Communism Spreads in East Asia (30.3) Flashcards
What made advances in the 1940s and where?
Communism made advancement in East Asia.
Where did they have a victory in 1949?
China
How much of the worlds people did they gain control of
1/5
What did Chinese Communists gain control of after WW2?
Northern China
Who fought who in the Chinese Civil war?
Communist Forces led by Mao Zedong fought against Jiang Jieshi and his nationalists
Battles rage, until what happened? What was set up because of this?
Mao’s forces swept to victory and set up the People’s Republic of China.
Where did the defeated nationalists flee to?
Taiwan
What were the reasons that the communist won in china?
-Won support with peasant population
-Suffered brutal landlords and crushing taxes pre communism
-Com gave peasants land and ended oppressive landlords
-Nationalists lost popularity because their policies had led to economic hardship
-People resented corruption and support from west
What did people hope communism would do?
Build a new China and end foreign domination
What did wide-spread support do for the Communists?
Helped them capture railroads and Nationalistic held cities
Where did the communists conquer in 1950?
Tibet
Who was forced to flee in 1959?
Tibets revered religious leader Dalai Lama
What did Mao build?
A communist one party totalitarian state
What did the ideology guide?
The communist ideology guided government efforts to reshape economy and society
What did communism discourage?
Discouraged buddhism, confucianism, and other traditional chinese beliefs
What did the government seize? (China)
They seized property of rural land lords and urban business owners in china
What were opponents of communism called?
Counterrevolutionaries
What class did these people belong to and what were they accused of/what happened to these people?
These people were a part of the middle class. They were accused of counterrevolutionary beliefs so they were either beaten, sent to labor camps or killed.
With Soviet help, what did the Chinese build?
Built dams and factories
What did Mao first do for the peasants? What did he soon call for?
He first distributed the land to peasants, but soon he called for collectivization in increase productivity
What did Mao do in attempt to make agriculture more efficient?
created communes which brough together several villages, thousands of acres and it was like a set-up backyard
What did the Great Leap Forward prove to be?
A fail
What did the backyard industries turn out to have?
Low quality useless goods
What did the commune system do?
Cut food output leading to neglect of farmland + food shortages
What else caused problems leading to a famine?
Bad weather
How many died between 1959-1961?
55 million chinese starved to death
How did China recover from Great Leap?
Reduced communes+made a more practical approach to economy
In 1966 what did Mao launch? What was the goal?
Cultural Revolution. The goal was to purge china of bourgeois tendencies
What did Mao urge young chinese to experience?
Experience Revolution first hand
In response what did the teenagers form? What book did they go off of? Who did they attack?
Red Guards. They waved copies of the little red book and attacked the middle class.
What happened to the accused?
The accused were either publicly humiliated, beaten, or killed
What happened to skilled workers and managers?
They were forced to leave there jobs and do manual labor on farms or in labor camps
What was closed? What was slowed? and what was threatened?
Schools and Factories closed, economy slowed and civil war was threatened.
What did Mao do to restore order?
two words
Sent military
In 1949, what triumph seemed like a gain for USSR?
Triumph of China
What had the number of people under communist rule done?
Tripled
What did China’s role in the Cold War prove to be?
Proved to be more complex than a simple expansion of communist power
In 1950s who were uneasy allies?
USSR and People’s Republic of China
What did Stalin send to China and why? What created tensions?
Sent economic aid and tech experts to help China modernize. Distrust started to create tension
Where did these tensions date back to?
(USSR and China)
Dated back to territorial disputed between tsarist Russia and dynastic China
By 1960 what happened to lead Stalin to withdraw aid+advisors?
border clashes and disputes with ideology
How were chinese relations with America?
Even more complex
What happened after Jiang Jieshi fled to Taiwan?
The US supported the Nationalist government as rightful representatives
What did Washington refuse? What did American Leaders see China as?
Refused diplomatic recognition of the mainland of the Peoples’s Republic of China which American leaders saw as a communist threat to all of Asia
As the cold war dragged on, what did the US take a second to look at?
Peoples’s Republic of China
From the American point of view, what was there to improve relations with China after USSR split?
Strategic Advantages
What did the US play?
Played the china card so the US could isolate USSR between NATO and in the west and hostile China in the east
What did the US allow regarding the united nations in 1971?
Allowed China to replace Taiwan in united nations
In 1972 what did Nixon do?
Visited Mao in Beijing
In 1979 what did the US formally set up
Formally set up formal diplomatic relations with China
What did Jiang Jieshi’s government continue to do regarding Taiwan?
Continued to rule Taiwan under martial law as a one-party dictatorship
What did Taiwan end and allow in the late 1980s?
It ended martial law and allowed opposition in parties
What did mainland China see Taiwan as? Why?
Saw Taiwan as a breakaway province and threatened military action when Taiwanese politicians proposed declaring the island formal independence
In the long term, what did the mainland gov insist on? did the gov resist?
(taiwan and china)
They insisted Taiwan rejoin China. However, Taiwan resisted
What did Korea occupy?
Occupied peninsula on China’s northeastern border
Just like East and West Germany, what was Korea?
Split into 2 rival forces
Where did the two sides of Korea find themselves?
Found themselves on opposite sides of the Cold War
Korea was an independent kingdom until what?
Until Japan conquered it in the early twentieth century
What happened after Japan was defeated in WW2?
USSR+US agreed to divide Korea temporarily (along the 38th parallel)
Which part of Korea was allied with USSR? What about the USA?
South Korea-USA
North Korea-USSR
What did both rulers want?
(korea)
Both South Korean and North Korean leaders wanted to rule Korea.
What did Kim II Sung call for in 1950?
Called for heroic struggle to reunite Korea
What did Northern Korean troops do?
(what did they attack what did they overrun)
Attacked in June and overran most of South KOREA
What did the United Nations do in response?
(with korea)
They condemned the invasion and the US organized a united nations force to help South Korea
What was the UN force made up of?
Made up of Americans and South Koreans
Although US troops arrived in July what had the North Korean troops already done?
They already continued to advance till UN forces stopped them at Pusan Perimeter
What happened in September 1950
(Who landed where)
UN troops landed on a beach in Inch’on (South Korea) behind enemy lines
What did US-led troops capture and what did they cut off?
Captured Korea’s north and south railroad lines and cut off North Korean troops from food and ammunition
What happened to the North Korean Forces in the south?
They surrendered by November and the United Nations had advanced north to the Yulu River
What had the success of the US-led troops done to China?
Alarmed them
What happened in late November?
(Mao + North Korea)
Mao sent hundreds of troops to help North Korea. They forced UN to the south of 38th paraell
What was this war called and what did it turn into?
Stalemate, and then in 1953 and an armistice was signed (no peace treaty)
What did North Korea and South Korea do after armistice
Developed separately
What kind of economy did North Korea have? What about South Korea?
North Korea had a communist command and South Korea had a capitalist market economy
What was the status of each of the Koreas?
South Korea had an economic boom and was raising standards of life while North Korea went through economic stagnation and decline
What did the US give to South Korea? What did the USSR do for North Korea?
US gave them economic and military aid while the USSR helped North Korea
What did the government look like in the South vs the North?
South Korea was governed by dictators and military leader during cold war while North Korea was ruled by a single dictator.
Did South Korea and North Korea ever reunite?
NO-They stayed divided
After the war, what did South Korea slowly start to do? What happened in the 1960s?
SK slowly started to rebuild its economy and in the mid-1960s the economy had lept ahead.
After decades of dictatorship and military rule, what happened?
Middle-class and Student protests forced gov to hold direct elections in 1987 and they transitioned to democracy
What did South Koreans want to see during the cold war? Why?
Wanted to see Korea reunite (as did many in North Korea) because they shared traditional values
Under North Korean leader Kim II Sung what did the commando eco do?
Increases Output for a time. but in the late 1960s the eco slowed
What did Kim’s insistence on self-reliance do?
Kept North Korea poor and isolated
What did they build around Kim II Sung?
Built a cult around him who was glorified as a great leader.
What did USSR and China undergo? What did North Korea hang to?
They underwent economic reforms while North Korea hung onto communism.
