Communications Final Flashcards
People subconsciously respond to flashed messages - especially if they are negative. Briefly displaying words and images so quickly that people do not even consciously notice, does nevertheless change their thinking
Effectiveness of Subliminal Advertising
Thoughts and beliefs about an attitude object
Example: land-grant school
Cognitive Components of Attitudes
Emotional reactions and feelings towards an attitude object
Example: fell satisfied or happy with school
Affective Components of Attitudes
Behavior or actions towards an attitude object
Example: attend ISU
Behavioral Components of Attitudes
- Based on the presence of a perceived relationship between a source and receiver
- Occurs when source possesses attractiveness
-“By agreeing, I will be more like him or her.”
Identification as a type of influence
-Utilitarianism: maximize rewards and minimize punishments
- Ego protection: protect self and ego from painful reality
- Value expression: express our individuality
- Knowledge - expressive: guidelines to easy decision making
The four functions of attitudes
To relate to your central ideas and structure, supporting materials, and style to audiences’ opinions and background to most successfully get your point across
Example of audience adaptation
The idea that the more an argument escalates the more likely a comparison to Hitler/Nazis will made
Godwin’s law regarding Hitler/Nazis and online discussions
Person with the most power
Expert power
- People can & do hold attitudes of just about anything
- Liking for others: attitude about other individuals
- Self-esteem: attitude about ourselves
- Prejudice: attitudes toward our own and other groups
- Affective: emotional reactions and feelings
- Behavioral: behaviors/actions taken
- Cognitive: thoughts and beliefs
Reasons to study attitudes
A claim maintaining that a course of action should or should not be taken
Claim of policy
A claim maintaining that something is good or bad, beneficial or detrimental, or another evaluate criterion
Claim of value
A claim maintaining that something is true or false
Claim of fact
A claim maintaining that something will be true or face in the future
Claim of conjecture
- Involves in one-way communication between a source
- Involves a two-way exchange of information
Intercultural vs Mass communication
Surveillance, Correlation, Cultural Transmission, Entertainment
Functions of Media
Communication in which timing is out of sync; there is a time delay between when you send a message and when it is received.
Asynchronous communication
Idea that long-term immersion in a media environment leads to “cultivation” or enculturation, into shared beliefs about the world
Cultivation Theory
The view that the world is a much more dangerous place than it actually is
Mean World Phenomenon
- Model that predicts that media will have swift and potent influence
- Passive recipients, media creates wants and needs, media gives us values to live by
Power Effects Model
People’s tendency to avoid certain messages and to see out others
Selective Exposure
We may only listen to parts of a message
Selective Attention
Assigning meaning to messages in selective ways
Selective Perception
Select the issues they feel are most worthy of coverage and give those issues wide attention
Purpose of Media Gatekeepers
- Education and socialization
- Media informs receivers about events and socialize receivers by observing what characters do in television dramas
- We internalize behavioral norms by viewing films
- We learn about our cultures history by reading magazines we confront questions of values
Example of cultural transmission by the media
Marshall Mcluhan - expressing beliefs that the channel through which a message is transmitted is important as the message itself and that the channel often determines which message will be transmitted and which will be ignored.
Importance of the phrase “the medium is the message”
The center of the things in the network analysis, the first person that others go to for information
Opinion leaders in consumer behavior
- Level used to describe digital information and telecommunication
- Systems - networked computing social media and mobile telecommunication texting
Examples of new media and old media
Use of two or more media systems simultaneously
Concurrent media use
Type of communication through which individuals make themselves known to other people and when others reciprocate by sharing personal information, leads to another relational development and increased intimacy
Self-disclosure in social media (vs. face-to-face interactions)
Typically involves changing plans once person has already set out for the encounter
Examples of micro coordinating interaction via smartphones
A culture that places a great deal of emphasis on the total environment (context) where speech and interaction take place, especially on the relationships between the speakers rather than just on what they say
High-context cultures
Assumes that the message itself means everything, and it is much more important to have a well-structured argument or a well-delivered presentation than it is to be a member of the royal family or a cousin of the person listening
Low-context culture
Believing that the way one’s culture does things is the right and normal way to do them
Ethnocentric bias
- Learned
- Shared
- Multifaceted
- Dynamic
- Overlapping
Characteristics of Culture
Strict instructions given without any discussion from followers - best for mindless tasks or stressful situations
Characteristics of Authoritarians
- Individual rights take center stage
- Independence is highly valued
- Being independent upon others is often considered shameful or embarrassing
- People tend to be self-reliant
- Ex. United States
Characteristics of Individualistic Cultures
People are considered “good” if they are generous, helpful, dependable, and attentive to the needs of others.
Ex. Japan, China
Characteristics of Collectivistic Cultures
A culture that views time as a finite and tangible community
Monochromic cultures
Smaller groups of culture within a larger cultural mass
Co-cultures
A sense of belonging to an original and a new culture at the same time
Intercultural identity
Interpreting negative behavior as internal rather than external
Fundamental Attribution Bias
Intercultural encounters are a commonplace now with advances in telecommunication and transportation technology - changed our sense of distance of places
“Global Village”
Strict instructions given without any discussion from followers - best for mindless tasks or stressful situations
Characteristics of authoritarians
- Impressions of the traits and characteristics of members of a group or category
- Predict of culture
- Result from deep personal needs
- Ordinary cognitive processes
Purpose of stereotypes
Dismissing information that doesn’t fit a negative stereotype
Discounting as cognitive biases
Looking for differences and ignoring similarities
Polarization as cognitive biases
- Prejudice: feelings towards individuals because of their group membership
- Stereotype: impressions of the traits and characteristics of members of a group category
- Discrimination: behavior towards individuals because of their groups category membership
Types of intergroup bias
- Lead to negative behaviors
- Held by groups or people in power
- Held despite contradictory evidence
When is bias considered a problem
People stereotype more during the “wrong” time of day
Results of Biorhythms study
