inhibit or promote disease

73
Q

Pathogenicity

A

capability of a communicable agent to cause disease in a susceptible host

74
Q

Communicable disease model

A

triangle:
Host

Agent. Environment

75
Q

Host Factors

A
  • age
  • sex
  • race
  • genetic profile
  • previous diseases
  • immune status
  • religion
  • customs
  • occupation
  • marital status
  • family background
76
Q

Environment Factors

A
  • temperature, humidity, altitude
  • crowding, housing, neighborhood
  • water, milk, food
  • radiation, pollution, noise
77
Q

Agent Factors

A
  • biologic (bacteria, viruses)
  • chemical (poison, alcohol, smoke)
  • physical (trauma, radiation, fire)
  • nutritional (lack, excess)
78
Q

Anthroponoses

A

is an infectious disease in which a disease causing agent carried by humans is transferred to humans

79
Q

Zoonoses

A

a disease transmitted from animals to humans

80
Q

Non-communicable diseases

A

Nation’s leading causes of death
- heart disease, stroke, cancer

Complex etiologies (causes)
Multicausation disease model
- Host: inalterable, unique genetic endowment
- Personality, beliefs, behavioral choices: impact host
- Complex environment: exposes host to risk factors

Diabetes has increased in incidence and prevalence

81
Q

Prioritizing Prevention and Control Efforts

A

*Criteria used to judge importance of disease to a community
- Number of people who will die from a disease
- Leading causes of death
*Number of years of potential life lost
- Captures issues affiliated with various groups
*Economic costs associated with disease
- money spent at various levels of government; ex: alcohol and other drugs

82
Q

What is health communication?

A

*methods for collecting, compiling, and presenting health information
- addresses how we perceive, combine, and use information to make decisions
*Is about information-from its collection to its use

83
Q

Where does community health data come from?

A
  • data is collected, published, and distributed without identifying specific individuals
  • data from different sources are increasingly being combined to create integrated health data systems or data bases
84
Q

How do socioeconomic status, culture, and religion affect health?

A

*These three key components of the social system have a strong relationship with health
- socioeconomic status
- culture
- religion
*Broad social influences can affect an individual’s response to disease

85
Q

What are social determinants of health?

A

*Conditions in which people are born, grow up, live, learn, work, play, worship, and age, as well as the systems put in place to deal with illnesses that affect health and quality of life
- they are shaped by a wider set of forces, including economics, social policies, and politics

86
Q

10 key categories of social determinants of health

A
  • social status
  • social support or alienation
  • food
  • housing
  • education
  • work
  • stress
  • transportation
  • place
  • access to health services
87
Q

How do social determinants affect health?

A
  • they contribute to a wide variety of diseases rooted in lifestyle, environmental, and social factors
  • connected with health disparities, a type of difference in health closely linked with social or economic disadvantages
88
Q

What are some individual health behaviors easier to change?

A

*The most difficult behaviors to change are those that have a physiologic component or addictive element
- obesity
- cigarette smoking
*Physical, social, and economic barriers can stand in the way of behavior change
- even if the individuals are motivated

89
Q

Levels of Influence

A

intrapersonal, interpersonal, population and community

90
Q

Intrapersonal

A

focusing on individual characteristics
- knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, motivations, self-concept, past experiences, skills

91
Q

Interpersonal

A

focusing on relationships between people
- other people influence behavior by sharing their thoughts, advice, feelings, and emotional support

92
Q

People and community

A

focusing on factors within social structures
- norms, rules, regulations, policies, laws

93
Q

Laws

A
  • are set standards, principles, and procedures that must be followed in society and are administered through the courts
  • are enforceable
  • more formal as it is a system of rules and guidelines that derived for the welfare and equity in society
94
Q

Policy

A
  • are a set of rules that guide any government or any organization
  • comply
  • informal as it is just a statement or a document of what is intended to be done
95
Q

What legal principles underlie public health and health care?

A

*The U.S. Constitution is a fundamental document that governs the issues of public health and healthcare law
- however, it does not mention health
*The U.S. Constitution allows, but does not require, governments to act to protect public health or to provide healthcare services. Therefore, authority is left up to the states, unless delegated by the state to local jurisdictions, such as cities or counties.

96
Q

Prevention, Intervention, Control, and Eradication of Diseases: Prevention

A

planning for and taking action to prevent or forestall onset of disease or health problem

97
Q

Four fundamental tasks of prevention and control of unintentional injuries in the workplace include recognition, evaluation, control, and _____

A

Litigation

98
Q

Police power

A

authority to the states to pass legislation and take actions to protect the common good
- regulation of healthcare professionals and facilities
- establishment of health and safety standards in retail and occupational settings
- control of hazards ranging from requiring the use of car restraints systems, to vaccinations, to restricting the sale of tobacco products

99
Q

How does public health balance the rights of individuals with the needs of society?

