Communication: Younger Patients Flashcards

Question

GOALS OF CBT

Answer 1

Provide patients with clear and credible rationale for understanding their disorder and mechanisms for therapeutic change Offer highly structured sessions Be active and problem-focused Encourage self/monitoring and the assessment of progress

Answer 2

A situation-problem event or difficult situation Thoughts Emotions Physical feelings Actions/behavior

Answer 3

A life situation, relationship or practical problems Next 4 are together in a circle that can lead to any of them Leads to altered thinking(unrealistic, extreme and unhelpful thoughts) Altered physical feelings m/symptoms Altered behavior (reduced activity, avoiding things or doing something unhelpful) Altered emotional feelings How you THINK has affected how you FELT and what you DID

Answer 4

- Automatic: no effort required! Not arising from reason - Distorted: don't fit all the facts - Unhelpful : keep you anxious/depressed, making difficult to change - Plausible: face value accepted, unchallenged - Involuntary: Not chosen to have them and difficult to "switch off" - Global: tendency to generalize to other situations/scenarios

Answer 5

"jumping to conclusions" not supported by evidence cognitive distortion

Answer 6

"blowing it out of proportion" Judging the whole on the basis of a small negative. Cognitive distortion

Answer 7

inappropriately relating external events to oneself without an obvious basis for making such connections cognitive distortion

Answer 8

"black or white" "all or nothing thinking" viewing situation in only two categories instead of on a continuum cognitive distortion

Answer 9

a single incident or person serves as a basis for judging all instances in the same way cognitive distortion

Answer 10

Here the individual has a tendency to exaggerate the important of negative information or experiences, while trivializing or reducing the significance of positive information or experiences cognitive distortion

Answer 11

predict the future negatively without considering other, more likely outcomes cognitive distortion

Answer 12

When a compliment or favorable outcome is transmuted into something negative cognitive distortion

Answer 13

making assumptions about other people's thoughts, feelings and behaviors without checking the evidence cognitive distortion

Answer 14

when a negative or judgmental label is applied to a single situation or person "I am a failure and a loser" cognitive distortion

Answer 15

when an individual takes a 'feeling' as evidence and proof of the thought. "I feel panicky, this means something bad is going to happen" cognitive distortion

Answer 16

A- Activating event B- Beliefs C- Consequences Actions and emotions Negative event leads to rational belief or irrational belief which then leads to a healthy negative emotion or unhealthy negative emotion

Answer 17

contains at least three columns situation : objective description of what is happening feelings: feeling word and intensity thoughts: what is going through my mind

Answer 18

Helpful in cases where medication alone hasn't worked completed in a short period of time highly structured teaches useful and practical strat that can be used going forward.

Answer 19

Pt must commit to process must attend regular sessions and do their "homework" may not be suitable for those with more complex mental health needs or learning disabilities Pt may experience initial periods of anxiety or feel emotionally uncomfortable focuses on individual's capacity to change themselves only addresses current problems and focuses on specific issues. doesn't address underlying causes

Answer 20

emotions or feelings

Answer 21

what people say and do

Answer 22

what the patient feels

Answer 23

what the doctor can see

Answer 24

the grouping together of events (symptoms and signs in the case of illness)

Answer 25

a name given by the medical profession to a particular grouping of symptoms and signs

