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Community Health > Community Exam 2 Study Guide > Flashcards

Community Exam 2 Study Guide Flashcards

1
Q

Hippocrates of Cos

A
  • Father of modern medicine
  • First person to put in writing that external environmental factors cause illness
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2
Q

Epidemiological process vs nursing process

A
  • Both are derived from problem solving
  • Nursing process = individual
  • Epidemiological process = population
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3
Q

Epidemic

A

Outbreak of increased incidence of a disease beyond normal limits within the population

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4
Q

Endemic

A

Certain amount of disease that is constant

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5
Q

Epidemiology

A
  • Study of disease
  • Prevent illness
  • Promote health
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6
Q

Incidence

A

Measure of new cases

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7
Q

Prevelance

A

Overall amount of cases

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8
Q

Epidemiological Triad

A

Host, agent, and environment

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9
Q

What is the epidemiological triad used for?

A

How infectious disease affects people

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10
Q

Web of causation

A
  • Focuses on multiple causes of conditions
  • Focuses on environment/host rather than agents
  • Compares modifiable vs non-modifiable factors
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11
Q

William Farr

A
  • Took Graunt’s work further
  • Analyzed death statistics
  • Compared # of deaths in age, gender, occupations, and imprisonment
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12
Q

John Graunt

A

Made bills of mortality (understanding of disease and conditions that lead to death)

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13
Q

Florence Nightingale

A
  • Mother of nursing and pioneer of epidemiologist
  • Created the polar area diagram
  • Showed statistics created organized learning
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14
Q

John Snow

A
  • Best epidemiologist of 19th century
  • Broad street pump
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15
Q

Trend in mortality and morbidity from 1900-present

A
  • Leading cause used to be disease now it is heart related
  • Noncommunicable illness is more common due to infection prevention being more applicable
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16
Q

Trend in mortality and morbidity from 1900-present

A
  • Leading cause used to be disease now it is heart related
  • Noncommunicable illness is more common due to infection prevention being more applicable
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17
Q

Leavell & Clark History of Disease Model

A
  • Pre-pathogenesis: initial interactions between agent, host, and environment (primary prevention)
  • Pathogenesis: Biological, physiological, or other responses within the host (Secondary prevention)
  • Convalescence: Tertiary prevention - rehab
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18
Q

Factors that contribute to noncommunicable disease

A

Tobacco, alcohol, poor diet, lack of exercise

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19
Q

Factors that affect overall community health

A
  • Childhood/maternal undernutrition
  • Addictive substances
  • Sexual/Reproductive health
  • Environmental risk
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20
Q

Most basic measurement

A

Frequency

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21
Q

How to calculate rate

A

of conditions of events in a specific period of time / population at risk in that period of time x 10

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22
Q

Incidence Rate formula

A

Number of new cases in a time period/total population x 1000

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23
Q

Prevalence rate formula

A

of existing cases over a period of time/total population x 1000

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24
Q

Cross cultural nursing

A

Any nurse/client encounter from a different culture

25
Q

Enthocentrism

A

Assuming everyone’s has your cultural beliefs and your culture is superior over others

26
Q

Crude rate

A

General measure of occurrence that uses bias

27
Q

Adjusted rate

A

Removes bias by eliminating effects of differences

28
Q

Infant Mortality

A

of infant deaths under the age of 1

29
Q

Specificity

A

Ability to correctly identify people who DO NOT have a disease

30
Q

Sensitivity

A

Ability to correctly identify people who DO have a disease

31
Q

Descriptive epidemiology research

A
  • Who/what/where/when
  • Does not give a cause
  • Case study/survey
32
Q

Analytical Epidemiology research

A
  • Gives a cause
  • Test hypothesis
  • Uses case control studies
33
Q

Infant Mortality formula

A

Number of infant deaths under age of 1/births in that year x 1000

34
Q

Crude death rate

A

Number of deaths in a total year/ total population x 100,000

35
Q

Age specific rate formula

A

Number of cases in an age category/ population in the same age category x 1000

36
Q

Proportionate mortality rate formula

A

Number of deaths resulting from a specific cause/ total deaths x 1000

37
Q

Latent stage

A

Not contagious

38
Q

Communicable stage

A

Contagious

39
Q

Incubation stage

A

Start of infection to the point where symptoms begin to

40
Q

Infectivity

A

ability of agent to invade host and replicate

41
Q

Virulence

A

Severity

42
Q

Pathogenicity

A

Ability of agent to produce infectious disease within a host

43
Q

Fomite

A

Object

44
Q

Vector

A

Animal/bug

45
Q

Zoonoses

A

Animal reservoir to human

46
Q

3 things that impact host susceptibility

A

Age, health, behavior

47
Q

Colonization

A

Prescence and multiplication of an infectious organism without invading or damaging tissue

48
Q

How does norovirus spread

A

One person to another via fecal-oral route

49
Q

STI symptoms

A

Discharge, burning, sore, rash

50
Q

Bacterial STI

A
  • Chlamydia, gonnorhea, syphilis
  • Treat with antibiotic
51
Q

Virus STI

A
  • Human papilloma virus, HIV, herpes, hepatitis
  • Treat with antivirals
52
Q

Who can’t get vaccines

A
  • Pregnant/Immunocomprimised
  • Febrile
  • Allergic to eggs, antibiotics, preservatives, adjuvants
53
Q

What are live vaccines

A
  • Weak pathogen
  • Stimulate immune response without getting disease
54
Q

What are inactivated vaccines

A
  • Pathogen that has been killed
  • Stimulate immune response without causing disease
  • Multiple doses
55
Q

Active immunity

A
  • Immunity caused by direct exposure that leads to production of antibodies
  • Natural through infection
  • Artificial through vaccine
56
Q

Passive Immunity

A
  • Immunity gained through transfer of antibodies
  • Natural is placenta or breast milk
  • Artificial is immunoglobulin therapy
57
Q

VIS

A

Vaccines information sheet that must be signed prior to administration

58
Q

Microbial adaptation

A
  • Epidemic occurs
  • Infection becomes endemic in population
  • Symbiosis is possible, further adaption required
59
Q

Antibiotic resistance

A

Microbial adaptation and change in response to the overuse of antibiotics and consequent accumulation in the environment will cause the rapid evolution of resistant pathogens

Community Health (1 decks)

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