Communication Theory Flashcards
1
Q
what is communication?
A
- dynamic, ongoing activity necessary to function within society
2
Q
what is communication more than? what are the two types?
A
- communication more than just speaking
- verbal or non- verbal
3
Q
what are six types of non- verbal communication?
A
- eye contact
- facial expression
- gestures
- body posture
- touch
- written
4
Q
what are the other 4 forms of communication?
A
- clothes we wear
- symbols we present
- accents
- use of speech/ style/ vocab
5
Q
are all forms of communication available for anyone?
A
- yes
- all available for others to interpret
6
Q
what are our interpretations influenced by?
A
- influenced by cultural background
7
Q
what is communication acknowledged to be now?
A
- acknowledged to be central to effective healthcare
8
Q
what is communication no longer seen as?
A
- no longer seen as an add- on extra
- rather it is recognised by many as being at the heart of patient care
- plays a pivotal role
9
Q
what is poor communication the most common cause of?
A
- most common cause of complaints about the NHS
10
Q
what are the two categories of non- verbal communication?
A
- intrapersonal
- interpersonal
11
Q
how much meaning is derived from non- verbal communication?
A
- 80% meaning
12
Q
what is intrapersonal communication associated with?
A
- associated with reflection and self- evaluation processes
13
Q
what does intrapersonal communication support?
A
- supports how we interpret meaning during interaction, based on prior knowledge and experience
14
Q
what are the four components of intrapersonal communication?
A
- core of self
- needs and motivation
- cognitions
- monitoring the reactions of others
15
Q
what is the core of self component?
A
- how we see ourselves and think others see us (self- esteem)
16
Q
what is the needs and motivations components?
A
- drivers to how we present ourself
17
Q
what is the cognitions component?
A
- processes trying to make sense of interaction
18
Q
what is the monitoring of others reactions component?
A
- observing non- verbal and verbal in order to modify own reaction
19
Q
what is interpersonal communication?
A
- process by which information, meanings, and feelings are shared by persons through the exchange of verbal and non- verbal messages
20
Q
what are the three types of interpersonal communication?
A
- 1 way
- 2 way
- transactional
21
Q
what is 1 way communication?
A
- associated with power difference
22
Q
what is 2 way communication?
A
- associated with power sharing
- though not necessarily
23
Q
what is transactional communication?
A
- influences and effects both parties
24
Q
what is interpersonal communication affected by?
A
- context
- formality
- conventions
25
does verbal or non- verbal communication have less control?
- non- verbal communication is under less control
26
what can non- verbal communication lead to?
- can lead to mismatch between 2
- social leakage
27
what can social leakage occur though?
- contradictory signalling
28
what are the two contradictory signalling?
- kinesics
- paralinguistics
29
what is kinesics?
- body languages
30
what is paralinguistics?
- ums
- a ha
31
what determines communication?
- how good you are at reading cues
- how aware you are of the cues you are probjecting
32
is it just facial expressions that can leak true feelings?
- no
- gestures can
33
what are gestures part of?
- gestures can be part of our subconscious mannerism/ habits
34
what are 5 examples of barrier gestures?
- sitting with arms crossed signals defensiveness > stay away
- sitting slumped in chair signals can't be bothered
- sitting behind desk signals distance, formality, power
- fidgeting with pen signals impatience and distraction
- fidgeting with hair or face signals discomfort and anxiety
35
what should we observe?
- observe gestures in patients to aid understanding
36
what should we try and become aware of?
- become aware of our own barrier gestures
37
what is proxemics?
- relates to distance between people communication
38
what are the four relationship types?
- intimate
- casual- personal
- social- consultative
- public
39
what is intimate?
- very close family & friends
40
what is the distance for an intimate relationship?
- 0 to 18 inches
41
what is a casual- personal relationship?
- informal conversations with friends and acquaintances
42
what is the distance in a casual- personal relationship?
- 1 to 4 feet
43
what is a social- consultative relationship?
- more impersonal professional transactions
44
what is the distance in a social- consultative relationship?
- 4 to 12 feet
45
what is a public relationship?
- making speeches and addressing large groups formally
46
what is the distance of a public relationship?
- 12 to 25 feet +
47
what are the five types of touch?
- positive affect
- playful
- control
- ritualistic
- task related
48
what does positive affect touch show?
- shows appreciation
49
what does playful touch show?
- shows humour
50
what does control touch do?
- draws attention
51
what is ritualistic touch for?
- greetings
52
what is task- related touch?
- nurse taking a pulse
53
what is interpretation of touch related to?
- context
- culture
- gender
54
why should healthcare practitioners be careful with touch?
- due to misinterpretation
55
what are the other five aspects of communication?
- communication hierarchies
- culturally- specific rituals
- phatic communication
- listening, turn- taking & pacing
- eye contact
56
what do communication hierarchies involve?
- power
- status
- degree of formality
57
what are culturally- specific rituals?
- greetings
- endings
58
what is phatic communication? why is it used?
- small talk
- used for rapport building
- redundant content
59
what does listening, turn- taking and pacing promote?
- promotes interaction
60
what do communication theories provide?
- provide a framework for enhancing the effectiveness of our communication skills
61
what are the 3 main approaches to the study of communication?
- process approach
- semiotics approach
- cultural studies approach
62
what does the process approach involve?
- structure
- what happens
- mechanics
63
what does semiotics approach involve?
- symbols and meaning
- intepretation
64
what does cultural studies approach study?
- studies meaning associated with social groups
65
what is Hargie's model of interpersonal communication?
- person situation context
66
what does Hargie's model involve?
- perception
- mediating factors
- response
- goal
- feedback
67
what does transactional analysis involve?
- transaction stimulus --> transactional response
68
what is explained by transactional analysis?
- example of mediators to response
69
what is response mediated by?
- responders ego state
70
what is a parent's ego state?
- directive
- determines values
- rules
- status
71
what is adult's ego state?
- emotional detachment
- logical
- decision- maker
72
what is a child's ego state?
- emotions
- reactions on the surface
73
what does each person have a mixture of?
- parent/ adult/ child ego state
74
when ego states are triggered what is influenced?
- variance in response
75
what are the five types of transactions?
- complementary
- crossed
- angular
- ulterior
- duplex
76
what are complementary transactions?
- adult ego states of both people interact with one another
- style match to some extent
77
what can complementary transactions sometimes lead to?
- sometimes leads to breakdown in communications
78
what are crossed transactions?
- message sent from one ego state gets an unexpected response
- often negative and critical
79
what are angular transactions?
- speaker talks as if to one ego state
- but is covertly addressing another state
80
what are ulterior transactions?
- involve more than two ego states at the same point in time
81
what are duplex transactions?
- involve two messages being transmitted at the same time
- where the first is overt and carries a different meaning from the second (more covert) message
82
what did a study of interactions between dietitians and patients find?
- dietitian ego states impacted on quality of interaction with patients
83
what ego state did dietitians commonly adopt? what did they lead to?
- commonly adopted parent ego state
- led to poor engagement by patients
- led to poor adherence to advice, lifestyle changes and poor satisfaction with consultants
