Communications: Chapter 11 Gathering and developing supporting materials

Question 1

interview

Answer 1

planned interaction with another person that is organized around inquiry and response, with one person asking questions while the other person answers them

Question 2

evidence

Answer 2

information speakers use to develop and support thier ideas

Question 3

examples

Answer 3

specific instances used to illustrate a concept, experience, issue, or problem

Question 4

real example

Answer 4

an instance that has actually taken place

Question 5

hypothetical example

Answer 5

an instance that did not take place but could have

Question 6

narrative

Answer 6

a story that recounts or foretells real or hypothetical events; marratives can be brief or extended

Question 7

statistics

Answer 7

numerical summaries of facts, figures, and research findings

Question 8

mean

Answer 8

the average of a group of members

Question 9

median

Answer 9

the middle number in a series of set of numbers arranged in a ranked order

Question 10

mode

Answer 10

the number that occurs most often in a set of numbers

Question 11

testimony

Answer 11

opinions or observations of others

Question 12

direct quotation

Answer 12

an exact word-for-word presentation of another’s testimony

Question 13

paraphrase

Answer 13

to provide a summary of another’s testimony in the speaker’s own words

Question 14

expert testimony

Answer 14

the testimony of someone considered an authority in a particular field

Question 15

peer testimony (lay testimony)

Answer 15

testimony of someone who has firsthand knowledge of a topic

Question 16

personal testimony

Answer 16

one’s own testimony used to convey a point

Question 17

definition

Answer 17

statement of the exact meaning of a word or phrase

Question 18

denotative definition

Answer 18

objective meaning of a word found in a dictionary

Question 19

connotative definition

Answer 19

subjective meaning of a word or a phrase based on personal experiences and beliefs

Question 20

inductive reasoning

Answer 20

a process of reasoning that used specific instances, or examples, to make a claim about a general conclusion

Question 21

anomalies

Answer 21

exceptions to a rule and unique instances that do not represent the norm

Question 22

hasty generalization

Answer 22

reaching a conclusion without enough evidence to support it

Question 23

deductive reasoning

Answer 23

a process of reasoning that uses a familiar and commonly accepted claim to establish the truth of a very specific claim

Question 24

major premise

Answer 24

the general principle that states a familiar and commonly accepted belief

Question 25

minor premise

Answer 25

specific instace that helps establish the truth of the conclusion

Question 26

conclusion

Answer 26

the claim you are attempting to prove as true

Question 27

causal reasoning

Answer 27

a process of reasoning that supports a claim by establishing a cause-and-effect relationship

Question 28

false cause

Answer 28

an error in reasoning in which a speaker assumes that one event caused another simply because the first event happened before the second

Question 29

analogical reasoning

Answer 29

reasoning by way of comparison and similarity

Question 30

sign

Answer 30

something that represents something else

Question 31

emotions

Answer 31

internal mental states that focus primarily on feelings

Question 32

fallacy

Answer 32

an argument that seems valid but is flawed because of unsound evidence or reasoning

Question 33

ad hominem fallacy

Answer 33

an argument in which a speaker attacks a person rather than challenge that person’s arguments

Question 34

bandwagon fallacy

Answer 34

a suggestion that something is correct or good because everyone else agrees with it or is doing it

Question 35

either-or fallacy (false dilemma)

Answer 35

an argument in which a speaker claims our options are “either A or B”, when actually more than two options exist

Question 36

red herring fallacy

Answer 36

irrelevant information inserted into an argument to distract an audience from the real issue

Question 37

slippery slope fallacy

Answer 37

an argument in which a speaker claims that taking a first step in one direction will inevitably lead to undersirable further steps

Question 38

false cause fallacy

Answer 38

an argument mistaking a chronological relationship with a causal relationship

Question 39

single cause fallacy

Answer 39

when speakers assume a particular effect only has one cause

Question 40

hasty generalization fallacy

Answer 40

an argument based on too few cases or examples to support a conclusion