Answer 26

``` illness symptom recognition cultural influences illness representation sick role ```

Answer 27

a condition of pronounced dilation from the normal healthy state subjective & psychological concept

Answer 28

the state when the individual feels ill and behaves in a particular way

Answer 29

excessive use of OTC medication - frequent consultation with no good cause - person adopts the sick role in the absence of any obvious symptomatology

Answer 30

chronic preoccupation with symptoms with no specific physical cause

Answer 31

informal network of lay people (non medical practitioners) who provide their own information and interpretation about the person's symptoms

Answer 32

the course of action taken will be determined by the representation: illness representations interpret symptoms and give them meaning. Symptoms on their own have no meaning and are merely bodily sensations

Answer 33

5 components: 1. identity: label or name given to condition 2. cause: 3. timeline: 4. consequences 5. curability/controllability

Answer 34

any activity or behavior undertaken for the purpose of getting well by those who consider themselves ill SOCIAL ROLE rights: - exempt from 'normal' social roles - not held responsible for their condition - has right to be taken care of duties/obligations: - expected to perceive being sick as undesirable - seek technically competent help from a suitably qualified professional Advantages: exempt from daily activities, able to rest and taken care of, workers comp disadvantages: behaviors are scrutinized, other may view behaviors as illegitimate attempt to gain advantages

Answer 35

model only fits acute illness, does not fit chronic, long term/ permanent illness as easily sometimes individuals are held responsible for their illness (alcoholism)

Answer 36

an unpleasant sensory or emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage pain drawings pain diary

Answer 37

having a clear perception of your personality, including strengths, weaknesses, thoughts, beliefs, motivation, and emotions.

Answer 38

persona ego shadow the essential self

Answer 39

'the mask' | the public face each of us puts on in society to appear to be in control

Answer 40

this is the center of the conscious mind - the part of us that gets the job of living done - protects us by keeping us within the norms of society

Answer 41

- the unconscious - part of us that wants to do all the things that the ego tells us we can't do - "i wasn't myself"

Answer 42

- incorporates both conscious and unconscious elements - our uniqueness, our essence, our energy - it is the self that gives us true courage and allows us to feel a 'oneness' with other humans - self that has patience and understanding - feel empathy - prevents us attempting to have our personal needs met by patients - allows us to act without prejudice and negativity -MOST USEFUL TOOL IN PATIENT CARE

Answer 43

the belief in one's capabilities to organize and execute the courses of action required to manage prospective situations

Answer 44

view challenging problems as task to be mastered - develop deeper interest in the activities in which they participate - form a stronger sense of commitment to their interests and activities - recover quickly from setbacks and disappointments

Answer 45

made up of the characteristic patterns of thoughts, feelings and behaviors that make a person unique and remains fairly consistent throughout life consistency: an order and regularity to behaviors psychological and physiological: influence by biological needs and processes behaviors/actions: personality does not just influence how we act and respond in our environment; also makes us act in certain ways multiple expressions: personality also expressed in our thoughts, feelings, close relationships and other social interactions

Answer 46

extraverts | introverts

Answer 47

Type A: intense, hard driving personality, "stress junkies" | Type B: relaxed, less competitive and lower in CHD risk

Answer 48

Type D: linked with early death

Answer 49

conscious and unconscious mind: behavior is determined by unconscious motivations and needs that are placed outside conscious awareness Id, Ego, Superegoand interaction with these three elements to form complex behavior

Answer 50

Id: instincts--pleasure principle Ego: reality (manages Id's impulses) superego: morality

Answer 51

emphasizes the potential for the individual growth and change focus on free-will and ability to determine destiny

Answer 52

refer to characteristics we use in everyday language to label consistent and enduring aspects of personality

Answer 53

Personality is based on three key traits: extraversion- introversion neuroticism-stability psychoticism His model is hierarchical: each key trait is made up of a number of traits, which form habitual responses, which in turn consist of specific actions

Answer 54

Eysenck: personality based on three key traits: one being extravert people are highly sociable, outgoing and seek the company of others. Introverts are quiet and introspective.

Answer 55

Eysenck: personality based on three key traits: one being people high on neuroticism tend to be anxious, moody, or vulnerable, whereas people low on neuroticism tend to be stable, calm and even -tempered

Answer 56

Eysenck: personality based on three key traits: one being those high on this dimension are said to be egocentric, aggressive, cold, lacking in empathy, impulsive, and inconsiderate

Answer 57

1. Openness to experience: receptivity to new ideas and experiences 2. Conscientiousness : organization and achievement 3. Extraversion: person's tendency to be sociable, outgoing, assertive and active 4. Agreeableness: extent to which people are trusting, generous, and concerned for others 5. Neuroticism: tendency to be sensitive and to experience negative emotions such as fear, anxiety, sadness and anger

Answer 58

refers to how people think, behave, and how thought and behavior interact

Answer 59

suggest that genetics are responsible for personality. classic nature v. nurture; biological theories of personality side with nature. Eysenck linked aspects of personality to biological processes

Answer 60

extraverts: - below optimal level of arousal - seek out social interactions for stimulation introverts: - above optimal level - avoid excessive stimulation

Answer 61

cognitive component expectations and beliefs. Involve generalization about typical characteristics of members of a group a thought that can be adopted about specific types of individuals or certain ways of doing things based on: 1. past information 2. generalization

Answer 62

affective/emotional response attitude towards the members of a group based solely on their membership in that group

Answer 63

behavioral component of prejudicial reactions actual actions towards the objects or prejudice

Answer 64

``` Ageism Racial Sexism Religion Profession Media ```

Answer 65

helps us make sense of the world, a form of categorization which simplifies and systematizes information shortcuts to make sense of social contexts

Answer 66

social categorization: used to explain social events self categorization: emphasize a person's group membership via depersonalization

Answer 67

Implicit Association Test allegedly measures and reveals subconscious racial bias black and white faces and positive and negative words

Answer 68

A prejudiced person may not act on their attitude. One can be prejudiced towards a certain group but not discriminate against them Prejudice includes all 3 components of an attitude (affective, behavioral and cognitive) where discrimination just involves behavior

