Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology A2 > Communication, homeostasis and energy (Module 5) > Flashcards

Communication, homeostasis and energy (Module 5) Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Cell signalling

A

the way in which cells communicate with each other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Effector

A

Cell, tissue or organ that brings about a response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Homeostasis

A

Maintaining a constant internal environment despite changes in external and internal factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Negative feedback

A

The mechanism that reverses a change, bringing the system back to the optimum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Positive feedback

A

The mechanism that increases a change, taking the system further away from the optimum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Sensory receptors

A

Cells/sensory nerve endings that respond to a stimulus in the internal or external environment of an organism and can create action potentials

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Ectotherm

A

Organism that relies on external sources of heat to maintain body temperature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Endotherm

A

Organism that uses heat from metabolic reactions to maintain body temperature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Part of the brain that coordinates homeostatic responses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Excretion

A

Removal of metabolic waste from the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Metabolic waste

A

A substance that is produced in excess by the metabolic processes in the cells, it may become toxic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Hepatic artery

A

Oxygenated blood from the heart - aorta - hepatic artery - liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Hepatic portal vein

A

Deoxygenated blood from digestive system enters liver via hepatic portal vein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Hepatocytes

A

Liver cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Sinusoid

A

Chamber where blood from the hepatic portal vein and hepatic artery mix in order for cells to remove useful substances

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Kupffer cells

A

Found in sinusoids

Breakdown and recycle old red blood cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Hepatic vein

A

Deoxygenated blood from liver to vena cava

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Bile canaliculus

A

Thin tube that collects bile secreted by hepatocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Ornithine cycle

A

series of biochemical reactions that convert ammonia to urea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Nephron

A

functional unit of the kidney

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Ultrafiltration

A

Filtration of the blood at a molecular level under pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

A

Hormone that controls the permeability of the collecting duct walls

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Osmoreceptor

A

Sensory receptor that detects changes in water potential

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

A

Rate at which fluid enters the nephrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Monoclonal antibodies

A

Antibodies made from one type of cell - they are specific to one complementary molecule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Renal dialysis

A

A mechanism used to artificially regulate the concentrations of solutes in the blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Pacinian corpuscle

A

Pressure sensor in skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Sensory receptor

A

Cells/sensory nerve endings that respond to a stimulus in the internal or external environment of an organism and can create action potentials

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Transducer

A

A cell that converts one form of energy into another - in this case to an electrical impulse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Motor neurones

A

Neurones that carry an action potential from the CNS to the effector

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Myelinated neurone

A

Has an individual layer of myelin around it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Non-melinated neurone

A

No individual layer of myelin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Relay neurones

A

Join sensory neurone to motor neurones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Sensory neurones

A

Neurones that carry an action potential from the sensory receptor to the CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Action potential

A

A brief reversal of the potential across the membrane of a neurone causing a peak of 40+mV compared to the resting potential of -60mV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Resting potential

A

The potential difference across the membrane while the neurone is at rest

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Cholinergic synapse

A

Synapse that uses acetylcholine as its neurotransmitter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Neurotransmitter

A

Chemical used as a signalling molecule between two neurones in a synapse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Summation

A

Occurs when the effects of several excitatory post-synaptic potentials (EPSPs) are added together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Endocrine system

A

Communication system using hormones as a signalling molecule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Hormones

A

Molecules released by endocrine glands directly into the blood
Ast as messengers carrying signals to specific target organs/tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Target cells

A

Cells that have a specific receptor on their plasma membrane that is a complementary shape to the shape of the hormone molecule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Adrenal cortex

A

Outer layer of the adrenal gland

Releases cortisol

44
Q

Adrenal gland

A

Pari of glands above the kidneys

45
Q

Adrenal Medulla

A

Inner layer of adrenal gland

Releases adrenaline

46
Q

Adrenaline

A

Hormone released from the adrenal glands, which stimulate the body to prepare for fight or flight

47
Q

Beta cells

A

Found in Islets of Langerhans

Secrete insulin hormone

48
Q

Glucagon

A

Hormone that causes increase in blood glucose concentration
Glycolysis
Gluconeogenesis

49
Q

Insulin

A

Hormone released from beta cells in pancreas
Cause decrease of blood glucose levels
Glycogenesis

50
Q

Alpha cells

A

Found in Islets of Langerhans

Secrete glucagon hormone

51
Q

Hypoglycaemia

A

Blood glucose concentrations drop below 4mmol dm3- for long periods of time

52
Q

Hyperglycaemia

A

Blood glucose concentrations too high for long periods of time

53
Q

Diabetes mellitus

A

Condition where blood glucose concentrations can not be controlled effectively

54
Q

Stem cells

A

Unspecialised cells that have the potential to develop into any type of cell

55
Q

Abiotic components

A

Components of an ecosystem that are nonliving

56
Q

Alkaloids

A

Organic nitrogen-containing bases that have important physiological effects on animals
.nicotine
.morphine
.quinine

57
Q

Biotic components

A

Components of an ecosystem that are living

58
Q

Pheromone

A

Any chemical substance released by one living things which influences the behaviour or physiology of another living thing