A

*Focus of responsibility differs by the type of risk

100
Q

Self Imposed risk

A

risk and individual knowingly and willingly takes on through his or her own actions
- wearing a helmet on a motorcycle

101
Q

Imposed risk

A

risk to individuals and populations that is out of their direct control
- exposure to environmental toxins from a factory

102
Q

Preventative, Curative, and Rehabilitative approaches to non-communicable diseases?

A
  • screening for early detection and treatment
  • multiple risk factor interventions
  • identification of cost-effective treatments
  • genetics counseling and intervention
  • research
103
Q

Primary Prevention of Non-communicable Diseases in Individuals?

A

education and knowledge about health and disease prevention, eating properly, adequate exercise, driving safely

104
Q

Primary Prevention of Non-communicable Diseases in Communities?

A

adequate food and energy supplies, efficient community services, opportunities for education, employment and housing

105
Q

Secondary Prevention of Non-communicable diseases in Individuals?

A

personal screenings (blood pressure, mammogram, pap test, prostate test), regular medical and dental checkups, pursuit of diagnosis and prompt treatment

106
Q

Secondary Prevention of Non-communicable diseases in Communities?

A

provision of mass screenings for chronic diseases, case-finding measures, provision of adequate health personnel, equipment, an facilities

107
Q

Tertiary Prevention of Non-communicable diseases in Individuals?

A

significant behavioral or lifestyle changes, adherence to prescribed medications, following rehabilitation requirements after surgery

108
Q

Tertiary Prevention of Non-communicable diseases in Communities?

A

adequate emergency medical personnel and services; hospitals, surgeons, nurses, ambulance services

109
Q

Environmental health

A

*Health is affected by the quality of the environment
- includes air we breathe, water we drink, food we eat, communities in which we live
- FDA: Food and Drug Administration - addresses food safety
*Environmental hazards - increases the risk of human injury, disease, or death

110
Q

What is meant by “Environment”?

A
  • The physical environment can be thought of in three categories:
  • Unaltered environment: “Natural”
  • Altered environment: The result of added chemicals, radiation, and biological products
  • Built environment: result of human construction
    *Injuries and exposures in the home, the transportation system, and where we work and play
111
Q

How do we interact with our physical environment?

A

*We are exposed to the physical environment every minute of our lives through multiple routes:
- Skin (contact exposure)
- Respiratory tract (what we breathe)
- Alimentary or digestive tract (what we ingest)
- Genital-urinary tract (an acidic environment based on bodily input)

112
Q

Outdoor Air pollution

A

contamination of air by substances in great enough amounts to harm living organisms
- Major sources in U.S. - transportation, electrical power plants fueled by oil and coal, industry

113
Q

Outdoor Primary pollutants

A

from sources such as cars, factories, and power plants

114
Q

Outdoor Secondary pollutants

A

formed when primary pollutants react with one another
- photochemical smog vs. industrial smog

115
Q

Ozone

A

single most dangerous air pollutant
- thermal invasion

116
Q

Indoor air pollutants

A
  • Come from a variety of sources
  • Asbestos (used in older buildings for insulation)
  • Biogenic pollutants (fungus, mold, bacteria, pollen)
  • Combustion by products (gases from burning)
  • Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) (vapors ie paint)
  • Formaldehyde (widely used in chemicals)
  • Radon (#1 cause of lung cancer - from soil, rocks, H2O)
  • Environmental tobacco smoke
117
Q

Protecting Indoor Air

A
  • people spend 50-90% of time indoors
  • indoor air is more pollutant than outdoor air
  • no federal indoor clean air act
  • smoking ordinances in public indoor spaces are in effect
118
Q

Sources of water pollution

A
  • water pollution - includes any physical or chemical change in water that can harm living organisms or make water unfit for other uses
  • point source pollution - pollution that can be traced to a single source
  • nonpoint source pollution - all pollution that occurs through runoff, seepage, or falling of pollutants into water
119
Q

Foodborne Disease Outbreaks

A

Causes
- inadequate cooking temperatures; improper holding temperatures
- unsanitary practices (hand washing)
- contaminated equipment
- FDA food and drug administration

120
Q

Risk management

A

mitigation, preparedness, response, recovery

121
Q

mitigation

A

reduce risk of event

122
Q

preparedness

A

how to prepare for the event

123
Q

Response

A

responding to the event

124
Q

how to recover post event

A

Recovery

125
Q

Community organizing methods (to reduce disease and improve health)

A
  • start where the people are
  • participation
  • create environments in which people and communities can become empowered as they increase problem solving abilities
126
Q

Recognizing the issue

A

*initial organizer
- recognizes that a problem exists and decides to do something about it
- gets things started
- can be from within or outside of the community
- grass roots, citizen initiated, bottom up
- top down, outside in