Answer 69

1. Authoritarian personality 2. Realistic Conflict Theory- Robbers Cave 3. Stereotyping 4. Social Identity Theory

Answer 70

Conducted by sheriff and colleagues in a boy's summer camp at Robbers Cave State Park in Oklahoma 22 12 yr old boys with similar backgrounds (white middle-class, Protestant, two parents) divided into 2 groups that went camping in the same place, not knowing of each other's existence 1. observation of in-group formation: attachment to their groups 2. competition stage: observed hostility between the two groups and led to physical attacks on each others 'icons' 3. conflict reduction (integration phase): two day cooling off period

Answer 71

conflict between groups arise from competition for limited resources study shows that conflict between groups can trigger prejudice attitudes and discriminatory behavior

Answer 72

Taifel-- found that mere categorization is enough to elicit some degree of bias states that the in-group will discriminate against the out-group to enhance their self-image

Answer 73

a person's sense of who they are based on their group membership

Answer 74

consists of outright denial that there is discrimination against minorities

Answer 75

treating members of a target group more favorably than members of other groups leading to negative effects

Answer 76

- high submissiveness to established authority figures or institutions in one's society - aggression against groups that authorities perceive as targets - high adherence to traditions and norms endorsed by society and established authorities and belief that others should conform to these norms

Answer 77

- general preference for relations between social groups to be hierarchical - extent to which one desires that their group dominate and be superior to other groups

Answer 78

trying to push away any stereotypic thoughts that come to mind when you are in the presence of a patient belonging to a negatively stereotyped social group. DONT DO IT

Answer 79

techniques to reduce prejudice direct contact between members of different social groups leads to reduction or prejudice under appropriate conditions

Answer 80

defined as the causes of an organism's behavior or the reason that a person carries out some activities reasons for people's actions, desires, and needs

Answer 81

primary: satisfaction of basic biological needs such as food, oxygen, and water that must be met for survival need not to be learned, basic and foremost motives that drive any individual secondary: based on learned needs, drives and goals.

Answer 82

-people's desires and preferences influence the judgements they make of the validity and utility of new information, through a process called motivated reasoning. individuals who prefer to reach a particular conclusion use BIASED COGNITIVE PROCESSES - search for reasons to accept supportive information and discount disconfirming information - people with a chronic illness who tend to use ILLOGICAL THOUGHT PATTERNS tend not to follow medical advice - people who use DEFENSE MECHANISMS to cope with stressful information, are more likely that other individual to deny that they are at risk for AIDS

Answer 83

people often engage in risky or unhealthy behavior due to unrealistic optimism definition: an inaccurate perception of risk and susceptibility - comparison with others ( i don't smoke as much as my friend) - ignore their own risk-taking behaviors (i may drink yo excess some times, but it is not that important) - risk-reducing behavior (at least i don't inject drugs)

Answer 84

1. lack of personal experience with the problem 2. the belief that the problem is preventable by the individual action 3. belief that if the problem has not yet appeared, it will not 4. belief that the problem is infrequent

Answer 85

- all health care professionals should try to encourage positive behaviors - by the same token, we want people to avoid health-damaging behavior - we need to know the best way of getting people to engage in such activity

Answer 86

a psychological health behavior change model to explain and predict preventative health behaviors to describe the behavioral response to treatment in patients with both acute and chronic illnesses makes a series of predictions about behavior and suggests that they are a result of a set of 5 CORE BELIEFS

Answer 87

1. susceptibility to illness 2. severity of illness 3. the COSTS involved in carrying out the behavior 4. the benefits involved in carrying out the behavior 5. cues to action which may be internal (physiological cues) or external (info from media, health care providers or friends and family) - example: reminder postcard from dentist

Answer 88

if we can persuade people: - they are susceptible to some disease then we are more likely to convince them to engage in some form of preventative action - also developing that disease will have severe consequences - if they engage in preventative action, then they are less susceptible to disease - the costs of taking action will be outweighed by the potential benefits of taking the desired action

Answer 89

-focus on conscious processing of info, but do we weigh up pros and cons of eating and apply -emphasis on individual but what about society -what about interrelationship between the different core beliefs? -absence of a role for emotional factors health beliefs are treated as static

Answer 90

predicts behavioral intent, which it is assumed lead to behavior behavioral intent is a product of - individuals attitude towards performing the behavior - subjective norms

Answer 91

product of : - individual's attitude towards performing the behavior - subjective norms

Answer 92

two components: normative beliefs (beliefs held by us about how people who are important to us expect us to behave) and willingness to comply (with the subjective norms also plays a role in predicting the strength of intention)

Answer 93

behavioral intentions are a consequence of a combination of several beliefs 1. attitudes: towards a behavior 2. subjective norms:perception of social norms and pressures to perform a behavior and evaluation of whether the individual is motivated to comply with this pressure 3. perceived behavioral control: suggests that the individual can carry out the particular behavior considering both internal and external levels of control