Community Exam 2 Study Guide Flashcards
Hippocrates of Cos
- Father of modern medicine
- First person to put in writing that external environmental factors cause illness
Epidemiological process vs nursing process
- Both are derived from problem solving
- Nursing process = individual
- Epidemiological process = population
Epidemic
Outbreak of increased incidence of a disease beyond normal limits within the population
Endemic
Certain amount of disease that is constant
Epidemiology
- Study of disease
- Prevent illness
- Promote health
Incidence
Measure of new cases
Prevelance
Overall amount of cases
Epidemiological Triad
Host, agent, and environment
What is the epidemiological triad used for?
How infectious disease affects people
Web of causation
- Focuses on multiple causes of conditions
- Focuses on environment/host rather than agents
- Compares modifiable vs non-modifiable factors
William Farr
- Took Graunt’s work further
- Analyzed death statistics
- Compared # of deaths in age, gender, occupations, and imprisonment
John Graunt
Made bills of mortality (understanding of disease and conditions that lead to death)
Florence Nightingale
- Mother of nursing and pioneer of epidemiologist
- Created the polar area diagram
- Showed statistics created organized learning
John Snow
- Best epidemiologist of 19th century
- Broad street pump
Trend in mortality and morbidity from 1900-present
- Leading cause used to be disease now it is heart related
- Noncommunicable illness is more common due to infection prevention being more applicable
Trend in mortality and morbidity from 1900-present
- Leading cause used to be disease now it is heart related
- Noncommunicable illness is more common due to infection prevention being more applicable
Leavell & Clark History of Disease Model
- Pre-pathogenesis: initial interactions between agent, host, and environment (primary prevention)
- Pathogenesis: Biological, physiological, or other responses within the host (Secondary prevention)
- Convalescence: Tertiary prevention - rehab
Factors that contribute to noncommunicable disease
Tobacco, alcohol, poor diet, lack of exercise
Factors that affect overall community health
- Childhood/maternal undernutrition
- Addictive substances
- Sexual/Reproductive health
- Environmental risk
Most basic measurement
Frequency
How to calculate rate
of conditions of events in a specific period of time / population at risk in that period of time x 10
Incidence Rate formula
Number of new cases in a time period/total population x 1000
Prevalence rate formula
of existing cases over a period of time/total population x 1000
Cross cultural nursing
Any nurse/client encounter from a different culture
Enthocentrism
Assuming everyone’s has your cultural beliefs and your culture is superior over others
Crude rate
General measure of occurrence that uses bias
Adjusted rate
Removes bias by eliminating effects of differences
Infant Mortality
of infant deaths under the age of 1
Specificity
Ability to correctly identify people who DO NOT have a disease
Sensitivity
Ability to correctly identify people who DO have a disease
Descriptive epidemiology research
- Who/what/where/when
- Does not give a cause
- Case study/survey
Analytical Epidemiology research
- Gives a cause
- Test hypothesis
- Uses case control studies
Infant Mortality formula
Number of infant deaths under age of 1/births in that year x 1000
Crude death rate
Number of deaths in a total year/ total population x 100,000
Age specific rate formula
Number of cases in an age category/ population in the same age category x 1000
Proportionate mortality rate formula
Number of deaths resulting from a specific cause/ total deaths x 1000
Latent stage
Not contagious
Communicable stage
Contagious
Incubation stage
Start of infection to the point where symptoms begin to
Infectivity
ability of agent to invade host and replicate
Virulence
Severity
Pathogenicity
Ability of agent to produce infectious disease within a host
Fomite
Object
Vector
Animal/bug
Zoonoses
Animal reservoir to human
3 things that impact host susceptibility
Age, health, behavior
Colonization
Prescence and multiplication of an infectious organism without invading or damaging tissue
How does norovirus spread
One person to another via fecal-oral route
STI symptoms
Discharge, burning, sore, rash
Bacterial STI
- Chlamydia, gonnorhea, syphilis
- Treat with antibiotic
Virus STI
- Human papilloma virus, HIV, herpes, hepatitis
- Treat with antivirals
Who can’t get vaccines
- Pregnant/Immunocomprimised
- Febrile
- Allergic to eggs, antibiotics, preservatives, adjuvants
What are live vaccines
- Weak pathogen
- Stimulate immune response without getting disease
What are inactivated vaccines
- Pathogen that has been killed
- Stimulate immune response without causing disease
- Multiple doses
Active immunity
- Immunity caused by direct exposure that leads to production of antibodies
- Natural through infection
- Artificial through vaccine
Passive Immunity
- Immunity gained through transfer of antibodies
- Natural is placenta or breast milk
- Artificial is immunoglobulin therapy
VIS
Vaccines information sheet that must be signed prior to administration
Microbial adaptation
- Epidemic occurs
- Infection becomes endemic in population
- Symbiosis is possible, further adaption required
Antibiotic resistance
Microbial adaptation and change in response to the overuse of antibiotics and consequent accumulation in the environment will cause the rapid evolution of resistant pathogens