127
Q

gaining entry into the community:

A

organizers need:
- cultural sensitivity, cultural competence, cultural humility
organizers need to know:
- who is causing problem and why; how problem has been addressed in past; who supports and opposes idea of addressing problem; who could provide more insight
* Gatekeepers - people who have access and influence in a community and strongly influence the value systems of the community

128
Q

organizing the people

A
  • executive participants
  • leadership identification
  • recruitment
    expanding constituencies
  • task force - a temporary group brought together to deal with a specific problem
  • coalition - an alliance for a combined action for a particular cause
129
Q

Goals

A
  • more encompassing than objectives
  • written to cover all aspects of the program
  • provide overall program direction
  • are more general in nature
  • usually take longer to complete
  • often not measured in exact terms
130
Q

Health promotion programming

A

Important tool for community health professionals
Health education - part of health promotion
Health promotion - more encompassing than health education
Program planning:
-May or may not be associated with community organizing/building
-Process by which an intervention is planned

131
Q

implementation

A

putting a planned program into action

132
Q

pilot test

A
  • trail run implementation to a small group
  • determine problems and fix before full implementation
133
Q

phasing in

A

Step-by-step implementation; implementation with small groups

134
Q

injury

A

physical damage to body

135
Q

unintentional injuries

A

motor vehicles, falls

136
Q

intentional injuries

A

suicide, homicide

137
Q

unsafe act

A

any behavior that increases the probability of an injury occurring

138
Q

unsafe condition

A

icy roads, poisonous gas, hazards

139
Q

Leading unintentional injuries…

A

Cause of nearly 2/3 of all injury related deaths in the US
- motor vehicle crashes
- poisoning
- falls (head and spinal cord injuries)
- drowning
- suffocation
- fires and burns
- unintentional discharge of firearms

140
Q

prevention accumulation of energy producing agent

A

reducing speed limits, lowering settings on hot water heaters (all reduce the number and seriousness of energy)

141
Q

prevent inappropriate release of excess energy

A

flame retardant fabric (will not ignite), nonslip surfaces (movement of the human body)

142
Q

place barrier between host and agent

A

sunscreen, non-heat handles on cookware (all provide a barrier to modify release of energy)

143
Q

completely separate host from energy sources

A

locked gates around swimming pools (completely separate the host)

144
Q

Education

A

process of changing people’s health-directed behavior

145
Q

regulation

A

enacting and enforcing laws to control conduct

146
Q

automatic protection

A

modifying products or environments to reduce risk

147
Q

Litigation

A

seeking justice for injury through courts

148
Q

intentional injuries

A
  • outcome of self-directed or interpersonal violence
  • assaults, rapes, suicides, homicides
  • can be perpetrated against family members, community members, or complete strangers
  • interpersonal violence a costly community health problem
149
Q

environmental designs

A

safer cash handling procedures, improving lighting

150
Q

administrative controls

A

staffing policies, procedures for opening and closing workplace

151
Q

behavior strategies

A

training employees in nonviolent response and conflict resolution

152
Q

Credentialing

A
  • an individual, not the institution is evaluated
  • process of verifying that an individual has the desired or required qualifications to practice a profession
153
Q

How do education and training serve to define health professions?

A

Licensure
- state governmental function
- usually required for practice of a health profession
- may include residency requirements, a legal background check, continuing education requirements, etc..

154
Q

Primary health care

A

first contact providers who handle the majority of common problems for which patients seek care (common colds, influenza, allergies, strep throat)

155
Q

Secondary health care

A

specialty care provided by clinicians who focus on a small number of organ systems or type of service (diabetes, heart disease, dermatology, respiratory)

156
Q

Tertiary care

A

subspecialty care defined by type of institution is it delivered at and the type of problem addressed (Mayo Clinic - cancer management, DaVita - kidney dialysis, neurosurgery, cardiac surgery, rehabilitation care)

157
Q

Quality of health care should be

A
  • effective
  • safe
  • timely
  • patient centered
  • equitable
  • efficient
158
Q

Lack of access to primary care

A

factors that limit access are lack of health insurance, inadequate insurance, and poverty

159
Q

accreditation of health care facilities

A
  • assists in determining quality of health care facilities
  • process by which an agency or organization evaluates and recognizes an institution as meeting certain predetermined standards
  • joint commission
  • predominant accrediting organization
160
Q

Current issues of the USA health care system

A

major issues are cost containment, access, quality
- all are equally important; expansion of one compromises other two

161
Q

assessment

A

obtaining data that defines the health of the population overall and specific groups within

162
Q

policy development

A

developing evidence based recommendations and other analyses of options to guide implementation

163
Q

assurance

A

oversight responsibility for ensuring key components of an effective health system

Community Health Final (1 decks)

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