59
Q

Tannins

A

Phenolic compounds located in cell vacuoles or in surface wax on plants

60
Q

Tropism

A

Directional growth response in which the direction of the response is determined by the direction of the external stimulus

61
Q

Apical dominance

A

Inhibition of lateral buds further down the shoot by chemicals produced by the apical bud at the tip of the plant shoot

62
Q

Auxins

A

Plant hormones which are responsible for regulating plant growth

63
Q

Gibberellins

A

Plant hormones which are responsible for the control of the stem elongation and seed germination

64
Q

Geotropism

A

Directional growth response to gravity

65
Q

Phototropism

A

Directional growth response to light

66
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

part of the nervous system responsible for controlling the involuntary motor activities of the body

67
Q

Central nervous system

A

Brain

Spinal cord

68
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A

Sensory and motor nerves connecting the sensory receptors and effectors to the CNS

69
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

Motor neurones under conscious control

70
Q

Cerebellum

A

Region of the brain coordinating balance and fine control of movement

71
Q

Cerebrum

A

Region of the brain dealing with higher functions such as conscious though
Divided into two cerebral hemispheres

72
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Part of the brain that coordinates homeostatic responses

73
Q

Medulla oblongata

A

Region of the brain that coordinates homeostatic responses

74
Q

Pituitary gland

A

. Endocrine gland at base of brain
. Anterior lobe secretes many hormones
. Posterior lobe stores and releases hormones mode in the hypothalamus

75
Q

Knee jerk reflex

A

Reflex action which straightens the leg when the tendon below the knew cap is trapped

76
Q

Reflex action

A

Response that does not involve processing by the brain

77
Q

Adenyl cyclase

A

Intracellular enzyme which is activated by certain hormones

78
Q

Cyclic AMP (cAMP)

A

Secondary messenger released inside cells to activate a response

79
Q

Cardiac muscle

A

Muscle found in the heart wall

80
Q

Involuntary muscle

A

Smooth muscle that contracts without conscious control

81
Q

Neuromuscular junction

A

Structure at which a nerve meets the muscle

Similar in action to a synapse

82
Q

Skeletal muscle (striated)

A

Muscle under voluntary control

83
Q

Creatine phosphate

A

A compound in muscle that acts as a store of phosphates and can supple phosphates to make ATP rapidly

84
Q

Granum (grana pl)

A

Inner part of chloroplasts made of stacks of thylakoid membranes where the light dependent stage of photosynthesis is takes place

85
Q

Photosynthetic pigment

A

Pigment that absorbs specific wavelengths of light and traps the energy associated with the light
. Chlorophyll a and b
. Carotene
. Xanthophyll

86
Q

Photosystem

A

System of photosynthetic pigments found in thylakoids of chloroplasts
. Traps protons and passes energy to primary pigment (Chlorophyll a)
. During light-dependent stage

87
Q

Stroma

A

Fluid filled matrix of chloroplasts where light-independant of photosynthesis takes place

88
Q

Thylakoid

A

Flattened membrane bound sac found inside chloroplasts
contain photosynthetic pigments
Site of light-dependant stage

89
Q

Electron carriers

A

. Molecules that accept one or more electrons and donate them to another carrier
. Proteins embedded in thylakoid membranes
. Form electron transport chain
. NAD and NADP are electron carriers

90
Q

NADP

A

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate

Coenzyme and electron and hydrogen carrier

91
Q

Photophosphorylation

A

Generation of ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate in the presence of light

92
Q

GP

A

intermediate compound in Calvin Cycle

93
Q

RuBP

A

. Five-carbon compound present in chloroplasts

. Carbon dioxide acceptor

94
Q

TP

A

. Three-carbon compound
. Product of the calvin cycle
. Used to make other larger organic molecules

95
Q

Water stress

A

Condition experienced by a plant when water supply becomes limiting

96
Q

Glycolysis

A

First stage of respiration
10 stage metabolic pathway
Glucose converted to pyruvate

97
Q

Cristae

A

Inner highly folded mitochondrial membrane

98
Q

Mitochondrial matrix

A

Fluid filled inner part of mitochondria

99
Q

Decarboxylation

A

Removal of carboxyl group from substrate molecule

100
Q

Dehydrogenase

A

Removal of hydrogen atoms from a substrate molecule

101
Q

Substrate-level phosphorylation

A

Production of ATP from ADP and Pi during glycolysis and the krebs cycle

102
Q

Chemiosmosis

A

Flow of protons down concentration gradient across a membrane through a channel associated with ATP synthase

103
Q

Oxidative phosphorylation

A

Formation of ATP using energy released in electron transport chain and in the presence of oxygen
Last stage in aerobic respiration

104
Q

Respiratory substrate

A

Organic substrate that can be oxidised by respiration

Energy release to make ATP molecules

105
Q

Spatial summation

A

signals from multiple stimuli coordinated into single response

106
Q

Temporal summation

A

2 or more nerve impulses arrive in quick succession from same presynaptic neurone.
makes action potentials more likely as more neurotransmitter released.

Biology A2 (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions