communication theory Flashcards
what is communication more than?
- more than just speaking
what are the 3 types of communication?
- verbal
- non- verbal
- silence
what are some examples of non- verbal communication? (6)
- eye contact
- facial expression
- gestures
- body posture
- touch
- written
what type of activity is communication? what is it necessary for?
- dynamic, ongoing activity
- necessary to function within society
what are some other forms of communication? (4)
- clothes we wear
- symbols we present
- accents
- use of speech/ style/ vocab
what are our interpretations influenced by?
- influenced by our cultural background
what is effective communication now generally acknowledged to be?
- acknowledged to be central to effective healthcare
what is communication no longer seen as?
- no longer seen as an add-on extra
- rather it is recognised by many as being at the heart of patient care
- as playing a pivotal role
what is poor communication one of the most common cause of?
- most common cause of complaints about the NHS
what are the two types of non- verbal communication?
- intrapersonal
- interpersonal
what percentage of meaning is derived from non- verbal communication?
- 80% derived from non- verbal
what is intrapersonal communication associated with?
- associated with reflection and self- evaluation processes
what does intrapersonal communication support?
- supports how we interpret meaning during interaction
- based on prior knowledge and experience
what are the 4 components of intrapersonal communication?
- core of self
- needs and motivations
- cognitions
- monitoring the reactions of others
what is the core of self component of intrapersonal communication?
- how we see ourselves and think others see us (self esteem)
what is the needs and motivations component of intrapersonal communication?
- drivers to how we present ourselves
what is the cognitions component of intrapersonal communication?
- processes trying to make sense of interaction
what is the monitoring reactions of others component of intrapersonal communication?
- observing non- verbal and verbal in order to modify own reaction
what is interpersonal communication?
- process by which information, meanings and feelings are shared by persons through the exchange of verbal and non- verbal messages e.g., face to face, phone
what are the three types of interpersonal communication?
- 1 way
- 2 way
- transactional
what is 1 way interpersonal communication associated with?
- associated with power difference
what is 2 way interpersonal communication associated with?
- associated with power sharing though not necessarily
what is transactional interpersonal communication?
- influences and effects both parties
what is interpersonal communication affected by? (3)
- context
- formality
- conventions
what type of communication has more control?
- verbal has more control
what can non- verbal communication lead to mismatch between?
- mismatch between 2
- leads to social leakage
how can a mismatch occur?
- through a contradictory signal
- kinesics : body language
- paralinguistics : ums a ha
what two questions do you need to consider with non- verbal communication?
- how good are you at reading cues?
- how aware are you of the cues you are projecting?
what else can leak true feelings?
- gestures can be part of our subconscious mannerism/ habits
what does sitting with arms crossed signal?
- signals defensiveness
- stay away
what does sitting slumped in chair signal?
- signals that the person can’t be bothered
what does sitting behind desk signal?
- signals impatience, distraction
what does fidgeting with a pen signal?
- signals impatience and distraction
what does fidgeting with hair or face signal?
- signals discomfort and anxiety
what should we try to become aware of?
- need to try to become aware of our own barrier gestures
what is proxemics relating to?
- relates to distance between people communicating
what are the 4 levels of distance mapped to social relationships?
- intimate
- casual - personal
- social - consultative
- public
what is an intimate relationship?
- very close family & friends
what distance are intimate relationships?
- 0 to 18 inches
what is a casual- personal?
- informal conversations with friends & acquaintances
what is the distance of casual- personal relationship?
- 1- 4 feet
what is social consultative relationship?
- more impersonal professional transactions
what is the distance of a social- consultative relationship?
- 4 to 12 feet
what is a public relationship ?
- making speeches & addressing large groups formally
what is the distance of public relationships?
- 12 to 25 feet +
what are the five types of touch?
- positive affect
- playful
- control
- ritualistic
- task related
what is an example of positive affect?
- show appreciation
what does playful touch show?
- to show humour
what does control touch do?
- draws attention
what is an example of ritualistic touch?
- greetings
what is interpretation of touch related to? (3)
- context
- culture
- gender
what must healthcare practitioners be careful with?
- must use touch carefully due to risk of misinterpretation
what are the five other aspects of communication?
- communication hierarchies
- culturally specific rituals
- phatic communication
- listening, turn taking and pacing
- eye contact
what does communication hierarchies involve?
- power
- status
- degree of formality
what do culturally specific rituals involve?
- greetings
- endings
what does phatic communication involve? (3)
- small task
- rapport building
- redundant content
what does listening promote?
- promotes interaction
what does the communication theory provide?
- provides a framework for enhancing the effectiveness of our communication skills
what are the 3 main approaches to the study of communication?
- process approach
- semiotics approach
- cultural studies approach
what does the process approach involve?
- structure
- what happens
- mechanics
what does the semiotics approach involve?
- symbols and meaning
- interpretation
what is the cultural studies approach associated with?
- meaning associated with social groups
